Deck 4: Recognizing Objects
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Deck 4: Recognizing Objects
1
Participants are shown the letter string TPUM for 30 ms and asked to identify what they saw.If they answer incorrectly,which response are they most likely to give?
A)P
B)OPUM
C)TRUM
D)TMPU
A)P
B)OPUM
C)TRUM
D)TMPU
C
2
A participant reads a list of words that includes the word "elephant." Later,the participant views another list of words,each of which is presented very briefly,followed by a mask.When the word "elephant" appears in the second list,the participant is more likely to perceive the word "elephant" in comparison to words that have not been recently viewed.This effect is called
A)the word-superiority effect.
B)the redundancy claim.
C)working-memory availability.
D)repetition priming.
A)the word-superiority effect.
B)the redundancy claim.
C)working-memory availability.
D)repetition priming.
D
3
It is suggested that features have special status within our visual processing.Which of the following findings does NOT support this hypothesis?
A)Figures identified by a single feature are detected easily in visual search tasks.
B)People with some forms of agnosia can detect features but cannot combine them.
C)Feature recognition seems in some procedures to occur before recognition of objects.
D)Targets defined by a combination of features are detected quickly in visual search tasks.
A)Figures identified by a single feature are detected easily in visual search tasks.
B)People with some forms of agnosia can detect features but cannot combine them.
C)Feature recognition seems in some procedures to occur before recognition of objects.
D)Targets defined by a combination of features are detected quickly in visual search tasks.
D
4
A tachistoscope is a device used to
A)measure the rate at which a neuron is firing.
B)provide precise measurements of reaction time.
C)display stimuli for precisely controlled exposure times.
D)record the moment-by-moment activities of the brain.
A)measure the rate at which a neuron is firing.
B)provide precise measurements of reaction time.
C)display stimuli for precisely controlled exposure times.
D)record the moment-by-moment activities of the brain.
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5
In many experiments,participants have been shown nonword letter strings,presented very briefly.When asked to identify these strings,participants tend to make specific kinds of errors.How would these errors be best described?
A)They are unable to identify any letters if the string is a nonword.
B)They identify many of the letters correctly but tend to incorrectly identify the vowels.
C)They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more-common letter combinations.
D)They misidentify more-common letter combinations as less-common letter pairs.
A)They are unable to identify any letters if the string is a nonword.
B)They identify many of the letters correctly but tend to incorrectly identify the vowels.
C)They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more-common letter combinations.
D)They misidentify more-common letter combinations as less-common letter pairs.
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6
Imagine that researchers have developed a drug that (temporarily)disrupts a person's ability to focus his or her attention.Let's say that we give this drug to someone,and then ask that person to search through various displays,looking for certain targets.We would expect the drug to
A)have minimal impact on visual search strategies.
B)be equally disruptive if the person is searching for a target defined by a single feature (e.g. ,"Find the red shape")or if the person is searching for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. ,"Find the shape that is red and round").
C)disrupt the search for a target defined by a single feature (e.g. ,"Find the red shape").
D)disrupt the search for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. ,"Find the shape that is red and round").
A)have minimal impact on visual search strategies.
B)be equally disruptive if the person is searching for a target defined by a single feature (e.g. ,"Find the red shape")or if the person is searching for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. ,"Find the shape that is red and round").
C)disrupt the search for a target defined by a single feature (e.g. ,"Find the red shape").
D)disrupt the search for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. ,"Find the shape that is red and round").
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7
Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 ms and are then asked,"Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is
A)BARK.
B)K.
C)BWQK.
D)GKLA.
A)BARK.
B)K.
C)BWQK.
D)GKLA.
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8
Laura suffered brain damage and now has difficulty identifying objects.Specifically,she can see individual features,but has a hard time assembling those features into complex wholes.She is likely suffering from
A)prosopagnosia.
B)apperceptive agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)memory loss.
A)prosopagnosia.
B)apperceptive agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)memory loss.
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9
What sort of processing is driven primarily by factors in the environment or in the stimulus?
A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)expectation-based
D)knowledge-driven
A)top-down
B)bottom-up
C)expectation-based
D)knowledge-driven
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10
In tachistoscopic studies,a poststimulus mask is usually employed to
A)disrupt sensory processing of the stimulus.
