Deck 17: Industrial Supremacy Key

Question 1

In the early twentieth century,a principal goal of "Taylorism" was to

A) reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks.
B) encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems.
C) make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs.
D) emphasize the importance of craft and quality in the workplace.
E) create a large labor force of highly skilled workers.

Answer 1

reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks.

Question 2

In the late nineteenth century,industry in the United States

A) saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.
B) suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit.
C) faced a growing shortage of laborers.
D) lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.
E) obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America.

Answer 2

saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE?

A) It included the nation's largest businesses.
B) It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth.
C) It was among the first to adopt the new corporate form of organization.
D) It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.
E) It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power.

Answer 3

It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.

Question 4

Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio?

A)John D.Rockefeller
B)J.P.Morgan
C)Andrew Carnegie
D)Samuel Morse
E)Cyrus Field

Question 5

The Pennsylvania Steel Company was created by

A) the United States military.
B) the Pennsylvania Railroad.
C) the Pennsylvania Steel Workers Union.
D) the state government of Pennsylvania.
E) steam engine manufacturers in the region.

Question 6

One key to Henry Ford's success in the mass production of automobiles was

A) the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production.
B) a reduction in the size of his labor force.
C) his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.
D) the moving assembly line.
E) the training of highly skilled workers.

Question 7

In the United States,the steel industry first emerged in

A) Pennsylvania and Ohio.
B) Vermont and Massachusetts.
C) Illinois and Indiana.
D) Alabama and Mississippi.
E) New Jersey and New York.

Question 8

In the 1870s,the "internal combustion engine" was developed in

A) Europe.
B) the United States.
C) Asia.
D) Australia.
E) Africa.

Question 9

Prior to the Civil War,the steel industry in the United States

A) resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters.
B) barely developed at all.
C) largely replaced the iron industry.
D) boomed as a result of the expanding U.S. Navy.
E) emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction.

Question 10

In 1917,automobile production in the United States

A) finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford.
B) saw nearly five million cars on American roads.
C) saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car.
D) was the nation's largest industry.
E) was almost nonexistent.

Question 11

In 1900,the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations

A) centralized the sources of research funding.
B) was deemed unnecessary, since so many American university laboratories existed.
C) developed similar research goals as in Europe.
D) occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded.
E) led to more diversification in corporate research.

Question 12

In 1929,the base price of a Ford Model T was

A) $630.
B) $950.
C) $1120.
D) $470.
E) $290.

Question 13

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in

A) Texas.
B) Pennsylvania.
C) Michigan.
D) California.
E) Ohio.

Question 14

During the late nineteenth century,the growth of large corporations was helped by

A) All these answers are correct.
B) both sales of company stock to the public and "limited liability" laws.
C) "limited liability" laws.
D) sales of company stock to the public.
E) the realization that great ventures could not be financed by any single person.

Question 15

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry?

A) James J. Hill
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) Henry Clay Frick
D) Henry Bessemer
E) J. Pierpont Morgan

Question 16

In the late nineteenth century,the needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the further development of all of the following EXCEPT

A) the oil industry.
B) freighters on the Great Lakes.
C) steam engine technology.
D) the railroad industry.
E) the automobile industry.

Question 17

Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903

A) took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina and did not in fact take off by itself.
B) did not in fact take off by itself.
C) lasted just over one minute.
D) All these answers are correct.
E) took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Question 18

The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of

A) diagonal integration.
B) vertical and horizontal integration.
C) central integration.
D) horizontal integration.
E) vertical integration.

Question 19

The open-hearth process of making steel

A) produced small quantities of high-grade steel.
B) was first done in the United States.
C) was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt.
D) made the production of large-dimension pieces possible.
E) was replaced by the Bessemer process.

Question 20

The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer

A) included blowing air through molten iron.
B) All these answers are correct.
C) was also developed by an American, William Kelly.
D) included both blowing air through and adding ingredients to molten iron.
E) involved adding ingredients to molten iron.

Question 21

Until its repeal in 1885,the Labor Contract Law

A) prevented the formation of labor unions.
B) discouraged immigration from non-European countries.
C) put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen.
D) mandated that each worker sign an individual contract with a company.
E) was an attempt to reform American business practices.

