Deck 9: What Do You Believe Religion, Science, and Deviance

Question 1

A belief is something thought to be true, regardless of whether it is supported by scientific evidence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the Soviet Union, all religious groups were socially typed as "deviant" and made subject to social control.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sects tend to have more traditional beliefs while cults tend to have more novel beliefs, which create differences in the level of tension that exists with the larger society.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The blurring of religious and political boundaries inevitably has negative consequences.

Question 5

Scientific misconduct occurs more frequently in biomedical fields.

Question 6

According to scientific research on cults, the public concerns that emerge as a consequence of popular images of cults are entirely unfounded.

Question 7

The media, including its use of the Internet, create a moral panic in their coverage of cults, in part due to the media's profit motive.

Question 8

Within the normative structure of science (Merton, 1973), the norm of disinterestedness means that scientific work is done in the name of "truth."

Question 9

In every region in Europe during the "witchcraze" of the 14^th through 17^th centuries, more women than men were persecuted.

Question 10

Sociological analyses of religious belief systems attempt to prove or disprove particular religious belief systems (e.g. Hinduism; Catholicism)

Question 11

Population prevention approaches are effective at controlling both university binge drinking and scientific misconduct.

Question 12

Research on the prevalence of scientific misconduct concludes that it is relatively rare.

Question 13

Even "objective" science is intertwined with ethical and moral claims.

Question 14

Jehovah's Witnesses are frequently categorized as a denominational sect, while Seventh-Day Adventists are categorized as an established sect.

Question 15

Child abuse was deviantized in the late 19^th century, in part due to the efforts of the child-savers movement.

Question 16

The blurring of boundaries between religious and political belief systems can be perceived as religion as a social typer of deviance as well as religion as deviance, depending on one's point of view.

Question 17

Unlike religious belief systems, scientific belief systems proclaim "truths".

Question 18

A survey of more than 2,000 researchers revealed that more than one-third of incidents of scientific misconduct of which they were personally aware were never reported to anyone.

Question 19

Counter-cult groups identify Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism as "cults".

Question 20

Estimates are that more than half of Aboriginal children in residential schools were physically or sexually abused.

Question 21

Radio science is an example of a scientific belief that was once considered legitimate, but has recently been labelled as deviant science.

Question 22

All of the religions in the world were once cults.

Question 23

Which of the following religious groups is the least likely to be socially typed as "deviant" within the society in which they exist?

A)ecclesia
B)churches
C)sects
D)cults
E)denomination

Question 24

In contemporary society, the medicalization of "too fat" and "too thin" is an example of science acting as a social typer of deviance.

Question 25

Most contemporary research uses the religious typologies (categorizing religious groups)in order to find common patterns and make consistent observations about each type.

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a belief system?

A)Christianity
B)the doctrine of the federal New Democratic Party
C)astronomy
D)Islam
E)religions (e.g., Christianity, Islam), the doctrine of political parties (e.g., New Democratic Party), and branches of science (e.g, astronomy)all constitute belief systems

Question 27

The level of tension with the larger society that is experienced by a particular sect is determined by

A)the level of antagonism that the sect feels for society.
B)the size of the sect.
C)the level of organization that exists within the sect.
D)whether the sect has broken away from a Christian or non-Christian church.
E)the number of societies within which the sect maintains a presence.

Question 28

Historically and today, scientists are able to support their claims to evolutionary differences among the races using real science.

Question 29

The horrors of Nazi Germany led the Canadian federal government and provincial governments to immediately halt their eugenics programs.

Question 30

Why, in part, does a greater degree of tension exist with the larger society for the Jehovah's Witnesses than for the Seventh-Day Adventists?

A)The Jehovah's Witnesses have merged with the larger society to a greater extent as a result of the hospitals, colleges, schools, and businesses they have built.
B)The Jehovah's Witnesses have held onto their original apocalyptic vision more stringently.
C)The boundaries surrounding the Jehovah's Witnesses have become more permeable than those surrounding the Seventh-Day Adventists
D)The behavioral requirements for members of the Jehovah's Witnesses have become less rigid over time.
E)The Jehovah's Witnesses have changed more over time than the Seventh-Day Adventists.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about religious belief systems is true?

