Deck 13: Water-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

The nutrients added to enriched grains typically include

A) all of the B vitamins.
B) vitamin C, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and zinc.
C) thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron.
D) vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin B-12, and iron.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In which of the following metabolic pathways are coenzymes required?

A) glycolysis
B) citric acid cycle
C) beta-oxidation
D) electron transport chain
E) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular,muscular,nervous,and gastrointestinal systems is called

A) megaloblastic anemia.
B) pellagra.
C) scurvy.
D) beriberi.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The riboflavin coenzymes have _______ functions in cellular metabolism.

A) antioxidant
B) chelating
C) oxidation and reduction
D) single carbon group transfer

Question 5

To protect riboflavin from destruction by sunlight,milk and milk products are packaged in

A) clear glass bottles.
B) paper and opaque plastic cartons.
C) clear plastic bottles and cartons.
D) any kind of container.

Question 6

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP),the coenzyme form of thiamin,is

A) essential for the various oxidation-reduction reactions of the electron transport system.
B) essential for the addition of two carbon fragments to fatty acids.
C) essential for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
D) not really needed because our contemporary diets are low in carbohydrate.

Question 7

The vitamin that prevents beriberi is

A) vitamin B-12.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) thiamin.

Question 8

One cause of fatigue and anemia in adolescent girls with low dairy product intake is deficiency of

A) vitamin C
B) calcium
C) lactose
D) riboflavin

Question 9

In the average U.S.diet,a quarter of the riboflavin comes from one food group,the

A) fruit group.
B) vegetable group.
C) milk group.
D) grains group.
E) meat & beans group.

Question 10

Riboflavin coenzymes function in a variety of metabolic pathways,such as

A) beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) the electron transport chain.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 11

Most B-vitamins function as

A) fat-soluble vitamins.
B) coenzymes.
C) antibodies.
D) sources of energy.

Question 12

A painful,red,inflamed tongue is called

A) glossitis.
B) cheilosis.
C) stomatitis.
D) anemia.

Question 13

The best sources of thiamin in the average diet are

A) pork products, whole or enriched grains and cereals, and legumes.
B) root vegetables and cheddar-type cheese.
C) whole grains and fresh fruit.
D) ham and vegetables of the cabbage family.

Question 14

In general,excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

A) kidneys.
B) intestine.
C) lungs.
D) skin.

Question 15

The B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is

A) biotin.
B) niacin.
C) riboflavin.
D) thiamin.

Question 16

The coenzyme form of riboflavin is

A) TPP.
B) ATP.
C) FAD.
D) NAD.

Question 17

Which of the following foods represents the most nutrient-dense source of riboflavin?

A) low-fat milk
B) applesauce
C) whole wheat bread
D) green leafy vegetables

Question 18

A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is

A) citrus fruits.
B) milk and milk products.
C) pork and pork products.
D) leafy green vegetables.

Question 19

Nutritionally,the difference between brown rice and white rice is

A) the presence of bran and germ layers in the brown rice, which have most of the nutrients.
B) negligible. There is a little more thiamin in white rice than brown rice.
C) fiber content. White rice has more fiber.
D) there is more thiamin and fiber in white rice.

Question 20

Thiamin should be given to an alcoholic patient who has

A) pellagra.
B) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
C) pernicious anemia.
D) scurvy.

Question 21

Bright yellow urine usually is indicative that someone is supplementing with

A) niacin.
B) Vitamin A.
C) vitamin K.
D) riboflavin.

Question 22

Which of the following B-vitamins is found in the widest variety of foods (i.e.,different food groups such as vegetables,grains,meat)?

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin B-12
C) pantothenic acid
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 23

A diet that provides 75 g protein per day can contribute __________ mg niacin from tryptophan.

A) 25
B) 7.5
C) 12.5
D) <5

Question 24

Niacin can be obtained from foods as the vitamin itself (preformed niacin)or be synthesized

A) from the B vitamin riboflavin
B) from the essential amino acid tryptophan
C) by bacteria in the large intestine
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 25

Flushing of the face and skin can result from pharmacological doses of

A) vitamin B-6.
B) thiamin.
C) folate.
D) niacin.

Question 26

The niacin coenzyme is reduced (NAD⁺ $\rarr$ NADH + H⁺)during

A) glycolysis.
B) the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 27

Which of the foods listed below has the lowest niacin bioavailability?

A) wheat
B) corn
C) almonds
D) spinach

Question 28

The coenzyme forms of niacin include

A) nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
B) FAD and FMN.
C) NAD and NADP.
D) ATP and FAD.

Question 29

The fact that the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin by the body explains why

A) diets high in protein could prevent or cure pellagra.
B) corn-based diets prevent pellagra.
C) gelatin cures pellagra.
D) alcoholics sometimes develop Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 30

Pantothenic acid is a part of _________,an important biochemical compound.

