Deck 3: Sports and Socialization: Who Plays and What Happens to Them

Question 1

Past studies of socialization based on a personal internalization model have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that

A)athletes automatically resist negative influences coming from coaches.
B)all athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports.
C)sports are similar to all other leisure activities engaged in by young people.
D)character is usually formed by the time a person is 14 years old.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The carefully designed studies done between 1950 and 1980 have led to some basic conclusions about changing or ending sport participation.Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions?

A)Dropping out of a sport often occurs in connection with other changes or transitions in a person's life.
B)When people stop playing a sport, they generally do not cut all ties with sports.
C)The decision to drop out of sports is sometimes made because of negative experiences in sports.
D)People drop out of sports only when they are victims of some form of exploitation in sports.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The definition of socialization used by the author is based on

A)a social interaction model.
B)a role theory model.
C)a personal internalization model.
D)a structural model.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players they concluded that becoming an athlete involved

A)acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete.
B)gaining sponsorships from a corporation with power and influence.
C)being recognized as a person with a desire to play a sport.
D)taking risks in a sport so that physical skills are seen by other athletes.

Question 5

When evaluating research on what happens in sports, it's important not to overlook the fact that

A)different sports offer all athletes the same experiences.
B)the meanings that people give to sports remain the same over time.
C)sports offer experiences that are not available in other activities.
D)different people define similar sport experiences in different ways.

Question 6

Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports.Which of the following is NOT one of those things?

A)A person's abilities.
B)The availability of opportunities to play sports.
C)The influence of significant others.
D)A person's willingness to practice even when not having fun.

Question 7

A widespread belief long held by many people in North America is that playing sports

A)builds character among participants.
B)should not be encouraged until children are 12 years old.
C)is beneficial for girls but not for boys.
D)over long periods of time interferes with character development.

Question 8

When Konstantinos Koukouris interviewed former athletes in Greece, he discovered that decisions to end or change sport participation were primarily associated with

A)being cut by a coach or sponsor who criticized their sport skills.
B)the need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves.
C)a personal desire to cut all ties with sports and sports lifestyles.
D)a refusal to use new technologies for high performance training.

Question 9

After doing in-depth interviews with British adolescents from working class British families, Anita White and Jay Coakley concluded that sport participation among these young people was the result of

A)the policies and programs of the British Sports Council.
B)continuous decisions made over time by young people.
C)rapidly changing fads related to fitness and sports.
D)influence coming from other young people they knew and respected.

Question 10

Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes.Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?
A)Identity formation.

A)Personality revisions.
B)Self-reflection.
C)Social support.

Question 11

Garry Wheeler's study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired involved
A)reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life.

A)recovering from sport injuries and dealing with mobility issues.
B)accepting the permanence of their disability.
C)learning to live with negative stereotypes.

Question 12

The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they

A)wanted to feel childlike.
B)wanted to escape negative circumstances in their lives.
C)thought they had a good chance of playing at a professional level.
D)saw sports as linked to their own growth and development.

Question 13

When Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school children for whom sports were important, she found that their sport participation was linked to

A)a process of gaining access to the equipment needed for training.
B)opportunities to take hysical education classes.
C)the routine and lifestyle of their families.
D)the influence of the local neighborhood culture.

Question 14

In the summary of Coakley's analysis of "burnout," it is pointed out that when elite young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they

A)are tired of making decisions about their sport careers.
B)are overwhelmed by the publicity and celebrity associated with their lives.
C)see sport participation as an obstacle to developing personal autonomy.
D)fear learning new things about themselves and their abilities.

Question 15

In recent years, those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize
A)measurable personality changes among athletes.

A)statistical analysis of data collected from large samples of people.
B)data collected through surveys, questionnaires, and historical records.
B)qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences.

Question 16

In the United States, the young people most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches, and teachers to play sports if they

A)have Asian heritage.
B)are African Americans.
C)are Caucasians.
D)have Latino heritage.

Question 17

Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports primarily is the result of

A)what parents want their children to do with their lives.
B)the needs of the social system of which a person is a part.
C)social forces that exist outside people and determine their decisions.
D)continuing processes of decision-making in people's lives.

Question 18

Recent studies of socialization are based on social interaction models rather than personal internalization models.Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are
A)products of society.

A)victims of economic forces in society.
B)active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences.
C)social creatures who seek approval from others in whatever they do.

Question 19

According to the definition used in Chapter 3, socialization refers to a process that

A)molds people into productive citizens.
B)permanently alters a person's genetic predispositions.
C)involves social development and learning about social worlds.
D)occurs only during a person's formative years in childhood.

Question 20

Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they
A)discontined sport participation voluntarily.

A)never developed a close relationship with a coach.
B)have few experiences outside the culture of sports.
B)have no awards or records to sustain their sport memories.

Question 21

Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci.Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are

A)activities that people can do by themselves or with others.
B)shaped by system needs in society.
C)popular forms of excitement and pleasure.
D)forms of physical labor.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports?

