Deck 7: Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance

Question 1

From an objective perspective, bodies tell us about the characteristics of individuals involved in specific body projects, such as economic status or age.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Some women use tattooing in the development of an established femininity, but others use it in the development of a resistant femininity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The medical control of "too fat" is based on health issues rather than appearance issues.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Weight loss is an example of a redesigning body project.

Question 5

Considerable "thinness" is required before someone is socially typed as "too thin", compared to the degree of "fatness" that is required before someone is socially typed as "too fat".

Question 6

Among adolescents, although body modification is often an expression of protest against parents or the parental generation, having body art that they know their parents would disapprove of still has an impact on perceptions of self.

Question 7

When looking at 16-30 year olds with piercings, age at first piercing was associated with greater psychopathy, in that those who received their first piercing in early adolescence scored higher on this psychological measure.

Question 8

University male students are more likely to have a tattoo than female students.

Question 9

Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more common.

Question 10

Physical appearance is an auxiliary status that has master traits associated with it.

Question 11

Each of us socially types others on the basis of physical appearance, and each of us is socially typed on the basis of our own physical appearance.

Question 12

Overweight characters on children's TV channels (e.g., Discovery Kids)are portrayed in negative ways, such as lonely, unattractive, and lacking in friends.

Question 13

Newman and colleagues (2005)found that people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy.

Question 14

Among 12-18 year olds, tattoos and piercings are more prevalent among females than among males.

Question 15

Students who have 7 -10 body modifications are more likely to engage in other risky behaviour, such as drinking or substance use.

Question 16

Most research looking at risky behaviour and tattoos finds that people who have a tattoo are more likely to engage in other risky behaviour.

Question 17

Most undergraduates have piercings, but only a minority have tattoos.

Question 18

Although voluntary aspects of physical appearance are frequently subject to social typing as "deviant", involuntary aspects of physical appearance are rarely, if ever, subject to social typing as "deviant".

Question 19

When comparing 16-30 year olds with and without tattoos on various psychological measures, the only difference was that those with tattoos had lower self-esteem.

Question 20

One of the reasons why physical appearance is important to us is because people judge us on that basis.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of body modification among 12-18 year olds?

A)females are more likely to have piercings, but males are more likely to have tattoos
B)males are more likely to have piercings, but females are more likely to have tattoos
C)females are more likely than males to have piercings or tattoos
D)males are more likely than females to have piercings or tattoos
E)there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of tattoos/piercings when comparing males and females

Question 22

Negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in the following populations:

A)women without tattoos, if the tattoo is large
B)women with tattoos, if the tattoo is highly visible
C)men without tattoos, if the tattoo is small
D)men with tattoos, if the tattoo highly visible
E)negative reactions to women with tattoos exist in all of populations described above

Question 23

Which of the following statements about people's perceptions of physicians with facial piercings is true?

A)people perceive physicians with facial piercings as less competent and less trustworthy
B)people who have engaged in body modification themselves are more likely to disapprove of physicians with facial piercings than are people without body modifications
C)although half of people disapprove of physicians with facial piercings, more than 75% say it would not personally bother them to have such a physician
D)disapproval rates are higher for lip piercings than for nose piercings
E)the presence of facial piercings does not affect people's perceptions of physicians' competency or trustworthiness

Question 24

How are women with tattoos, when compared to women without tattoos, perceived by the majority of people?

A)less promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers
B)less promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
C)less promiscuous; less attractive, lighter drinkers
D)more promiscuous; less attractive; heavier drinkers
E)more promiscuous; more attractive; heavier drinkers

Question 25

Which of the following activities are youth with tattoos more likely to engage in than youth without tattoos?