A) pyruvate
B) citric acid
C) acetyl-CoA
D) homocysteine

Question 31

A characteristic symptom of niacin deficiency is

A) cracks at the corners of the mouth.
B) a purple-red tongue.
C) severe edema.
D) inflammation of the skin after exposure to the sun.

Question 32

The protein in raw egg whites that can bind biotin is called

A) avidin.
B) salmonella.
C) casein.
D) keratin.

Question 33

Biotin is needed for

A) gluconeogenesis.
B) glutathione reductase.
C) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
D) None of these answers are correct.

Question 34

The nutrient sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels is

A) thiamin.
B) folic acid.
C) niacin.
D) None of these choices are accurate.

Question 35

Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called

A) pernicious anemia.
B) beriberi.
C) scurvy.
D) pellagra.

Question 36

An excess intake of riboflavin either from diet or supplements is mainly

A) excreted in the urine.
B) excreted in bile and feces.
C) stored in all body cells.
D) stored in the liver.

Question 37

An essential component of coenzyme A is

A) biotin.
B) pantothenic acid.
C) thiamin.
D) Vitamin C.

Question 38

Biochemical reactions that add CO₂ to compounds often require

A) folic acid.
B) thiamin.
C) biotin.
D) vitamin B-12.

Question 39

Thiamin,niacin,and riboflavin work together in important biochemical pathways that

A) synthesize collagen.
B) control the visual process.
C) promote absorption of calcium.
D) release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

Question 40

Important contributors to niacin intake in the American diet are

A) poultry, meat, and fish.
B) citrus fruits, kiwi, and bananas.
C) milk, cheese, and yogurt.
D) spinach, kale, and broccoli .

Question 41

Symptoms of vitamin B-6 deficiency include

A) depression, confusion, and convulsions.
B) microcytic anemia.
C) dermatitis.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 42

Those most likely to experience a biotin deficiency are

A) adolescents with low energy and, thus, low biotin intake.
B) alcoholics with impaired biotin absorption.
C) infants lacking an enzyme required for biotin absorption.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 43

Pyridoxal,pyridoxine,and pyridoxamine are three forms of

A) vitamin B-12.
B) vitamin P.
C) folic acid.
D) vitamin B-6.

Question 44

To calculate the DFE for the diet,multiply total synthetic folic acid intake by ____; add that value to the total food folate.

A) 1.7
B) 2.5
C) 4.0
D) None of these choices are accurate.

Question 45

In addition to its role in amino acid metabolism,vitamin B-6 is also required for

A) fatty acid metabolism.
B) the release of glucose from glycogen.
C) the electron transport chain.
D) glycolysis.

Question 46

About 50% to 90% of folate in foods can be destroyed by

A) food processing and preparation.
B) ultraviolet light.
C) oxidation.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 47

In a dietary deficiency of folate,there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.This condition is known as

A) achlorhydria.
B) megaloblastic anemia.
C) ariboflavinosis.
D) hemorrhagic disease.

Question 48

A major role of folate in cellular metabolism is the

A) synthesis of steroid hormones.
B) conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.
C) formation of glucose from galactose and fructose.
D) synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA and DNA.

Question 49

Good sources of folate include

A) enriched cereals and grains.
B) leafy green vegetables.
C) oranges.
D) dried beans.
E) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 50

Research shows that supplemental vitamin B-6 is most likely to aid those experiencing

A) nausea associated with pregnancy.
B) pellagra.
C) premenstrual syndrome.
D) depression.

Question 51

A defect in the formation of the neural tube during early fetal development can occur from a lack of

A) biotin.
B) folate.
C) vitamin B-6.
D) choline.

Question 52

A high intake of raw egg whites (>12 per day)can inhibit absorption of

A) folate.
B) vitamin B-12.
C) pantothenic acid.
D) biotin.

Question 53

Irreversible nerve damage may be caused by excessive intake of _______ supplements.

A) vitamin B-12
B) vitamin B-6
C) tryptophan
D) vitamin C

Question 54

The best food sources of vitamin B-6 are

A) meats, fish, and poultry.
B) milk and dairy products.
C) carrots, celery, and squash.
D) enriched breads and cereals.

Question 55

The cells most sensitive to a deficiency of dietary folate are cells that

A) have a short life span and rapid turnover rate.
B) have to last a lifetime.
C) function in the immune system.
D) are classified as phagocytes.

Question 56

A biochemical function of THFA (tetrahydrofolate)is

A) transfer of NH₂ groups from amino acids to CO₂ to form urea.
B) transfer of hydrogens and electrons through the various energy-yielding pathways.
C) removal of CO₂ from various intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
D) accepting or donating single-carbon molecules in various metabolic pathways.

