Deck 2: Reason and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following best defines "emotional intelligence"?

A) the ability to ignore the influence of emotions when reasoning
B) the ability to accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotions
C) the ability to use the fear and self-interest of others to make them believe what you would like them to believe
D) None of these answers is correct.

Answer 1

A
Explanation: Emotional intelligence is the ability to use emotions appropriately. This requires being able both to appraise emotions as appropriate and to express those emotions when they are appropriate. Emotion is an important component of reasoning, but must be used in proper ways. That is to say, reasoning requires emotional intelligence.

Question 2

Gender stereotypes can be harmful for which of the following reasons?

A) They reveal that women are as incapable of reasoning as men.
B) They harm men that wish to pursue traditionally female careers.
C) They may prevent women from taking on roles that require caring for others.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Gender stereotypes harm women by limiting their ability to seek out social roles that the stereotypes claim men are better suited for, but they also do the same to men. A man that wishes to take on a job that involves caring for others (such as elementary school teacher or nurse) may find it difficult to find such a job due to gender stereotypes that claim women are better suited for such positions.

Question 3

Which of the following is true,according to evolutionary theory?

A) Only human beings are capable of thought.
B) Human beings are part of a divinely instituted order among beings. Humans are above animals, but below angels and God.
C) Reason is an adaptation of humans and other animals that promotes survival.
D) All animals are capable of using reason.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: According to evolutionary theory, human beings are one animal among many. They are not the only type of animal capable of using reason. Rather, this ability is an adaptation that many (but not all) animals possess to varying degrees that promotes the survival of their species.

Question 4

Which of the following is a description of the Turing test?

A) A computer scientist tests how many computations a computer can perform per second to determine whether or not the computer is intelligent.
B) A computer is given a series of questions and, if it answers enough of them correctly, it is intelligent.
C) A human being has two conversations through a computer screen. One conversation is with another human. One conversation is with a computer. If the human is unable to consistently tell which conversation is with the computer, then the computer is intelligent.
D) A computer is asked to perform a series of mathematical calculations. If it can do so without complaining, then it is intelligent.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of dreams?

A) Dreams are capable of helping us solve our problems.
B) Dreams are completely understood by science.
C) Dreams have never been a source of important ideas.
D) Dreams are merely the release of irrational impulses and emotions.

Question 6

Author Richard Dawkins points to which of the following figures as being responsible for the virtual destruction of the argument from design?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Socrates

Question 7

Which of the following is true?

A) If women are more emotional than men, then it follows they are less capable of reasoning.
B) Traditional Western conceptions of women paint them as less capable of reasoning than men.
C) Almost all Western conceptions of reason make room for the appropriate use of emotion in reasoning.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is a component of reason?

A) sets of premises that provide support for conclusions
B) appeals to self-interest
C) appeals to fear
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the relationship between gender/racial stereotypes and critical thinking?

A) Traditional gender and racial stereotypes show that some people are simply not as capable of critical thought as others.
B) Such stereotypes are barriers to critical thought, since they prevent you from considering other points of view.
C) Gender stereotypes show that women are too emotional for critical thought.
D) Gender stereotypes show that only men should be allowed in public office, where the use of reason is most important.

Question 10

Which of the following allowed Temple Grandin to design more humane means of slaughtering cattle?

A) She treated the cattle as incapable of reason and purely driven by instinct.
B) She kept a dream journal.
C) She used imagination and spatial-temporal reasoning.
D) She relied purely on rational argumentation.

Question 11

Which of the following is supposed to be demonstrated by the Taoist analogy between the relationship between ice and water and the relationship between reason and emotion?

A) Just as ice and water are distinct things, reason and emotion are completely distinct.
B) Just as ice and water are not quite identical and not quite distinct, reason and emotion are two aspects of the same thing and yet they differ in some ways.
C) Just as ice and water are really the same thing, reason and emotion are two aspects of one thing and so they do not differ at all from each other.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is a way that emotion can help us reason better?

A) Emotion can help us notice problems.
B) Emotion can move us to resolve problems.
C) Emotion can help us to consider problems from the perspective of others.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 13

Liberal feminists hold which of the following positions?

A) Gender differences are solely the result of biological ingrained dispositions.
B) Gender differences are mostly the result of differences in socialization.
C) Women are not as capable of rational thought as men.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 14

One criticism of critical rationalism is that not all people have direct knowledge of God.Which of the following is a response critical rationalists have offered to this criticism?

A) Revelation must be available to all in order to for it to be a source of knowledge.
B) Beliefs held as a matter of faith need not be consistent with reason.
C) There is not sufficient evidence for a belief in God that is independent of faith.
D) None of these answers are responses critical rationalists have offered to the criticism.

Question 15

Which of the following is a strategy that falls under the heading of reason?

A) deduction
B) spatial-temporal reasoning
C) generalization
D) imagination
E) All of these are strategies that fall under the heading of reason.

Question 16

Dostoyevsky's depiction of Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment demonstrates which of the following?

A) Emotion can play a crucial role in critical thought.
B) Emotion has no role to play in critical thought.
C) Emotion always plays a crucial role in critical thought.
D) Goods should be redistributed from those that do not need them to those that do need them.

Question 17

Critical rationalists maintain which of the following?

A) All religious beliefs must be supported by evidence.
B) Religious beliefs can be held in the face of contrary evidence.
C) Religious beliefs can be based on faith, while remaining consistent with the evidence.
D) Religious beliefs should never be held, because there is no possible evidence that can support the existence of God.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about our ability to reason?

A) Individuals tend to reason well regardless of context.
B) Individuals tend to reason poorly regardless of context.
C) Formal training in reasoning makes no difference in one's ability to reason in unfamiliar contexts.
D) Individuals tend to reason better in familiar contexts.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the five "proofs" of God asserted by Thomas Aquinas?

A) the unmoved mover
B) the cosmological argument
C) the big bang
D) the argument from design

Question 20

Which of the following is a problem with fideism?

A) Fideism allows that we can improve or revise our religious beliefs on the basis of reason.
B) Fideism gives us no way of knowing which religious beliefs we should hold as a matter of faith.
C) Believing something, in itself, shows that it is correct.
D) Fideism requires that you only believe religious claims when there is evidence supporting those claims.

Question 21

Critical thought requires that you ignore your emotions.

Question 22

Currently existing computers are in some ways superior to the human brain when it comes to working with data.

Question 23

All reasoning is a conscious activity.

Question 24

According to the educator Nel Noddings,critical thought should not only be limited to reason,but should also involve empathy and caring for others.

Question 25

Traditional Western thought holds that women and men are essentially the same as far as the ability to reason goes.

Question 26

Science can prove that the world exists.

Question 27

Emotions can sometimes be a barrier to critical thought.

Question 28

Rationalism requires that we reject the existence of God.

Question 29

Plato taught that we are at our best when the nonrational parts of our soul are subordinated to the rational part of our soul.

Question 30

Faith is more than mere belief in the existence of God.

Question 31

No one in the twenty-first century believes that women should be confined to the home.

Question 32

According to Herbert Simon,computers are able to feel emotions.

Question 33

No scientists believe that computers can be conscious.

Question 34

Critical rationalists interpret the story of Abraham and Isaac as a test only of Abraham's faith in God.

Question 35

Aristotle held that women and men are essentially the same.

Question 36

Confucianism places particular importance on ridding yourself of emotions and relationships.

Question 37

Reason is the process of coming to conclusions based on feelings and self-interest.

Question 38

Empathy has no role to play in critical thought.

Question 39

Former Vice President Al Gore holds that sensationalized depictions of violence in the media have lead to a greater tolerance for injustice.