A)binge drinking
B)smoking
C)sexual activity
D)failing in school
E)youth with tattoos are more likely to engage in a variety of high risk activities, including binge drinking, smoking, sexual activity, and failing in school

Question 26

Katy Perry dressed as a Japanese geisha at the American Music Awards and Meghan Trainor has been accused of emulating black music styles. These are both examples of

A)extending
B)cultural appropriation
C)image modification
D)cultural immersion
E)resisting cultural hegemony

Question 27

A woman asks for a tattoo of a series of vines along her rib cage and wrapping around her back. The tattoo artist takes time to inform her that this location has a stigma attached to it. When the woman says she is aware and wants to challenge that label, she is engaging in:

A)rejection of social appropriateness
B)secondary deviance
C)tertiary deviance
D)inciting a moral panic
E)self-fulfilling prophesy

Question 28

Almost all Playboy centerfolds are underweight according to health standards, and approximately 30% of them meet the weight criteria for anorexia.

Question 29

What is the basis for scientific definitions of the "ideal" body weight?

A)statistical rarity
B)harm
C)normative violation
D)negative societal reaction
E)scientific normativity

Question 30

From an objective view, body art does not just tell us something about the individual, but also larger social structures and processes.

Question 31

In Hawkes, Senn, and Thorn's (2004)study on people's perceptions of women with tattoos, of which of the following types of tattoos did women with tattoos themselves disapprove?

A)large tattoos
B)small tattoos
C)tattoos having "masculine" imagery
D)highly visible tattoos
E)tattoos having imagery that is "too girly"

Question 32

Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived them as "too thin" when they reached approximately 5% below a healthy weight.

Question 33

The rise of an appreciation for "ample bottoms" as a result of stars such as Shakira, J-Lo or Kim Kardashian is partially in response to a social desire to control "too thin".

Question 34

According to Shilling (1993), teenagers who tattoo their bodies are engaged in

A)camouflaging.
B)extending.
C)adapting.
D)redesigning.
E)enhancing.

Question 35

When we come across a person who appears dirty or unkempt, we judge them based on their outward appearance, however our true reaction is to the presumption that this person is homeless and therefore a social deviant. This is an example of

A)auxiliary traits
B)secondary status
C)voluntary appearance
D)body modification
E)master status

Question 36

During what era did tattooing become a means of symbolizing masculinity and brotherhood in working-class communities?

A)Middle Ages
B)late 18th and early 19th centuries
C)the turn of the 20th century
D)1950s
E)1980s

Question 37

In Nazi Germany, people with visible physical disabilities were targets for genocidal efforts, in part, because they were perceived as a drain on society. This is an example of

A)the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing process.
B)the social typing of voluntary aspects of physical appearance.
C)positivist social control theories (e.g. Hirschi).
D)strain theories (e.g. Merton).
E)reintegrative shaming.

Question 38

Which of the following types of body projects (Shilling, 1993)is exemplified by the use of makeup?

A)redesigning
B)extending
C)camouflaging
D)adapting
E)enhancing

Question 39

The decision on where to place a tattoo on your body is an example of impression management and selecting one's front stage self.

Question 40

"Ana" websites are a form of resistance to the social typing of "too fat".

Question 41

In the time period from 1950 and 2000,

A)Playboy centerfolds became thinner until 1980, but then became larger again.
B)the gap between the body size of media women and the body size of average women in society decreased.
C)a larger proportion of men in various forms of media became overweight.
D)the proportion of "thin" female characters on television declined from 70% to 47%.
E)male centerfolds became thinner.

Question 42

Identifying young women and men who may be in the early stages of an eating disorder is part of

A)primary prevention.
B)secondary prevention.
C)primary treatment.
D)secondary treatment.
E)remedial programming.

Question 43

According to current research, why do people become overweight?

A)they consume more calories than they expend
B)unhealthy food saturates our culture
C)because of an inability to deal with negative emotions in a positive way
D)the formation of bad habits
E)all of the above are explanations of why people become overweight

Question 44

Jenna is about to graduate from college. Based on scientific standards, she has been "overweight" most of her life, but she has never actually perceived herself as "fat". Which of the following situations is the most likely to contribute to the formation of a "fat" identity?