Question 57

________ are very large immature red blood cells,which are formed as a result of folate deficiency.

A) Erythrocytes
B) Megaloblasts
C) Lymphocytes
D) Platelets

Question 58

Neurotransmitter synthesis requires the vitamin B-6 coenzyme.Which of the following is classified as a neurotransmitter?

A) norepinephrine
B) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C) serotonin
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 59

Red blood cells turn over every

A) 20 minutes.
B) 20 hours.
C) 2 months.
D) 120 days.

Question 60

Pyridoxal phosphate

A) participates in reactions that synthesize dispensable amino acids.
B) participates in reactions that synthesize indispensable amino acids.
C) prevents premenstrual syndrome.
D) is a natural oral contraceptive.

Question 61

Supplements of the water-soluble vitamins ______ and _______ are most likely to cause toxicity symptoms.

A) thiamin; riboflavin
B) vitamin B-12; pantothenic acid
C) vitamin B-6; vitamin C
D) biotin; vitamin B-12

Question 62

It is very difficult to consume excess folic acid from nonprescription vitamin supplements because

A) folic acid is never included in over-the-counter nutrient supplements.
B) the FDA limits the amount of folic acid in supplements to 400 micrograms per capsule.
C) folic acid in pill form imparts an unpleasant taste so that no one would ever attempt to take extra amounts.
D) absorption of the vitamin is age-related. As we get older we automatically adjust the amount we absorb to more than the maximum level.

Question 63

Which group of individuals has the highest requirement for folate?

A) infants
B) adolescent males
C) pregnant women
D) the elderly

Question 64

Ingestion of vitamin C during meals can modestly improve absorption of

A) beta-carotene
B) nonheme iron
C) vitamin B-12
D) folate

Question 65

Pernicious anemia is treated most often by

A) a diet high in milk and dairy products.
B) regular intramuscular injection of vitamin B-12.
C) oral supplementation of iron.
D) eating liver three times a week.

Question 66

Intrinsic factor is produced by the

A) beta-cells of the pancreas.
B) salivary glands.
C) parietal cells of the stomach.
D) enterocytes of the small intestine.

Question 67

Which of the following factors can interfere with the absorption of vitamin B-12?

A) Surgical removal of the stomach
B) Defective R-protein synthesis
C) Infections of the ileum or surgical removal of the ileum
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 68

The B-vitamin that has significant liver stores is

A) niacin.
B) folate.
C) biotin.
D) vitamin B-12.

Question 69

Vitamin B-12 is absorbed in the

A) stomach.
B) duodenum.
C) jejunum.
D) ileum.

Question 70

A strict vegan diet may lack

A)vitamin B-12.
B)vitamin C.
C)vitamin A.
D)niacin.

Question 71

Which group of individuals is advised to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements and/or fortified foods?

A) infants
B) the elderly
C) athletes
D) women capable of becoming pregnant

Question 72

Formation and maintenance of collagen requires

A) thiamin.
B) vitamin
C) riboflavin.
D) folate.

Question 73

Vitamin B-12 is supplied mostly in

A) fruits and vegetables.
B) cereal grains.
C) foods of animal origin.
D) None of these answers are correct.

Question 74

Megaloblastic anemia develops as a result of deficiencies of ________ and _____.

A) thiamin; riboflavin.
B) vitamin B-6; folate.
C) folate; vitamin B-12.
D) vitamin K; folate.
E) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 75

For vitamin B-12 to be absorbed,it must be attached to

A) an incomplete protein.
B) intrinsic factor.
C) bile.
D) the protein portion of its final coenzyme form.

Question 76

A major role of vitamin B-12 in cellular metabolism is

A) transfer of a methyl group to the amino acid homocysteine, forming the amino acid methionine.
B) transfer of a methyl group to the pyrimidine uracil, forming the pyrimidine thymine.
C) in transamination reactions, allowing the synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
D) as an electron acceptor, allowing function of the electron transport chain.

Question 77

Persons who smoke have an increased need for

A) vitamin B-12.
B) vitamin C.
C) folate.
D) biotin.

Question 78

The form of folate that is best absorbed is the

A) monoglutamate form found in supplements and fortified foods.
B) polyglutamate form found naturally in foods.
C) reduced form found mainly in animal foods.
D) oxidized form found mainly in plant foods.
E) None of these answers, as all forms are absorbed equally well.

Question 79

Vitamin B-12 is found in which of the following foods?

A) orange juice
B) dark green leafy vegetables
C) seed oils
D) chicken

Question 80

Individuals most likely to experience poor vitamin B-12 status are

A) elderly adults, due to atrophic gastritis.
B) infants, due to low vitamin B-12 content in breast milk.
C) athletes, due to high vitamin B-12 requirements.
D) pregnant women, due to high vitamin B-12 requirements.