Deck 11: Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Question 1

The alcohol wipe used on a patient's skin before an injection is an example of ______.

A)antisepsis
B)disinfection
C)sterilization
D)decontamination
E)sanitization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed ______.

A)antisepsis
B)disinfection
C)sterilization
D)decontamination

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects is ______.

A)disinfection
B)sterilization
C)antisepsis
D)sanitization
E)degermation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Some microbial control agents are able to _____ cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state, the three-dimensional configuration of the proteins.

A)mutate
B)bind
C)dissolve
D)denature

Question 5

Surfactants work by

A)coating the organism preventing interaction with its environment.
B)blocking transport into the organism.
C)blocking transport out from the organism.
D)disrupting membrane integrity.

Question 6

The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms and debris to reduce contamination to safe levels is termed ______.

A)antisepsis
B)disinfection
C)sterilization
D)decontamination
E)sanitization

Question 7

Which of the following factors will influence the action of microbial agents?

A)The number of microorganisms
B)The type of microorganisms present
C)Temperature and pH
D)Mode and dosage of the agent
E)All of the choices will influence the action.

Question 8

Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except ______.

A)moist heat
B)alcohol
C)acids
D)metallic ions
E)X rays

Question 9

Which of the following microbial forms has the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls?

A)Naked viruses
B)Protozoan cysts
C)Fungal spores
D)Bacterial endospores
E)Yeast

Question 10

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all of the following except ______.

A)ultraviolet radiation
B)boiling water
C)pasteurization
D)hydrogen peroxide

Question 11

Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is ______.

A)disinfection
B)sterilization
C)sanitization
D)degermation

Question 12

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

A)Virucide
B)Bactericide
C)Germicide
D)Sporicide
E)Fungicide

Question 13

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms, including bacterial endospores, on inanimate objects is ______.

A)disinfection
B)sterilization
C)antisepsis
D)sanitization
E)degermation

Question 14

Each of the following is a target of antimicrobial agents except ______.

A)cell walls
B)cell membranes
C)ribosomes
D)cellular proteins
E)cytoplasm

Question 15

The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are ______.

A)naked viruses
B)vegetative bacteria and fungi
C)endospores
D)protozoan cysts
E)mycobacteria and staphylococci

Question 16

The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is ______.

A)disinfection
B)sterilization
C)antisepsis
D)sanitization

Question 17

Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids?

A)Moist heat
B)Ultraviolet light
C)X rays
D)Ethylene dioxide
E)Formaldehyde

Question 18

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

A)Cells die at increasingly greater rates.
B)Only older cells die in a culture.
C)Cells in a culture die at a constant rate.
D)Upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time.
E)Cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed.

Question 19

The removal of all life forms from inanimate objects is termed ______.

A)antisepsis
B)disinfection
C)sterilization
D)decontamination
E)degerming

Question 20

Microbial death occurs when there is

A)no movement.
B)no reproduction.
C)a change in appearance.
D)a decrease in size.
E)All of the choices occur.

Question 21

The shortest time required to kill or inactivate all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the

A)thermal death point (TDP).
B)thermal death time (TDT).
C)sporicidal time.
D)death phase point.

Question 22

Placing organisms at 4^oC is ______.

A)bactericidal
B)bacteriostatic
C)decontamination
D)sterilization
E)germicidal

Question 23

Pasteurization

A)kills all vegetative forms.
B)reduces the number of vegetative forms.
C)reduces the number of endospores.
D)increases food nutrient value.
E)is used to sterilize food products.

Question 24

Dry heat

A)is less efficient than moist heat.
B)cannot sterilize.
C)includes tyndallization.
D)is used in devices called autoclaves.
E)will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes.

Question 25

Sterilization is achieved by

A)flash pasteurization.
B)hot water.
C)boiling water.
D)steam autoclave.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

_____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.

A)High; dry
B)High; moist
C)Dry; moist
D)Moist; dry
E)Moist; high

Question 27

Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, and wine is optimally achieved by ______.

A)filtration
B)chlorination
C)pasteurization
D)boiling water
E)moist heat autoclave

Question 28

_____ radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA, which leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers.