Question 22

In the late nineteenth century,Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because

A) they were not members of "the elect."
B) they had not received a college education.
C) racism and other prejudices held them back.
D) business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few.
E) they were not fit enough to survive in the market.

Question 23

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,

A) most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one.
B) rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.
C) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
D) almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements.
E) federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices.

Question 24

By 1900,the average yearly income of American workers

A) was about $600.
B) both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
C) remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
D) allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 25

During the late nineteenth century,child labor in the United States

A) was unregulated by laws in most states.
B) saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
C) None of these answers is correct.
D) increased significantly.
E) both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.

Question 26

In his books,Horatio Alger

A) offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy.
B) inspired readers with stories of Americans rising from "rags-to-riches."
C) took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism.
D) criticized child labor in American industry.
E) argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.

Question 27

The business structure of Standard Oil is a good example of

A) horizontal integration.
B) diagonal integration.
C) central integration.
D) vertical and horizontal integration.
E) vertical integration.

Question 28

In the late nineteenth century,Daniel De Leon

A) led the American Federation of Labor.
B) led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.
C) became a strong advocate of Taylorism.
D) argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers.
E) created the ideas of laissez-faire capitalism.

Question 29

In 1900,regarding work conditions in American factories,

A) laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week.
B) job security for industrial workers had significantly increased since 1865.
C) first-generation workers generally had little trouble adjusting to the nature of industrial labor.
D) while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents.
E) workers generally controlled the pace of production.

Question 30

In the late nineteenth century,the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was

A) Henry George.
B) Russell Conwell.
C) Jacob Riis.
D) Herbert Spencer.
E) Horatio Alger.

Question 31

In the late nineteenth century,the writer Henry George argued in favor of

A) heavier taxes on the raw materials of industry.
B) a single land tax to replace all other taxes.
C) abolishing all taxes.
D) government efforts to increase land values.
E) taxing only the richest Americans.

Question 32

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book,Looking Backward,

A) depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan.
B) imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.
C) described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth.
D) promoted the virtues of economic competition.
E) accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy.

Question 33

In the late nineteenth century,most American business millionaires

A) railed against the implications of Social Darwinism.
B) came from financially humble origins.
C) began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege.
D) had made their fortunes in the railroad industry.
E) were living examples of "self-made men."

Question 34

The late-nineteenth-century sociologist Lester Frank Ward

A) suggested that industrialism was creating "organization men."
B) argued that people could do little to alter the economic stratification of society.
C) sought to apply Darwinian laws to human society.
D) believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society.
E) believed that government intervention in society would be harmful.

Question 35

During the 1870s and 1880s,most of the immigrants to the United States came from

A) England, Ireland, and northern Europe.
B) Mexico.
C) Poland, Hungary, and Russia.
D) Italy and the Slavic countries.
E) Japan and China.

Question 36

According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his The Gospel of Wealth,

A) only pious Americans would prosper.
B) successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased.
C) it was the "Christian duty" of every American to become wealthy.
D) the rich had great responsibilities to society.
E) the wealthy had earned their money through God's blessing alone.

Question 37

The theory of Social Darwinism

A) argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth.
B) argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.
C) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.
D) contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth.
E) was formulated by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies.

Question 38

In the late nineteenth century,due to the growth of industrial capitalism,American workers

A) were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions.
B) experienced a loss in their control over their own work.
C) All these answers are correct.
D) saw a rise in their standard of living.
E) both saw a rise in their standard of living, and experienced a loss in their control over their own work.

Question 39

To John D.Rockefeller,the great "curse" of business in the late nineteenth century was

A)the corporate tax.
B)the income tax.
C)the chronic labor shortage.
D)cutthroat competition.
E)government regulation.

Question 40

The Molly Maguires were a militant

A) offshoot of the Knights of Labor.
B) anarchist group.
C) woman suffrage organization.
D) anti-immigration organization.
E) labor union in the coal industry.

Question 41

Social Darwinism was an ideology that had its critics,but it did have a lot to do with the realities of the late nineteenth-century corporate economy.

Question 42

The history of American business organization saw the "pool" replace the "trust."

Question 43

The Pullman strike of 1894

A) saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike.
B) was ultimately successful for the strikers.
C) had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation.
D) ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing.
E) ended when Governor John Peter Altgeld called out the militia to protect employers.

