Deck 23: Bivariate Statistical Analysis: Measures of Association

Question 1

Correlation always means that a causal relationship exists between the two variables under study.

Answer 1

False
Systematic covariation does not in and of itself establish causality.The relationship would also need to be nonspurious and that any hypothesized "cause" would have to occur before any subsequent effect.

Question 2

Covariance is the extent to which a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

If the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting,then standardized regression estimates must be used.

Answer 3

False
Raw parameter estimates must be used for forecasting.

Question 4

The square of the correlation coefficient indicates the part of the total variance of Y that can be accounted for by X.

Question 5

In simple regression,raw parameter estimates reflect the measurement scale range.

Question 6

Measure of association is a general term that refers to causality.

Question 7

Price is frequently used as an independent variable in marketing research.

Question 8

The correlation coefficient,r,indicates the magnitude of the linear relationships but not the direction of that relationship.

Question 9

The least-squares regression line minimizes the sum of the squared deviations of the actual values from the predicted values in the regression line.

Question 10

In a regression equation,the slope of the line,b,is the change in X that is due to a corresponding change of one unit of Y.

Question 11

In most business research,the estimate of a in a regression equation is most important.

Question 12

The statistical significance of a correlation can be tested using the t-test.

Question 13

In regression,the standardized Y-intercept term is always 1.

Question 14

In regression analysis,the equation of a straight line is Y = a + b X.

Question 15

One way to determine the relationship between X and Y is to simply visually draw the best-fit straight line through the points in the figure.

Question 16

The ordinary least-squares method of regression analysis is based on the logic of how much better a regression line can predict values of Y compared to simply using the mean as a prediction.

Question 17

The measure of association used in the textbook is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and its symbol is r.

Question 18

In a correlation matrix,the main diagonal contains correlations of zero.

Question 19

If r = -.88,this indicates a weak relationship between the two variables under study.

Question 20

A Spearman correlation is more appropriate for interval and ratio data than is the Pearson product-moment correlation.

Question 21

Which of the following represents the proportion of the total variance of a variable accounted for by another value of another variable?

A)product-moment correlation
B)correlation coefficient
C)F-test
D)coefficient of determination

Question 22

The extent to which a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another is called:

A)spurious association
B)significance
C)covariance
D)standardized coefficient

Question 23

If the correlation between X and Y is -.72,approximately what percentage of the variance in Y can be explained by X?

A)52 percent
B)72 percent
C)85 percent
D)28 percent

Question 24

When there is a strong positive correlation between two variables,but,in fact,both variables are caused by a third variable,the relationship between the first two variables is said to be:

A)strong and negative
B)weak and negative
C)inverse
D)spurious

Question 25

When the on-time performance of airlines is used to predict the number of customer complaints in a regression equation,on-time performance is the ____ variable and the number of customer complaints is the ____ variable.

A)independent;dependent
B)dependent;dependent
C)dependent;independent
D)independent;predictor

Question 26

If there is no relationship between two variables,the correlation coefficient between them would be:

A)+1.0
B)-1.0
C)+0.50
D)0

Question 27

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined by a c² test.

Question 28

A bivariate statistical technique that is used to measure the strength of the relationship between two variables is called the:

A)one-group t-test
B)two-group t-test
C)measure of association
D)correlation matrix

Question 29

The Pearson product-moment correlation requires what type of scale for the data?

A)nominal
B)interval
C)ordinal
D)all of the above

Question 30

The explanatory power of regression lies in hypothesis testing.

Question 31

In a correlation matrix,the correlations in the main diagonal are all equal to:

A)-1.00
B)0
C)+0.50
D)+1.00

Question 32

Which of the following is the standard form for reporting observed correlations among multiple variables?

A)correlation matrix
B)contingency table
C)Pearson grid
D)inverse table

Question 33

The first step in interpreting simple regression output is to interpret the overall significance of the model.

Question 34

If the correlation between two variables is - 0.75,this means that:

A)there is a weak positive relationship between the variables
B)there is a strong inverse relationship between the variables
C)there is a weak negative relationship between the variables
D)there is a strong positive relationship between the variables

Question 35

When the correlation between two variables is +.92,this means that as one variable ____,the other variable ____.

A)decreases;increases
B)increases;decreases
C)increases;increases
D)decreases;stays the same

Question 36

If the correlation coefficient is - 0.62,the coefficient of determination is approximately:

A)+ 0.38
B)+ 0.62
C)- 0.38
D)- 0.23

Question 37

The coefficient of determination reflects the proportion of variance that can be explained by the regression line.

Question 38

A rule of thumb for R² is that it must be greater than 0.80 for a regression model to be significant.