A)Ultraviolet
B)Ionizing
C)Infrared
D)Gamma
E)Particle

Question 29

Removal of moisture by dehydration is called ______.

A)flash freeze
B)pasteurization
C)desiccation
D)lyophilization
E)sterilization

Question 30

Vials of microorganisms that undergo the freeze-drying process, called _____, will remain preserved and viable for years.

A)desiccation
B)flash freeze
C)lyophilization
D)pasteurization
E)sterilization

Question 31

Which of the following items are typically irradiated in order to kill microbes?

A)Cured meats
B)Human tissues such as heart valves and skin
C)Operating room air
D)Surgical gloves
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 32

A method for sterilizing milk, called _____ treatment, uses 134°C for 1 to 2 seconds.

A)pasteurization
B)batch pasteurization
C)flash pasteurization
D)ultra high temperature
E) tyndallization

Question 33

Which of the following is not a primary target of milk pasteurization?

A)Salmonella
B)Campylobacter jejuni
C)Lactobacillus
D)Listeria monocytogenes
E)Brucella

Question 34

Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to ______.

A)desiccation
B)ultraviolet light
C)ethyl alcohol
D)hydrogen peroxide
E)gamma rays and X rays

Question 35

What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization?

A)Water-bath
B)Autoclave
C)Incubator
D)Oven
E)Bunsen burner

Question 36

Which of the following forms of radiation are in order from the most penetrating to the least penetrating?

A)Gamma, cathode, X rays
B)Gamma, X rays, cathode
C)Cathode, gamma, X ray
D)X ray, gamma, cathode
E)Cathode, X ray, gamma

Question 37

Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacterium in a capped culture tube?

A)Ultraviolet (germicidal) light
B)Gamma rays
C)121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
D)160°C for 2 hours
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 38

The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are

A)121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.
B)63°C for 30 minutes.
C)100°C for 30 minutes.
D)160°C for 2 hours.
E)71.6°C for 15 seconds.

Question 39

Intermittent sterilization, which uses 3 days of lower temperature steam for short periods of time, is also called ______.

A)pasteurization
B)incubation
C)tyndallization
D)disinfection
E)desiccation

Question 40

The lowest temperature needed to kill or inactivate all microbes in 10 minutes is the

A)thermal death point (TDP).
B)thermal death time (TDT).
C)sporicidal time.
D)death phase point.

Question 41

The use of filtration for sterilization

A)leaves behind endospores.
B)removes toxins.
C)uses heat and filtration.
D)relies on gravity.
E)can remove viruses.

Question 42

Which of the following is not true of glutaraldehyde?

A)It cross-links proteins on cell surfaces.
B)It is classified as a carcinogen.
C)It inactivates endospores in 3 hours.
D)It inactivates viruses.
E)It does not damage plastics.

Question 43

Which of the following is not a factor that affects germicidal activity?

A)Material being treated
B)Length of exposure
C)Strength of the germicide
D)Microorganism being treated
E)All of the choices are factors.

Question 44

All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except

A)they cause denaturation of enzymes.
B)they release hypochlorous acid in solution.
C)they are found in common household bleach.
D)they are used to disinfect dairy, restaurant, and medical equipment.
E)they are found in iodophors.

Question 45

All of the following are phenols or phenolics except ______.

A)hexachlorophene
B)Zephiran
C)cresols
D)triclosan
E)Lysol

Question 46

_____ solution was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing gonococcal infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal.

A)Merthiolate
B)Silver nitrate
C)Triclosan
D)Zinc oxide
E)Betadine

Question 47

Which of the following germicides is/are also sporicidal?

A)Betadine
B)Chlorine
C)Phenolics
D)Chlorhexidine
E)All of these except phenolics.

Question 48

Hydrogen peroxide is

A)sporicidal.
B)fungicidal.
C)bactericidal.
D)virucidal.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for wound degerming, neonatal washes, hand scrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is ______.

A)a quaternary ammonium compound
B)carbolic acid
C)triclosan
D)formalin
E)chlorhexidine

Question 50

HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from

A)air.
B)liquids.
C)human tissues.
D)medical instruments.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

All of the following act as surfactants except ______.