B)prevent verbalization.
C)help the participants maintain proper eye position.
D)discourage guessing about the stimulus.
A)disrupt sensory processing of the stimulus.
B)prevent verbalization.
C)help the participants maintain proper eye position.
D)discourage guessing about the stimulus.
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11
"Bottom-up" (or "data-driven")mechanisms are
A)the scientific process in which all claims must be rooted in well-established biological evidence.
B)mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information.
C)mechanisms for which activity is influenced by thoughts provided by the individual.
D)the process by which researchers seek to develop new theories by paying close attention to the available data.
A)the scientific process in which all claims must be rooted in well-established biological evidence.
B)mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information.
C)mechanisms for which activity is influenced by thoughts provided by the individual.
D)the process by which researchers seek to develop new theories by paying close attention to the available data.
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12
In a tachistoscopic procedure,participants are shown the sequence NACL.Evidence indicates that
A)the distinctive letter pattern in the sequence will help participants recognize the sequence.
B)the familiarity of the sequence (i.e. ,the chemical formula for table salt)will confuse participants and therefore disrupt their perception.
C)participants are likely to misperceive the sequence,reading it as if it were a common letter pattern,such as NAIL.
D)participants will be unable to organize the letters,and therefore they will perceive only some of the sequence's features,not the large-scale units.
A)the distinctive letter pattern in the sequence will help participants recognize the sequence.
B)the familiarity of the sequence (i.e. ,the chemical formula for table salt)will confuse participants and therefore disrupt their perception.
C)participants are likely to misperceive the sequence,reading it as if it were a common letter pattern,such as NAIL.
D)participants will be unable to organize the letters,and therefore they will perceive only some of the sequence's features,not the large-scale units.
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13
Compared to detectors that have not fired recently,a detector that has fired recently is likely to
A)be at a higher position within the network of detectors.
B)have a higher response threshold.
C)have a higher activation level.
D)require more priming in order to fire.
A)be at a higher position within the network of detectors.
B)have a higher response threshold.
C)have a higher activation level.
D)require more priming in order to fire.
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14
A feature net is a
A)network of cognitive "detectors" organized in hierarchical layers.
B)collective of features used to describe an object's form.
C)netlike structure of brain cells designed to detect features.
D)conceptualization of how features are visually related to one another.
A)network of cognitive "detectors" organized in hierarchical layers.
B)collective of features used to describe an object's form.
C)netlike structure of brain cells designed to detect features.
D)conceptualization of how features are visually related to one another.
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15
In a tachistoscopic procedure,a word is likely to be more difficult to recognize if it
A)has been encountered by the participant recently.
B)is used frequently in the language.
C)has an unusual spelling pattern.
D)has been primed by an earlier exposure.
A)has been encountered by the participant recently.
B)is used frequently in the language.
C)has an unusual spelling pattern.
D)has been primed by an earlier exposure.
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16
Bob suffered brain damage and now has difficulty recognizing objects.He was shown a clock and was asked to draw it,but he drew only a square.However,when asked to draw a clock from memory,he was able to do it.Bob is likely experiencing
A)prosopagnosia.
B)visual agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)memory loss.
A)prosopagnosia.
B)visual agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)memory loss.
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17
A response threshold is the
A)duration for which a word must be displayed in order for a participant to realize it is familiar.
B)number of correct responses needed in order for a participant's performance to be above average on a task.
C)amount of certainty or conviction a participant expresses when selecting a particular response.
D)activation level at which a response occurs.
A)duration for which a word must be displayed in order for a participant to realize it is familiar.
B)number of correct responses needed in order for a participant's performance to be above average on a task.
C)amount of certainty or conviction a participant expresses when selecting a particular response.
D)activation level at which a response occurs.
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18
Imagine you are putting together a puzzle.You have a broad idea of what the finished puzzle will look like,and you're guided by that idea as you work.Your broad idea is acting as a
A)top-down influence.
B)bottom-up influence.
C)foil.
D)distraction.
A)top-down influence.
B)bottom-up influence.
C)foil.
D)distraction.
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19
The word-superiority effect refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize
A)short (three- or four-letter)words than long words.
B)a letter within the context of a word than it is to recognize a letter presented by itself.