A)religious belief systems proclaim "truth", just as scientific belief systems proclaim "truth"
B)sociological analyses of religious belief systems try to disprove particular beliefs rather than prove particular beliefs
C)Karl Marx claimed that the only way to find "truth" was through religion
D)beliefs are things that someone thinks are "true" (whether they are actually true or not), but belief systems are sets of interrelated beliefs that have been proven to be "true"
E)religious belief systems no longer have any significant influence in modern state systems

Question 32

European colonization of countries throughout much of the world was justified on the basis of both religion and science.

Question 33

An informal sanction that might be experienced by a pharmaceutical company for failing to provide important results might be a monetary fine.

Question 34

In popular discourse, which of the following religious groups is typically socially typed as "deviant"?

A)ecclesia
B)churches
C)sects
D)cults
E)sects and cults are socially typed as deviant

Question 35

The Taliban is an example of a religious sect that has broken off from a larger "church".

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of ecclesia?

A)the Christian Church in Canada
B)"The Family of Love" (formerly known as the "Children of God"), as found in many nations around the world
C)the Anglican Church in England
D)Catholicism in Boston, Massachusetts
E)Sikhism in India

Question 37

In practice, the Alberta Eugenics Board attached the label of "mental defective" to people with low IQs, people who had "immoral" lifestyles, immigrants who were unable to speak English, and even young women who were gang-raped.

Question 38

In the 21st century, a study released findings to the public that increasing rates of autism were related to vaccinations. This study caused a moral panic across the world as medical professionals and parents sought to determine if this relationship was true. This study was later discovered to have elements of scientific misconduct. The fact that this deviance was discovered supports Ben-Yehuda's theory on examining science for deviance.

Question 39

Witch persecutions were more likely to happen in countries that were dominantly Roman Catholic.

Question 40

The conservative nature of the scientific community contributes to those instances where real sciences are initially perceived as deviant sciences.

Question 41

According to Wright (1997), why is media coverage of cults distorted and selective?

A)due to a lack of accurate information about cults and the groups in question
B)due to a lack of in-depth information about cults and the groups in questions
C)due to the use of biased sources of information (e.g. ex-members of cults)
D)due to limited time or financial resources
E)media coverage of cults is distorted and selective as a result of all of the reasons listed above

Question 42

In a survey of more than 2,000 researchers, what proportion of incidents of scientific misconduct of which they were personally aware, had been reported to someone?

A)approximately 90%
B)approximately 66%
C)approximately 50%
D)approximately 33%
E)approximately 10%

Question 43

Which of the following statements about the child-savers is true?

A)Protestant theology served as the foundation for their efforts
B)the efforts of the child-savers were directed primarily at the upper socioeconomic classes
C)popular discourse at the time defined upper class parents as inherently immoral
D)popular discourse at the time included the assumption that the inherent morality of the working classes meant that working class norms and values should be adopted by everyone in society
E)they struggled to prevent child abuse and neglect from being criminalized

Question 44

Which religious group has been perceived as evil, dangerous and a threat to the social order?

A)Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
B)Catholics
C)Branch Davidians
D)Protestants
E)every religious group in the world has been perceived this way in some societies and at some points in time

Question 45

Dr. Suk claimed he had no idea that the data he was using for his work was raudulent data. This is an example of

A)denial of injury
B)strain theory
C)general theory of crime
D)denial of responsibility
E)innovation

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the labelling of religious groups is true?

A)the anti-cult movement uses the word "cult" on the basis of the theology of certain religious groups
B)the counter-cult movement prefaces the word "cult" with the term "destructive", focusing their attention on those religious groups that are believed to engage in mind control
C)in an international context, the word "cult" may be applied to any religious group that a particular government disapproves of
D)in contemporary society, the media emphasizes "new religious movements" rather than "cults"
E)legislation now prevents the media from portraying any religious group in a negative way

Question 47

The social typing of "deviant" religious groups is resisted through

A)the recruitment of new members.
B)hiring public relations firms to represent themselves in the media.
C)questioning the traditional distinction between ecclesia, churches, sects, and cults.
D)defending themselves in court cases.
E)a variety of activities, including all of those listed above.

Question 48

"Science" consists of

A)belief systems.
B)technologies.
C)claims about the nature of reality.
D)ethical/moral claims.
E)belief systems, technologies, claims about the nature of reality, and ethical/moral claims.

Question 49

Which of the following has been applied in explanations of scientific misconduct?

A)techniques of neutralization
B)denial of injury
C)strain theory
D)general theory of crime
E)a variety of positivist theories, including those referred to above, have been applied to explanations of scientific misconduct

Question 50

Deviance in science

A)typically results in severe sanctions.
B)occurs, in part, because of the pressure to publish, according to the iceberg theory.
C)is likely to be detected, because of the nature of the peer review process.
D)has declined since 1980, according to recent research
E)is extremely rare, due to the normative structure of science.