Question 39

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ranges between:

A)zero and +1.0
B)-1.0 and zero
C)-1.0 and +1.0
D)-2.0 and +2.0

Question 40

The ____ is a measure obtained by squaring the correlation coefficient.

A)t-statistic
B)coefficient of determination (R²)
C)F-ratio
D)Pearson coefficient

Question 41

The statistical measure of the association between two variables is known as the ____________________ coefficient.

Question 42

If the regression equation is: Y = -4.2 + 3.6 X ,then the expected score for Y when X is 4 would be:

A)-18.6
B)10.2
C)18.6
D)4

Question 43

In regression analysis,the symbol X is commonly used for the ____ variable,and the symbol Y is commonly used for the ____ variable.

A)dependent;moderating
B)independent;dependent
C)dependent;independent
D)independent;moderating

Question 44

Which of the following provides a common metric allowing regression results to be compared to one another no matter what the original scale range may have been?

A)standardized regression coefficient (b)
B)X²
C)coefficient of determination (R²)
D)raw parameter estimates

Question 45

If the regression equation is: Y = 24.35 - 14.2 X ,then 24.35 is the ____,while -14.2 is the ____.

A)slope;y-intercept
B)independent variable;slope
C)dependent variable;y-intercept
D)y-intercept;slope

Question 46

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ranges between ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 47

The extent to which a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another is referred to as ____________________.

Question 48

In the regression equation,Y = a + b X,a is the symbol for the:

A)slope of the regression line
B)y-intercept of the regression line
C)dependent variable
D)independent variable

Question 49

Which regression estimation technique is based on the logic of how much better a regression line can predict values of Y compared to simply using the mean as a prediction for all observations no matter what the value of X may be?

A)visual estimation
B)maximum likelihood
C)coefficient of determination
D)ordinary least squares (OLS)

Question 50

In regression analysis,the dependent variable is also called the ____ variable.

A)predictor
B)exogenous
C)criterion
D)internal

Question 51

The Pearson product-moment correlation requires at least ____________________ data.

Question 52

All of the following are simple regression estimation techniques EXCEPT:

A)chi-square estimation
B)maximum likelihood
C)visual estimation
D)ordinary least squares (OLS)

Question 53

The equation,Y = a + b X,is the equation for the:

A)coefficient of determination
B)correlation coefficient
C)least-squares regression line
D)F-test

Question 54

In the regression equation,Y = a + b X ,b is the:

A)y-intercept
B)independent variable
C)slope of the regression line
D)dependent variable

Question 55

Lance is studying the relationship between sales training of the sales force and customer satisfaction and loyalty.When researchers like Lance are focused on explanation rather than prediction,then which of the following is most appropriate when using simple regression?

A)standardized regression coefficient (b)
B)Y-intercept a
C)X²
D)raw parameter estimates

Question 56

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined using which test?

A)t-test
B)X²
C)F-test
D)Z-test

Question 57

In the regression equation,Y = a + b X,Y is the:

A)dependent variable
B)slope
C)independent variable
D)y-intercept

Question 58

Which of the following is most appropriate if the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting?

A)standardized regression coefficient (b)
B)Y-intercept a
C)coefficient of determination (R²)
D)raw parameter estimates

Question 59

If the number of coupons given out at shopping malls is used to predict the number of tickets that will be sold to a country and western band's performance at a local club,the number of coupons is the ____________________ variable.

Question 60

If the t-test is used to test the significance of a correlation coefficient,the null hypothesis is:

A)r = +1.00
B)r = 0
C)r = -1.00
D)r = 100

Question 61

The square of the correlation coefficient is called the ____________________.

Question 62

The regression parameter that represents the height of the regression line relative to horizontal is ____________________.

Question 63

The standard format for reporting the correlations between several variables is called the ____________________.

Question 64

Discuss the common procedures for testing association for data that are nominal,ordinal,and interval/ratio.

Question 65

Explain how regression differs from correlation.

Question 66

In a regression equation,the slope of the regression line is denoted by the symbol ____________________.

Question 67

Discuss the steps in interpreting a simple regression output.

Question 68

In testing for the significance of a correlation,the null hypothesis is that the correlation is equal to ____________________.

Question 69

Covariation in which the association between variables is in the opposite direction indicates a(n)____________________.

Question 70

Discuss the pros and cons of raw regression estimates and standardized regression estimates and discuss when each is appropriate.

Question 71

The test for the statistical significance of the regression model is the ____________________ test.

Question 72

Compare and contrast correlation,covariance,and causation.

Question 73

If the correlation between two variables is -.55,the coefficient of determination is approximately ____________________.

Question 74

In a correlation matrix,the values in the main diagonal equal ____________________.

Question 75

A correlation coefficient indicates both the ____________________ of the relationship between two variables and the ____________________ of this relationship.