Deck 13: Microbe-Human Interactions: Health and Disease

Question 1

The minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed is termed a/an ______.

A)virulence factor
B)indigenous biota
C)infectious dose
D)endotoxin
E)minimal dose

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Resident biota of the gastrointestinal tract include ______.

A)Streptococcus
B)Bacteroides
C)Lactobacillus
D)Haemophilus
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called ______.

A)exogenous
B)an exotoxin
C)an enterotoxin
D)endogenous
E)axenic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Opportunistic pathogens

A)cause disease in every individual.
B)cause disease in compromised individuals.
C)are always pathogens.
D)have well-developed virulence factors.

Question 5

Which of the following is not correct terminology used for resident biota?

A)Pathogenic biota
B)Normal biota
C)Indigenous biota
D)Normal microbiota
E)Commensals

Question 6

Which genus is resident biota of the mouth, large intestine, and within the vagina from puberty to menopause?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Treponema
C)Haemophilus
D)Escherichia
E)Clostridium

Question 7

The term infection refers to

A)microorganisms colonizing the body.
B)contact with microorganisms.
C)contact with pathogens.
D)pathogens penetrating host defenses.

Question 8

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the ______.

A)respiratory system
B)gastrointestinal system
C)urinary system
D)genital system
E)skin

Question 9

Based on new information from the Human Microbiome Project, the human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota

A)before birth, in utero.
B)during and immediately after birth.
C)when a child first goes to school.
D)when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E)during puberty.

Question 10

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are ______.

A)in food
B)the patient's own normal biota
C)on fomites
D)in the air
E)transmitted from one person to another

Question 11

Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except

A)the birth process through the birth canal.
B)bottle feeding.
C)breast feeding.
D)contact with hospital staff.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called ______.

A)opportunistic pathogens
B)normal biota
C)indigenous biota
D)true pathogens
E)micropathogens

Question 13

TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common ______.

A)genera of resident biota
B)sexually transmitted infections
C)portals of entry
D)vectors
E)infections of the fetus and neonate

Question 14

Which genus is the most common resident biota of mouth surfaces?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Streptococcus
C)Haemophilus
D)Escherichia
E)Mycobacterium

Question 15

Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?

A)Genetic defects in immunity
B)Physical and mental stress
C)Strong, healthy body
D)Chemotherapy
E)Old age

Question 16

Normal biota includes each of the following except ______.

A)bacteria
B)fungi
C)protozoans
D)viruses
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

All of the following genera are considered resident biota of skin sites except ______.

A)Escherichia
B)Staphylococcus
C)Corynebacterium
D)Micrococcus
E)Candida

Question 18

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called ______.

A)exogenous
B)an exotoxin
C)an enterotoxin
D)endogenous
E)axenic

Question 19

Resident biota are found in/on the ______.

A)skin
B)mouth
C)nasal passages
D)large intestine
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

The effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is called ______.

A)microbial antagonism
B)endogenous infection
C)infectious disease
D)axenic
E)gnotobiotism

Question 21

An endotoxin is ______.

A)secreted by pathogenic organisms
B)indicative of gram-negative bacterial infection
C)secreted by gram-positive organisms
D)indicative of fungal infections
E)indicative of viral infections

Question 22

Enterotoxins are ______.

A)virulence factors
B)toxins that target the intestines
C)proteins
D)exotoxins
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the ______.

A)prodromal stage
B)convalescent stage
C)incubation period
D)period of invasion

Question 24

Virulence factors include all of the following except ______.

A)capsules
B)ribosome
C)exoenzymes
D)endotoxin
E)exotoxin

Question 25

Keratinase has the greatest effect on the ______.

A)respiratory system
B)gastrointestinal system
C)urinary system
D)genital system
E)skin

Question 26

Exotoxins ______.

A)are secreted by pathogenic organisms
B)are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms
C)are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms
D)cause more damage than endotoxins
E)are host specific

Question 27

Which of the following is not a structure used for bacterial adhesion?

A)Fimbriae
B)Surface proteins
C)Specialized receptors
D)Adhesive slime or capsules
E)Cilia

Question 28

Which term-definition pair is mismatched?

A)Fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B)Capsule - antiphagocytic factor
C)Coagulase - dissolves fibrin clots
D)Leukocidins - damage white blood cells
E)Hemolysins - damage red blood cells

Question 29

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the ______.

A)respiratory system
B)gastrointestinal system
C)urinary system
D)genital system
E)skin

Question 30

Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A)Phagocytosis
B)Adhesion
C)Encapsulation
D)Margination
E)Exocytosis

Question 31

Exotoxins are ______.

A)proteins secreted by living bacterial cells
B)only released after a cell is damaged or lysed
C)antiphagocytic factors
D)secretions that always target nervous tissue
E)lipopolysaccharides

Question 32

Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls is called ______.

A)exotoxin
B)endotoxin
C)enterotoxin
D)leukocidin
E)hemolysin

Question 33

The suffix -itis means ______.

A)blood
B)a disease or morbid process
C)an inflammation
D)tumor
E)pertaining to

Question 34

The suffix -emia means ______.