C)a word presented in a phrase than it is to recognize a word presented by itself.
D)words that are frequently used under tachistoscopic conditions.
A)short (three- or four-letter)words than long words.
B)a letter within the context of a word than it is to recognize a letter presented by itself.
C)a word presented in a phrase than it is to recognize a word presented by itself.
D)words that are frequently used under tachistoscopic conditions.
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20
In tachistoscopic recognition,participants often make overregularization errors.These are errors in which participants
A)perceive a word as pertaining to their personal experiences even when the word is relatively neutral.
B)perceive a word as being related to the previous word when in fact it is not.
C)are shown a frequently used word but perceive it as an infrequently used word.
D)are shown a pattern such as MJLK but perceive it as MILK.
A)perceive a word as pertaining to their personal experiences even when the word is relatively neutral.
B)perceive a word as being related to the previous word when in fact it is not.
C)are shown a frequently used word but perceive it as an infrequently used word.
D)are shown a pattern such as MJLK but perceive it as MILK.
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21
A vertical line (like the "l" in "line")would likely contribute to the activation of all the following nodes in a feature net EXCEPT
A)O
B)K
C)CK
D)CLICK
A)O
B)K
C)CK
D)CLICK
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22
The bigram layer of a feature net is
A)rigid,so that once it is created it can never be adjusted or modified.
B)something with which we are born.
C)the same for every language.
D)developed with experience.
A)rigid,so that once it is created it can never be adjusted or modified.
B)something with which we are born.
C)the same for every language.
D)developed with experience.
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23
Mistakes in word recognition occur within a feature net model of recognition.One reason for this is that the feature net encourages ________ over ________.
A)accuracy;efficiency
B)efficiency;accuracy
C)laziness;hard work
D)bottom-up processing;top-down processing
A)accuracy;efficiency
B)efficiency;accuracy
C)laziness;hard work
D)bottom-up processing;top-down processing
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24
Participants' recognition thresholds are
A)lower for frequently seen words.
B)higher for recently seen words.
C)not affected by priming.
D)lower for words with unusual spelling.
A)lower for frequently seen words.
B)higher for recently seen words.
C)not affected by priming.
D)lower for words with unusual spelling.
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25
Recognition errors (like mistaking CQRN for CORN)lead us to what conclusion about feature nets?
A)Feature nets are an imperfect system,and thus unlikely to accurately represent our cognitive processing.
B)The normal functioning of feature nets usually allows us to identify stimuli,but can also lead to errors.
C)Feature nets explain accurate performance,but not errors.
D)Feature nets are the only possible explanation for object recognition.
A)Feature nets are an imperfect system,and thus unlikely to accurately represent our cognitive processing.
B)The normal functioning of feature nets usually allows us to identify stimuli,but can also lead to errors.
C)Feature nets explain accurate performance,but not errors.
D)Feature nets are the only possible explanation for object recognition.
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26
Biederman's recognition by components (RBC)model
A)does not rely on a hierarchy of detectors.
B)makes use of geon detectors,which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies.
C)asserts that priming takes place primarily at levels higher than the level of geon detectors.
D)can recognize three-dimensional objects provided they are seen from the appropriate viewing angle.
A)does not rely on a hierarchy of detectors.
B)makes use of geon detectors,which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies.
C)asserts that priming takes place primarily at levels higher than the level of geon detectors.
D)can recognize three-dimensional objects provided they are seen from the appropriate viewing angle.
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27
English nonwords (e.g. ,"HICE")are easier to perceive than strings of letters not resembling English words (e.g. ,"RSFK")because
A)they are encountered more often.
B)bigram detectors for more-common letter combinations fire more readily.
C)they are more distinctive.
D)word detectors can be quickly created for strings that are nearly words.
A)they are encountered more often.
B)bigram detectors for more-common letter combinations fire more readily.
C)they are more distinctive.
D)word detectors can be quickly created for strings that are nearly words.
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28
On one trial of an experiment,a participant is shown the sequence GWXT.On a different trial,the participant is shown the sequence PAFE.On the basis of prior research,we should expect that
A)PAFE will be easier to perceive than GWXT because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed.
B)the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because neither is a word.
C)participants will perceive more of the letters in GWXT because they are likely to confuse PAFE with PACE or SAFE.