Question 51

The phenomenon by which clinical drug research is done by commercial centres hired by pharmaceutical companies is known as

A)the normative structure of science
B)junk science
C)cooking
D)post-academic science
E)pseudo-science

Question 52

In the social control of cults, those groups that emphasize their concern that cults utilize the "wrong" interpretation of the Bible are called

A)cult awareness groups.
B)anti-cult groups.
C)counter-cult groups.
D)cult control groups.
E)cult awareness groups and anti-cult groups.

Question 53

According to bad apple theory, deviance in science exists because

A)the structure within which scientists work encourages deviance
B)techniques of neutralization enable deviant scientists to justify their behavior
C)of low levels of self-control
D)of a gap between accepted goals and legitimate means of achieving those goals.
E)of similar reasons that people commit crimes-personality factors, psychological disturbance, and free choice.

Question 54

In 1600, a local midwife is arrested for witchcraft, put on trial, and burned at the stake. In which of the following regions is she most likely to have lived?

A)a region where Catholicism had weakened, and trials were conducted by local authorities
B)a region where Catholicism had weakened, and trials were conducted by national authorities
C)a region where Catholicism maintained its power, and trials were conducted by local authorities
D)a region where Catholicism maintained its power, and trials were conducted by national authorities
E)because of the pervasiveness of witch persecutions throughout Europe, she was equally likely to have lived in any of the above regions

Question 55

Which of the following is a characteristic of The Family of Love?

A)"flirty fishing"
B)antagonism toward patriotic symbols, such as flags
C)celibacy
D)a required period of service in the nation's military
E)complete segregation from the outside world

Question 56

Who faced accusations of witchcraft?

A)followers of pre-Christian religions
B)midwives
C)women who outlived their husbands
D)children
E)during the peak of the European witchcraze, just about anyone (including all of those listed above)could be accused of witchcraft

Question 57

The groups that use the word "cult" to refer to very specific religious groups that have "destructive" characteristics are

A)cult awareness groups.
B)anti-cult groups.
C)counter-cult groups.
D)cult control groups.
E)cult awareness groups and anti-cult groups.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the witch persecutions is true?

A)the Christian church was directly responsible for the arrest and trial of witches throughout Europe
B)one of the arenas for witch hunts was regions where there were peasant rebellions
C)women who were financially independent had enough power within their communities to avoid accusations of witchcraft
D)in every region of Europe, women were more likely than men to be persecuted
E)all of the statements listed above accurately describe the witch persecutions

Question 59

In a survey of 3,200 medical researchers, approximately what proportion admitted to engaging in at least 1 of 10 "serious" forms of scientific misconduct?

A)less than 1%
B)10%
C)30%
D)50%
E)80%

Question 60

The Canadian residential schooling policy

A)provided Aboriginal children with similar levels and types of education as non-Aboriginal children received in Canada's public schools at the time.
B)placed an emphasis on teaching Aboriginal children to integrate their traditional cultures with Canadian culture.
C)allowed frequent visits between children and their parents, in an attempt to garner greater support for residential schooling in Aboriginal communities.
D)required the consent of parents before children could be removed from their communities
E)combined formal education (e.g. arithmetic)with religious education (i.e. Christianity)and cultural education (i.e. how to act "White").

Question 61

Which of the following accurately describes the chronological order of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, from oldest to most recent?

A)promoting research integrity; coercive measures; science as self-regulating
B)coercive measures; promoting research integrity; science as self-regulating
C)science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity; coercive measures
D)science as self-regulating; coercive measures; promoting research integrity
E)coercive measures; science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity

Question 62

The anti-cult movement and the media portrayal of violent and extreme religious groups arguably created ________ at various points in time.

A)social hysteria
B)religious othering
C)a moral panic
D)a counter cult movement
E)anarchy

Question 63

In contemporary Canadian society, __________ is the primary creator of society's dominant moral code, by which "deviance" and "normality" are judged

A)religion
B)individual belief
C)science
D)public opinion
E)government

Question 64

The theory underlying the science of eugenics was known as

A)iceberg theory
B)power-reflexive theory
C)social Darwinism
D)colonization theory
E)bio-social theory

Question 65

Social Darwinism rationalized European colonization of countries throughout much of the world on the basis of the

A)assumption that the more "evolved" European societies could help more "primitive" societies reach the next stage of social evolution more rapidly
B)assumption that the role of inferior races in the world was to serve superior races.
C)assumption that European cultures could learn a great deal from other cultures.
D)assumption that the next stage of social evolution required the cooperation of and integration among the world's peoples.
E)assumption that the "powerful" have the inherent right to control the "powerless".