A)An emphasis on winning and setting records.
B)Proving excellence through competitive success.
C)Pushing human limits and dominating opponents.
D)Avoiding technology that might improve performance.

Question 23

Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes.Instead, they view sports as
A)health and wellness activities.

A)commercial activities unrelated to social development.
B)negative activities that distort the way that people see the world.
C)sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways.

Question 24

Many sociologists see sports as important because sports are involved in hegemonic processes in society.Hegemony refers to a social process through which

A)people come to agree with and accept particular ideologies.
B)privileged people in society share their resources and power with others.
C)people identify system needs in a society and work to satisfy those needs.
D)class-based forms of social conflict become disruptive in society.

Question 25

A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on
A)the characteristics of parents and coaches.

A)the meanings people give to sports in their lives.
B)the ethical principles used by sport organizations.
C)the quality of the role models they see in sports.

Question 26

According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are

A)vehicles for creating disagreement and social conflict in society.
B)mechanisms for promoting democracy and the common good in society.
C)activities that distract attention away from issues of ideology.
D)contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people.

Question 27

When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that "it is difficult to fight an enemy that ...

A)plays sports every day."
B)has outposts in your head."
C)works harder than you do."
D)will do anything to win."

Question 28

When Patti and Peter Adler studied a big-time intercollegiate men's basketball team, they discovered that team members gradually

A)experienced a form of burnout that ended most of their careers.
B)became so engulfed in their course work that they ignored their social lives.
C)developed a strong dislike of their coaches and fellow team members.
D)viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes.

Question 29

A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it

A)it limits a person's relationships to coaches and teammates.
B)it keeps people off the streets and in the locker room.
C)provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports.
D)teaches people how to compete against others.

Question 30

When researchers use cultural theories and a postructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on

A)the ways that tax money is spent in a community.
B)the roles of coaches and teachers in community life.
C)relationships between religious organizations and the schools in a town.
D)whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture.

Question 31

The studies done by Anderson and his colleague between 2000 and 2010 indicated that
A)masculinity became more rigidly defined in mot men's sports.

A)gay male athletes were more likely to come out but less likely remain in sports.
B)sport cultures enforced a "don't ask, don't tell" policy about sexual identity.
C)homophobia declined in many sport cultures.

Question 32

Power and performance sports are dominant today primarily because they

A)emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people.
B)promote popular ideas about human evolution and progress.
C)enable powerful people to use their physical skills to dominate others.
D)are associated with beliefs about the need for progressive political action.

Question 33

The author uses the term "social world" to refer to a

A)special place that people go to enjoy relationships with other people.
B)set of relationships that dominate a person's life.
C)way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting.
D)set of media-generated images that shape how people think and act.

Question 34

Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize

A)the importance of achievement and progress.
B)connections with other people and the environment.
C)the notion of competing against others rather than with others.
D)the idea that pleasure depends on competitive success.

Question 35

Data on sports and obesity indicate that

A)obesity rates are usually low in societies where sports are popular..
B)players in the NFL have the lowest obesity rates of all pro athletes.
C)athletes learn good eating practices when they play competitive sports.
D)the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates.

Question 36

Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process.The research of these sociologists tends to focus on

A)the relationships between athletes and leaders in community politics.
B)sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives.
C)sports as art forms that are crucial entertainment activities in most communities
D)the ways that sports secretly shape character and social life in societies.

Question 37

The research done by Eric Anderson prior to 2001 generally indicated that
A)anti-gay locker room talk was never taken serious by gay or lesbian athletes.

A)team sports were more gay-friendly than individual sports.
B)gay men and lesbians seldom took sports seriously in their lives.
C)combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging.

Question 38

Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicates that

A)some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high.
B)playing rigorous competitive sports extends life expectancy beyond average.
C)good medical care has made most heavy-contact sports safer than aerobics.
D)playing competitive sports involves pressures to avoid playing while injured.

Question 39

Loic Wacquant's study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym indicated that boxing
A)enabled young men to learn violent strategies they could use on the streets.

A)sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets.
B)involved so much discipline that most young men dropped out.
C)became a major gang initiation ritual in the neighborhood around the gym.

Question 40

Nancy Theberge's study of an elite women's ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players involved

A)hostile remarks about sex and sexuality.
B)degrading talk about men and relationships with men.
C)controlled forms of expression through which feelings were often hidden.
D)talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey.

Question 41

Focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, David Andrews studied the "persona" created in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990s.He concludes that through media images of Jordan, the "Jordan persona" was

A)used to raise critical questions about race and gender in society.
B)tied to the legacies of colonialism and racism around the world.
C)intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture.
D)cleverly linked with inner-city, minority lifestyles in many societies.

Question 42

When anthropologist Doug Foley did an ethnography of a small Texas town he found that the everyday stories created around high school football tended to .

A)improve that status of low income fa,ilies because their boys played football.
B)reaffirm established ways of thinking and doing things in the town.
C)encourage young women in the ton to play contact sports.
D)disrupt popular ideas about social inequality.