A)blood
B)a disease or morbid process
C)an inflammation
D)tumor
E)pertaining to

Question 35

Various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots are ______.

A)coagulases
B)mucinases
C)keratinases
D)kinases
E)hyaluronidases

Question 36

Microbial hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are examples of _____.

A)adhesive factors
B)exotoxins
C)hemolysins
D)antiphagocytic factors
E)exoenzymes

Question 37

Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A)Secretion of slime
B)Production of leukocidins
C)Adhering to the host
D)Secretion of a capsule
E)Ability to survive intracellularly

Question 38

The suffix -osis means ______.

A)blood
B)a disease or morbid process
C)an inflammation
D)tumor
E)pertaining to

Question 39

Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in ______.

A)amoebic dysentery
B)ringworm
C)clostridia
D)cold virus
E)diphtheria

Question 40

Which of the following is the endotoxin?

A)Hemolysin
B)Hyaluronidase
C)Streptokinase
D)Collagenase
E)Lipopolysaccharide

Question 41

The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an ______.

A)syndrome
B)symptom
C)sign
D)pathology
E)inflammation

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of sequelae?
A.Headache from meningitis
B.Difficulty swallowing from streptococcal infection
C.Arthritis from Lyme disease
D.Diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection

Question 43

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called ______.

A)syndromes
B)malaise
C)inflammation
D)asymptomatic
E)secondary infections

Question 44

A sign is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of disease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)malaise and body aches.
E)an objective indication of disease that is measurable by health care personnel.

Question 45

An intermediary inanimate object from which an infectious agent is acquired is termed a ______.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir

Question 46

The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the ______.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 47

An animal, such as an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a ______.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 48

A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face, eyes, nose, and mouth.This specimen was from an HIV positive patient.If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist, the transmission route is ______.

A)direct
B)fomite
C)vehicle
D)droplet nuclei
E)aerosol

Question 49

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a/an ______.

A)syndrome
B)symptom
C)sign
D)pathology
E)inflammation

Question 50

Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of ______.

A)toxemia
B)inflammation
C)sequelae
D)a syndrome
E)latency

Question 51

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 52

The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the ______.
A.prodromal stage
B.convalescent stage
C.incubation period
D.period of invasion

Question 53

The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are ______.

A)fomites
B)aerosols
C)mechanical vectors
D)droplet nuclei
E)biological vectors

Question 54

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the ______.

A)prodromal stage
B)convalescent stage
C)incubation period
D)period of invasion

Question 55

Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.
A.elevation
B.stabilization
C.decrease
D.abnormal production

Question 56

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are
______.
A.fomites
B.aerosols
C.mechanical vectors
D.droplet nuclei
E.biological vectors

Question 57

A symptom is _______.

A)an objective indication of disease
B)a subjective indication of disease
C)measurable by health care personnel
D)a temperature

Question 58

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease?

A)Removal of blood
B)Urogenital tract and feces
C)Coughing and sneezing
D)Skin
E)All of these are normal exit portals.

Question 59

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a ______.

A)fomite
B)carrier
C)vector
D)reservoir
E)source

Question 60

Reservoirs include ______.

A)humans
B)animals
C)soil
D)water
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 61

The skin's resident biota are localized to only the outermost superficial layer of the epidermis.

Question 62

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as ______.

A)epidemic
B)endemic
C)pandemic
D)sporadic
E)chronic

Question 63

The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the

A)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
B)World Health Organization.
C)National Institutes of Health.
D)United States Department of Agriculture.
E)Infection Control Committee.

Question 64

What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

A)To sequence the DNA of all microorganisms
B)To study the prevalence of disease
C)To study microorganisms in an artificial habitat
D)To provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease
E)To elucidate genetically linked diseases

Question 65

A pathologic state begins with contact with a microbe.

Question 66

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the ______ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 67

Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

A)Fomites
B)Water
C)Droplet nuclei
D)Aerosols
E)Droplets

Question 68

When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

A)to determine the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
B)to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C)to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
D)to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E)whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem

Question 69

Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/an ______.

A) intoxication
B) toxemia
C) hemolysin
D) pandemic
E) infection

Question 70

Under certain circumstances, a person's resident biota can act as opportunistic pathogens.

Question 71

Which of the following is not true regarding healthcare-associated infections?

A)These infections are only transmitted by medical personnel.
B)These infections often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.
C)The patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.
D)Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
E)Medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

Question 72

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assigns the most virulent microbes known to cause human disease to biosafety level 4.

Question 73

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 74

A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues.

Question 75

The virulence factors of a pathogen are determined by how strong or weak a patient's body defenses are at the time of infection.

Question 76

Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the handling of patients and body substances?

A)Mask and gloves
B)Proper disposal of needles
C)Healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients
D)Hand washing
E)Sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces

Question 77

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is ______.

A)pathology
B)clinical microbiology
C)medicine
D)immunology
E)epidemiology

Question 78

When an infected person is in the incubation period, that person cannot transmit the pathogen to others.

Question 79

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the ______.

A)mortality rate
B)morbidity rate
C)incidence rate
D)prevalence rate
E)epidemic rate

Question 80

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

A)Vertical
B)Direct
C)Vector
D)Droplets
E)Fomites