Deck 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology

Question 1

Which of the following classes of organisms can viruses infect?

A) bacteria
B) plants
C) animals
D) All of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What happens to the DNA copy of the retroviral RNA genome after it is produced?

A) It is incorporated into the host's DNA.
B) It is transcribed to produce mRNAs.
C) It is wrapped in a capsid for export from the cell.
D) It is replicated as a plasmid.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the function of protein spikes on a virus?

A) They protect the genome.
B) They are involved with incorporation of the genome into that of host (lysogeny).
C) They transcribe the RNA genome into a DNA copy.
D) They help the virus attach to the host.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of reverse transcriptase?

A) It's involved in viral attachment to a host cell.
B) It uses an RNA template to make a double-stranded DNA.
C) It uses DNA to synthesize an RNA in the 3' 5' direction.
D) It joins the gene segments that code for antibodies.

Question 5

Which of the following cell types engulf invaders and display portions of their proteins to other cells?

A) NK cells
B) dendritic cells
C) T cells
D) B cells

Question 6

Colds are commonly caused by

A) SV40.
B) retroviruses.
C) coronaviruses.
D) rhinoviruses.

Question 7

With the influenza virus,there are 16 types of ______

A) Influenza A
B) lethal variants
C) spike proteins
D) hemaglutinin (HA) subtypes

Question 8

The large-T protein of SV40 is an example of a(n)

A) epitope.
B) spike protein.
C) oncogene.
D) receptor.

Question 9

Which of the following does not arise from a defect in the immune system?

A) Allergies.
B) Sugar intolerance.
C) Autoimmune diseases.
D) Immunodeficiency.
E) All of these can be caused by defects in the immune system.

Question 10

A virus life cycle that involves the incorporation of the viral DNA into the host chromosome is

A) lysogeny.
B) lytic.
C) oncogenic.
D) non-existent.

Question 11

Clonal selection is the ability of the immune system to control the proliferation of antigen-specific cells,since it has a mechanism to recognize which cells interact with that antigen.

Question 12

The capsid of a virus is composed of

A) DNA or RNA.
B) protein.
C) lipid.
D) carbohydrate.

Question 13

A viral genome is

A) always double-stranded.
B) always single-stranded.
C) may be double or single stranded.

Question 14

Dendritic cells

A) secrete cytokines, recruiting other cells to destroy microbes.
B) display antigens associated with MHC proteins.
C) produce antibodies.
D) bind to antigens, which leads to their proliferation.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a feature common to all retroviruses?

A) Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
B) Retroviral Coat Protein (CP)
C) Retroviral Envelope Protein (EP)
D) Sarcoma Oncogenes

Question 16

The designation of white blood cells as T cells and B cells refers to whether the cells develop primarily in the Thymus gland or the Bone marrow.

Question 17

Which of the following cell types kills cells that have been infected by viruses or that are cancerous?

A) NK cells
B) dendritic cells
C) T cells
D) B cells

Question 18

Antibodies have two binding sites to react with antigens.

Question 19

The term antibody is essentially interchangeable with

A) immunoglobulin.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) allergen.
D) vaccine.

Question 20

The first vaccine was made against

A) smallpox.
B) rhinoviruses.
C) HIV.
D) SV40.

Question 21

Hybridomas,which produce monoclonal antibodies,are made by fusing cells of the immune system with

A) cancerous cells.
B) viruses.
C) bacterial cells.
D) ribosomes.

Question 22

More than one type of antigen can bind to an antibody,but there is only one type of antibody for each antigen.

Question 23

The ability of cancer cells to travel to other parts of the body and produce new tumors is called

A) immortality.
B) oncogenesis.
C) metastasis.
D) suppression.

Question 24

Proteins which inhibit transcription of genes that would cause increased replication are called

A) oncogenes.
B) tumor suppressors.
C) cytokines.
D) interleukins.

Question 25

Viruses can be genetically engineered to specifically target cancer cells.

Question 26

Which of the following contributes to the variability of the immunoglobulins?

A) A variety of different DNA sequences are physically attached together to generate a huge number of different antibody genes.
B) The linking regions between these DNA sequences are also highly variable.
C) The synthesis of mRNA in the antibody cells is very variable, producing many different proteins from one gene.
D) There are several hundred to one thousand different genes for the variable part of the antibody sequence.
E) All of these mechanisms contribute to the variety of antibodies in the immune system.

Question 27

Which of the following descriptions of T cells is true?

A) They produce interleukins.
B) They display MHCs.
C) They produce antibodies.
D) They act as either helper or killer cells.
E) They carry out all these functions.

Question 28

Which of the following genes in normal cells can be related to oncogenes?

A) Cyclins, which regulate the timing of cell division.
B) Tumor suppressing proteins.
C) Hormone receptors on the surface of the cell.
D) Protein kinases, which regulate the activity of cellular proteins.
E) Oncogenes include examples of all of these.

Question 29

Herceptin is a

A) protein found in liver cancer
B) drug designed to fight a specific type of breast cancer
C) drug that inhibits autoimmune diseases
D) none of these

Question 30

Antibodies are the most variable protein sequences in the human body.

Question 31

Monoclonal antibodies arise from proliferation of a single B cell.

Question 32

An epitope is

A) a disease-causing organism.
B) a binding site for an antigen on an antibody.
C) a class of plasma cell.
D) a protein secreted by T cells to activate the growth of other cells.

Question 33

Which of the following cells actually makes antibodies?

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) NK cells.
D) Dendritic cells.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) lupus
C) some forms of diabetes
D) all of these

Question 35

The protein called p53 is especially important in cancer because:

A) Protein p53 has the ability to prevent cells from dividing.
B) Protein p53 has the ability to repair mutations.
C) Protein p53 can cause damaged cells to enter programmed cell death.
D) Protein p53 can prevent cells from dividing and cause to enter programmed cell death.
E) All of these.