Question 44

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman,owner of the company,

A) ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing.
B) began hiring African American workers in his factories.
C) referred to workers as his "children."
D) cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.
E) refused to implement an eight-hour work day.

Question 45

"Scientific management" was seen as a way to increase the decision-making abilities of employees in the workplace.

Question 46

Henry Ford built the first gasoline-driven motor vehicle in America.

Question 47

The Knights of Labor

A) did not allow women to join.
B) tried in particular to enlist support for their cause from lawyers.
C) was primarily a trade union.
D) began as a secret fraternal organization.
E) focused its efforts on improving wages and reducing hours.

Question 48

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur?

A) railroad
B) meatpacking
C) steel
D) oil
E) coal

Question 49

In the late nineteenth century,organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) the constantly shifting nature of the workforce.
B) the opposition of powerful and wealthy corporations.
C) tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force.
D) the relatively small membership of the major labor organizations when compared to the total workforce.
E) the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers.

Question 50

There was significant use of air power in World War I,but commercial air flights did not seem like a possibility until Charles Lindbergh's flight in the 1920s.

Question 51

America's rise to industrial supremacy was not as sudden as has been suggested.

Question 52

Samuel Gompers was the leader of the

A) Knights of Labor.
B) American Federation of Labor.
C) Molly Maguires.
D) American Railway Union.
E) Congress of Industrial Organization.

Question 53

The Haymarket Square riot of 1886

A) was the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms.
B) took place in Indianapolis.
C) resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company.
D) resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.
E) led to public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers.

Question 54

The great railroad strike of 1877

A) saw the federal government refuse to intervene.
B) resulted in only two deaths around the country.
C) saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States.
D) was launched in response to a wage cut.
E) began in the West and spread east.

Question 55

The American oil industry emerged in the late nineteenth century largely in response to the needs of the steel industry.

Question 56

Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner could both be called Social Darwinists.

Question 57

Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead strike of 1892?

A) The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers.
B) Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union.
C) Hundreds of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers.
D) The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.
E) One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick.

Question 58

At its height in 1886,the Knights of Labor were led by

A) John Peter Altgeld.
B) Eugene V. Debs.
C) Uriah S. Stephens.
D) Henry Clay Frick.
E) Terence V. Powderly.

Question 59

Eugene V.Debs played a leading role in what labor event?

A) Railroad strike of 1877
B) Haymarket Square riot
C) Pullman strike
D) Homestead strike
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 60

During the late nineteenth century,anarchists in the United States

A) were both blamed for the Haymarket bombing and linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
B) became tied to the labor movement in the public mind.
C) were linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
D) were blamed for the Haymarket bombing.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 61

What developments occurred within emerging corporations that resulted in a concentration of wealth and power?

Question 62

By 1900,factory work in the United States required ever-increasing levels of skill.

Question 63

The Knights of Labor accepted both the eight-hour day and the wage system.

Question 64

In the Homestead strike of 1892,the Pinkertons were brought in on the side of labor.

Question 65

In the 1870s,most immigrants to the United States came from southern Europe.

Question 66

What factors in society and the business community during the late nineteenth century that would likely determine an individual's prospects for economic success were not considered in the ideal of the "self-made man"?

Question 67

Both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor favored the concept of one big union.

Question 68

What technological advances made in the first half of the nineteenth century continued to be of great benefit to businesses during the late nineteenth century?

Question 69

Describe the key technological developments that account for American industrial growth in the late nineteenth century.

Question 70

Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward discovered a utopian world in eighteenth-century America.

Question 71

Social Darwinism was designed to eliminate competition in the marketplace.

Question 72

The economy began to fluctuate erratically,beginning in 1873.

Question 73

At the end of the nineteenth century,the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort.

Question 74

Governor John Peter Altgeld and Grover Cleveland found themselves on the same side in the Pullman strike.

Question 75

The great railroad strike of 1877 was put down by both state militias and federal troops.

Question 76

Horatio Alger spoke out against child labor in his novels.

Question 77

Why were railroads such an important factor in the growth of industrial strength in America?

Question 78

Originally,the American Federation of Labor was not willing to engage in strikes.

Question 79

Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth promoted philanthropy by the rich.

Question 80

Cite some specific examples in which the rise of corporations both benefited and hurt working-class Americans.