Question 66

Some sociologists study science as a social typer of deviance. Which of the following is an example of this approach to deviance research?

A)Examining ways to control scientific misconduct
B)Analyzing the corporization of science
C)Reflecting on definitions of "Pseudo-science"
D)Recognizing the impact of the Sexual Sterilization Act in Canada
E)Studying patterns of plagiarism and cheating in a university deviance class

Question 67

George recently began a new sales job where taking clients out and partying was considered part of the role. He regularly found parties with excessive drinking and other deviant activities and brought his clients there to socialize and get into their favour. He was starting to find himself losing control and partying to the extreme and his family is becoming concerned. This occupational deviance is best understood using:

A)Techniques of Neutralization
B)Social Bond's theory
C)Self-control theory
D)Labelling theory
E)Social learning theory

Question 68

Which of the following is an illustration of science acting as a social typer of deviance?

A)doctors providing liposuction to people who want to improve their physical appearance
B)the temperance movement
C)efforts to "toughen" young offender legislation
D)the use of the notion of "consent" in date rape trials
E)doctors providing liposuction to people who want to improve their physical appearance, and the use of the notion of "consent" in date rape trials

Question 69

When a science's belief system and/or technologies are significantly called into question as a whole, __________ exists.

A)a deviant science
B)deviance in science
C)trimming
D)cooking
E)forging

Question 70

If research is released and it is determined that there is a clear androcentric bias to the information, this would be a violation of which of Merton's norms of science?

A)Communism
B)Skepticism
C)Disinterestedness
D)Professionalism
E)Universalism

Question 71

In an analysis of the disproportionate spreading of the witch hunts across Europe, Ben-Yehuda concluded that witch persecutions happened more often:

A)In countries who had experienced more war
B)In countries that had 'healers' and more natural spiritual practices
C)In countries that had weaker Catholic power
D)In countries who were more secular
E)In countires that were more diverse

Question 72

According to Montgomery and Oliver's (2009)analysis of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, what was the governing logic prior to 1975?

A)coercive measures to punish
B)coercive measures to prevent
C)promoting research integrity
D)educational seminars for university researchers
E)science as self-regulating

Question 73

Distinguish among the characteristics of ecclesia, churches, sects, and cults.

Question 74

According to Foucault (1980), a relationship exists between knowledge claims, power, and

A)the resulting influence that those knowledge claims have on society
B)the resistance of people to the exertion of that power.
C)deviance in science
D)deviant science
E)fraudulent science

Question 75

What was the central goal of the eugenics movement?

A)to distance scientific pursuits from religious ideologies
B)to increase reproduction among society's "superior" persons and decrease reproduction among society's "inferior" persons
C)to provide social assistance to society's indigent
D)to reduce birth rates in society as a whole
E)to increase birth rates in society as a whole

Question 76

A large religion that is well established and has formalized rituals is known as:

A)An ecclesia
B)A church
C)A sect
D)A cult
E)A denomination

Question 77

Social Darwinism and the science of eugenics contributed to

A)involuntary sterilization programs
B)laws prohibiting interracial marriage
C)the content of immigration policies
D)the Holocaust
E)a wide range of significant historical events, including all of those listed above.

Question 78

Within which countries were eugenic ideals pursued by governments?

A)Nazi Germany
B)Britain
C)Canada
D)the United States
E)All of the above

Question 79

A scientist who adds in a few missing variables in a manner that supports and improves their results and then justifies the action by denying that this small change would hurt anyone is engaging in which of Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization?

A)Denial of injury
B)Denial of the victim
C)Denial of responsibility
D)Condemn the condemners
E)Appeal to higher loyalties

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT true when studying the prevalence of scientific misconduct in university research?

A)2 percent of scientists admitted to having falsified or fabricated data
B)35% of academics admit to knowing that someone else has falsified data
C)1/3 admit to doing something that would be considered misconduct, outside of falsification of information
D)¾ of scients changed the design of their study to appease the funding group
E)Articles are retracted from journals when it is determined that misconduct has happened.