D)the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because both contain regular bigram patterns.
A)PAFE will be easier to perceive than GWXT because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed.
B)the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because neither is a word.
C)participants will perceive more of the letters in GWXT because they are likely to confuse PAFE with PACE or SAFE.
D)the letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because both contain regular bigram patterns.
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29
A bigram detector fires in response to the
A)appropriate object weight.
B)appropriately shaped curve.
C)appropriately positioned corner.
D)appropriate letter pair.
A)appropriate object weight.
B)appropriately shaped curve.
C)appropriately positioned corner.
D)appropriate letter pair.
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30
One of the middle layers of a basic feature net contains ________ detectors.
A)feature
B)letter
C)center-surround
D)phrase
A)feature
B)letter
C)center-surround
D)phrase
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31
McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests that detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner.Biological evidence ________ this notion because ________.
A)supports;visual processing is bidirectional
B)supports;there is parallel processing in the visual system
C)does not support;visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process
D)does not support;word recognition does not depend on visual processing
A)supports;visual processing is bidirectional
B)supports;there is parallel processing in the visual system
C)does not support;visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process
D)does not support;word recognition does not depend on visual processing
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32
Which of the following would be considered a benefit of a feature net?
A)slow,but cautious,processing
B)flexibility to deal with unclear inputs
C)Errors are virtually impossible.
D)New information will not affect past organization of the net.
A)slow,but cautious,processing
B)flexibility to deal with unclear inputs
C)Errors are virtually impossible.
D)New information will not affect past organization of the net.
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33
We sometimes encounter ambiguous letters when reading handwritten words,but we can still interpret the words.For example,the same shape can be interpreted as an A in CAT but an H in THE.At what level of analysis does the feature net resolve this issue?
A)the bigram level
B)the geon level
C)the feature level
D)overregularization
A)the bigram level
B)the geon level
C)the feature level
D)overregularization
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34
Some models of word recognition include detectors that ________ one another,so that activation of one detector decreases activation in another detector.
A)excite
B)improve
C)change
D)inhibit
A)excite
B)improve
C)change
D)inhibit
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35
This chapter describes in detail one way a feature net can be designed,but other designs may turn out to be preferable.For example,McClelland and Rumelhart's model makes use of all the following EXCEPT
A)inhibitory connections among the detectors.
B)the elimination of feature detectors,relying instead on geon detectors.
C)connections allowing detectors at one level in the network to influence detectors at lower levels.
D)connections allowing detectors at one level in the network to influence other detectors at the same level.
A)inhibitory connections among the detectors.
B)the elimination of feature detectors,relying instead on geon detectors.
C)connections allowing detectors at one level in the network to influence detectors at lower levels.
D)connections allowing detectors at one level in the network to influence other detectors at the same level.
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36
Which of the following statements about a feature net model is FALSE?
A)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize print.
B)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize three-dimensional objects.
C)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize faces.
D)Evidence suggests the net can be influenced by top-down processes.
A)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize print.
B)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize three-dimensional objects.
C)It seems able to explain most aspects of how we recognize faces.
D)Evidence suggests the net can be influenced by top-down processes.
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37
The bigram CO is more common in English than CQ,and this is one of the factors that makes identifying CORN more likely than identifying CQRN.According to feature nets,how is knowledge of spelling patterns like this stored?
A)It is locally represented in the feature net.
B)It is not explicitly stored anywhere.
C)It is stored in propositional form.
D)It is stored in the hippocampus,a brain structure crucial for memory.
A)It is locally represented in the feature net.
B)It is not explicitly stored anywhere.
C)It is stored in propositional form.
D)It is stored in the hippocampus,a brain structure crucial for memory.
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38
Participants in a tachistoscopic procedure are shown the sequence CQRN.Participants misperceive this string as CORN.In a feature net account,which of the following statements is LEAST likely to contribute to this effect?
A)O is a more frequently used letter in English than is Q.Therefore,the O-detector is better primed.
B)CO is a more frequent letter pair in English than CQ.Therefore,the CO-detector is better primed.
C)A well-primed bigram detector will fire even if the letter detectors feeding into that bigram detector are firing weakly.
D)Feature nets are generally unable to identify nonwords.