A)as Jenna is walking down the street one day, she sees her reflection in a store window, and is surprised at how much weight she has gained
B)Jenna sees a magazine ad for a new weight loss pill that promises "no negative side effects"
C)a coworker says to Jenna, "You would be so pretty if you lost 20 pounds"
D)Jenna steps on a scale and sees that she has gained 10 more pounds
E)a new gym opens across the street from her office, and she continually sees thin, fit women going inside

Question 45

Which of the following theories has been applied to the development of an "anorexic" identity?

A)social learning theory
B)strain theory
C)subcultural theory
D)labelling theory
E)social bonds theory

Question 46

Which of the following is not signifying the relationship of work and body modification?

A)signifies membership to a specific occupation / group
B)reflects upon individual's identity as a worker
C)act as conversation starters to encourage social interactions
D)act as job-stoppers
E)each of the above can signify the relationship of body modifications and work

Question 47

In an analysis of male images in GQ, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated magazines from 1967-1997, which images became more prevalent during that time?

A)"very muscular" images
B)"somewhat muscular" images
C)"not muscular" images
D)"overweight" images
E)"underweight" images

Question 48

In an effort to prevent eating disorders, society must alter its obsession with body ideals, and instead adopt a program of building self-esteem and self-efficacy. This is a part of

A)primary prevention.
B)secondary prevention.
C)primary treatment.
D)secondary treatment.
E)remedial programming.

Question 49

According to the standards of the World Health Organization, a person with a BMI of 18. 4 is considered to be

A)overweight.
B)obese.
C)underweight.
D)acceptable.
E)anorexic.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of the social control of "too fat"?

A)medical clinics that perform liposuction
B)tax deductions for children's sports activities
C)the Anishinaabe Mino-Ayaawin program to build more recreational facilities within the community
D)television commercials for gym memberships
E)all of the above are examples of controlling "too fat"

Question 51

According to a research study which age group has the highest proportion of people with a tattoo?

A)18-24 years old
B)25-29 years old
C)30-39 years old
D)40-49 years old
E)50-64 years old

Question 52

What proportion of adults over the age of 18 have a tattoo according to research in 2012?

A)2 %
B)5 %
C)15 %
D)21 %
E)32 %

Question 53

How are overweight/underweight people perceived in society?

A)surveys of schoolteachers reveal that approximately one-quarter say being underweight is the "worst thing that can happen" to someone
B)surveys of nurses reveal that approximately one-quarter are "repulsed" by obese people
C)surveys of children reveal that most would rather be "fat" than get cancer
D)overweight children are rated as being more suitable as friends than physically disabled children are
E)all of the statements listed above reflect perceptions of overweight/underweight people

Question 54

How does the "ideal" female body compare to the "ideal" male body, based on social standards?

A)the "ideal" male body is thinner than the "ideal" female body
B)a wider range of body sizes is seen as acceptable for women than for men
C)body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for women than for men
D)the thin "ideal" for women is more common in preindustrial societies where food is scarce
E)body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for men than for women

Question 55

A group of people in their last year of university go together to get a tattoo of a black panther to symbolize their dedication to the BlackLivesMatter movement and play tribute to the civil rights movement in the 1960s. This shared tattoo is an example of

A)group identity formation
B)collective representation
C)renaissance resistance
D)commodification of a cause
E)class consciousness

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"?

A)websites that tell girls how to prevent others from noticing their extreme weight loss
B)a magazine article that discusses the dangers of weight loss surgery
C)developing a clothing line for obese women
D)Health Canada's "Active Living" program
E)all of the above are examples of resistance to the social typing of "too thin"

Question 57

What are the common perceptions of the "ideal" body?

A)university students say men and women would look more attractive if they had the body size of models in advertising
B)university students say the media images portray a body size that is not necessarily good for one's health
C)the majority of female children want to look like a female on television
D)the majority of female children say that women on television are much thinner than women in the "real world"
E)even though some of the statements above appear to contradict each other, they do all reflect common perceptions of the "ideal" body

Question 58

Who has been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese?