A)detergents
B)quaternary ammonia
C)iodine
D)soaps
E)alcohols

Question 52

_____ is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them.

A)Disinfection
B)Filtration
C)Boiling
D)Radiation
E)Sterilization

Question 53

_____ is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage.

A)Iodine
B)Chlorine
C)Bromine
D)Fluorine
E)Betadine

Question 54

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

A)Iodophor
B)Aqueous glutaraldehyde
C)3% hydrogen peroxide
D)Chlorhexidine
E)Merthiolate

Question 55

Which of the following is not a heavy metal?

A)Tincture of iodine
B)Merthiolate
C)Silver nitrate solution
D)Zinc
E)Mercurochrome

Question 56

Alcohols

A)denature proteins when in a 50-95% alcohol-water solution.
B)disinfect items when soaking method is utilized.
C)are skin degerming agents.
D)at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

Iodophors include ______.

A)betadine
B)chlorhexidine
C)alcohols
D)chloramines
E)tincture of iodine

Question 58

Which of the following is not true of chloramines?

A)They contain chlorine.
B)They are used to treat wounds and skin surfaces.
C)They are safer than free chlorine.
D)They can sanitize and disinfect.
E)They form trihalomethanes with organic compounds.

Question 59

The chemical agent/s that produce/s highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals and also decomposes to O₂ gas is ______.

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)chlorhexidine
C)iodophors
D)cationic detergents
E)Cidex

Question 60

Heavy metals work by

A)binding to DNA.
B)mutating DNA.
C)rupturing the cell membrane.
D)inactivating proteins.
E)dissolving the cell wall.

Question 61

Bacteriostatic agents kill bacterial cells.

Question 62

A microorganism that is not motile and has stopped metabolizing is considered dead.

Question 63

Which is mismatched?

A)Iodophor - iodine
B)Sodium hypochlorite - chlorine
C)Merthiolate - silver
D)Benzalkonium chloride - quaternary ammonium compound
E)Formalin - formaldehyde

Question 64

Which of the following acids is not used to destroy or inhibit microbial cells in food?

A)Benzoic acid
B)Acetic acid
C)Lactic acid
D)Phosphoric acid
E)Propionic acid

Question 65

When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.

Question 66

Pasteurization does not inactivate endospores or thermoduric microbes.

Question 67

All of the following are alkylating control agents except ______.

A)iodophor
B)propylene oxide
C)formaldehyde
D)ethylene oxide
E)glutaraldehyde

Question 68

Ethylene oxide is

A)only effective with high heat.
B)a halogen.
C)the active agent in household bleach.
D)used as an antiseptic against anaerobes.
E)sporicidal.

Question 69

Most microbial contaminants of food are killed or inactivated at freezing temperatures.

Question 70

Pasteurization is used to sterilize milk.

Question 71

Ionizing radiation is more effective than nonionizing radiation in killing or inactivating microbes.

Question 72

Using a HEPA filter in a vacuum or furnace is an example of which microbial control method?

A)Surfactant
B)Gases
C)Chemical agent
D) Dry control

Question 73

Prions require more extensive methods of sterilization than are needed for bacterial endospores.

Question 74

In lab, inoculating loops are sterilized using ______.

A)chemicals
B)incineration
C)filtration
D)moist heat
E)gas sterilization

Question 75

Which of the following represents the use of osmotic pressure as a microbial control method?

A)Exposing dental equipment to UV light
B)Bleaching a kitchen counter
C)Salting of meat
D)Rinsing of a cut with Betadine

Question 76

The sterilizing gas used in chemiclaves is ______.

A)chlorine dioxide
B)iodophor
C)glutaraldehyde
D)ethylene oxide
E)formaldehyde

Question 77

Endospores can be inactivated by

A)dry heat at 170°C for 2 hours.
B)incineration.
C)glutaraldehyde for 3 or more hours.
D)ethylene oxide for 3 or more hours.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 78

The presence of organic matter such as saliva and pus can interfere with the actions of disinfectants.

Question 79

All microbicidal agents are sterilants.

Question 80

Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

A)blocking its synthesis.
B)digesting it.
C)denaturing proteins.
D)All of the choices are correct.