A)children
B)teachers
C)health professionals who specialize in treating obesity
D)the general population
E)children, teachers, health professionals who specialize in treating obesity, and the general population have all been found to negatively stereotype people who are overweight and/or obese

Question 59

In which culture was body art first equated with savagery and therefore deviantized as something marginalized groups might have?

A)Early Christian and Medieval eras
B)During the spread of European Colonization
C)Indigenous cultures
D)Mid-twentieth century in the United States
E)During the Inquisition

Question 60

Rachel wakes up in the morning, puts on her carefully selected dress, styles her hair, puts on makeup and jewelry, all in preparation for her job interview that morning. She does this because

A)she is vain
B)physical appearance is an aspect of our identity that is judged everyday
C)physical appearance is more important than her intellect at getting a job
D)she is engaging in an adapting project
E)she knows that if she is dressed well, it will distract attention from the giant tattoo on her neck

Question 61

Discuss the various ways in which gender interacts with physical appearance, considering both body modification and perceptions of the "ideal" body size/shape.

Question 62

When trying to determine what the current social definitions of beauty would be using a _______ approach to body image.

A)Positivist
B)Contemporary
C)Objective
D)Subjective
E)Medical

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT identified as a reason behind getting a tattoo in the research discussed?

A)Aesthetic motivations
B)Pursuit of a unique identity
C)Group identification
D)To empower an individual
E)To be more attractive to the opposite / same sex

Question 64

Taking a gender perspective on body image and weight, discuss the impact of gender on the labels and sanctions associated with ideal and deviant body weights. Theorize whether this is something that will stay consistent as time progresses, or whether you can foresee changes to the definitions and ideals in the future.

Question 65

What proportion of the Canadian male population are currently overweight according to their BMI?

A)25 %
B)35 %
C)62 %
D)80 %
E)We don't use BMI as a measurement in Canada

Question 66

List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of body projects proposed by Shilling (1993).

Question 67

Contrast the "ideal" body according to social standards with the "ideal" body according to medical standards. In your answer, be sure to identify the basis for determining "ideal" within these standards.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?

A)At least 15 % below normal body weight
B)Abnormal self-perception of body
C)An detached indifference to weight changes
D)Denial of the seriousness of weight loss
E)Distorted perception of body shape

Question 69

Considering the various factors that influence the social typing of body size, as well as the wide-ranging consequences of such social typing, develop a plan to improve the self-image of adolescents in Canadian society. What would you do to achieve this goal, and why?

Question 70

Discuss the consequences of socially controlling body image.

Question 71

Explain how aesthetic motivations and social identity contribute to an individual's decision to tattoo their body.

Question 72

Discuss how "too fat" is socially controlled in the following ways: (a)at the level of everyday social interaction; (b)through medicalization; (c)commercialization; and (d)at the level of governments.

Question 73

It has been argued that some of our scientific methods of measuring and labelling obesity are flawed(BMI for example). If these scales are considered faulty, can you propose other ways that we might continue to label obesity as deviant that would have equal legitimacy and impact?

Question 74

Analyze the relationship of body modifications and work. Do you believe that these social rules will remain consistent over time or do you believe they will change? Why?

Question 75

Discuss the informal and formal forms of social control that are used to convey the message of what is 'too fat' or 'too thin' in our society.

Question 76

If you were going to study body modification from a subjective perspective, what would you study? How would you obtain this data and what you do imagine you would learn from this process that would be different form an objective focus?

Question 77

Discuss two to three examples of tertiary deviance provided and discussed in this chapter. Indicate what the deviance is and how the groups are striving to change the social view of deviance in your examples.

Question 78

Discuss the media's role in the social control of "too fat", as well as its role in the social control of "too thin". In your opinion, is the media engaged in the regulation of one more than the other? Why?

Question 79

Apply the following concepts to a discussion of body modification: front stage self; back stage self; impression management.

Question 80

Describe the process of the medicalization of body image.