A)O is a more frequently used letter in English than is Q.Therefore,the O-detector is better primed.
B)CO is a more frequent letter pair in English than CQ.Therefore,the CO-detector is better primed.
C)A well-primed bigram detector will fire even if the letter detectors feeding into that bigram detector are firing weakly.
D)Feature nets are generally unable to identify nonwords.
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39
In a feature net model,knowledge of spelling patterns
A)can influence the perception of whole words but not the perception of bigrams.
B)is distributed across the model,and therefore the knowledge is detectable only in the overall functioning of the network.
C)is locally represented,allowing the network to draw inferences about partially viewed stimuli.
D)is overshadowed by the parallel processing employed by the net.
A)can influence the perception of whole words but not the perception of bigrams.
B)is distributed across the model,and therefore the knowledge is detectable only in the overall functioning of the network.
C)is locally represented,allowing the network to draw inferences about partially viewed stimuli.
D)is overshadowed by the parallel processing employed by the net.
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40
We could avoid making word-recognition mistakes if we scrutinized each letter on the page.This sort of letter-by-letter reading,though,would be problematic because
A)reading would be very slow.
B)we do not have the attentional resources to scrutinize every letter.
C)the visual system would be overwhelmed.
D)letters are easy to discriminate from one another.
A)reading would be very slow.
B)we do not have the attentional resources to scrutinize every letter.
C)the visual system would be overwhelmed.
D)letters are easy to discriminate from one another.
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41
The fusiform face area (FFA)is known to be an area that is specifically responsive to faces.Which of the following statements is also true about the FFA?
A)It is primarily thought to be the area used to mentally rotate an inverted face into its upright position for further processing.
B)It responds only to famous faces (e.g. ,President Barack Obama).
C)It is also a crucial area in the processing of features within an object (e.g. ,edges and curves).
D)Tasks requiring other subtle distinctions within a category (e.g. ,identifying different birds or cars)also produce high levels of activation in this area.
A)It is primarily thought to be the area used to mentally rotate an inverted face into its upright position for further processing.
B)It responds only to famous faces (e.g. ,President Barack Obama).
C)It is also a crucial area in the processing of features within an object (e.g. ,edges and curves).
D)Tasks requiring other subtle distinctions within a category (e.g. ,identifying different birds or cars)also produce high levels of activation in this area.
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42
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
A)receives activation from the eyes.
B)transmits activation directly to the temporal lobes to facilitate object recognition.
C)facilitates encoding and memory consolidation.
D)processes facial expressions.
A)receives activation from the eyes.
B)transmits activation directly to the temporal lobes to facilitate object recognition.
C)facilitates encoding and memory consolidation.
D)processes facial expressions.
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43
Which of the following is NOT true of priming effects?
A)Priming effects are a change in response to a stimulus caused by exposure to an identical,similar,or related stimulus.
B)Identical priming effects are observed across participants.
C)Priming effects have the potential to impact the words we perceive.
D)Priming effects can meaningfully impact our understanding of situations.
A)Priming effects are a change in response to a stimulus caused by exposure to an identical,similar,or related stimulus.
B)Identical priming effects are observed across participants.
C)Priming effects have the potential to impact the words we perceive.
D)Priming effects can meaningfully impact our understanding of situations.
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44
The recognition of faces
A)seems to rely on the detection of features and geons,indicating that the recognition by components model can be applied to face recognition.
B)resembles other forms of recognition in that our ability to recognize faces is relatively unimpaired by changes in viewing angle or orientation.
C)differs from other forms of recognition in that face recognition appears not to be influenced by expectation or knowledge effects.
D)is influenced by the face's overall configuration,suggesting that a model based on feature detection will provide a poor explanation of face recognition.
A)seems to rely on the detection of features and geons,indicating that the recognition by components model can be applied to face recognition.
B)resembles other forms of recognition in that our ability to recognize faces is relatively unimpaired by changes in viewing angle or orientation.
C)differs from other forms of recognition in that face recognition appears not to be influenced by expectation or knowledge effects.
D)is influenced by the face's overall configuration,suggesting that a model based on feature detection will provide a poor explanation of face recognition.
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45
Facial recognition depends on
A)perception of the overall configuration of the face.
B)identification of the shapes of specific features,such as the nose or the eyes.
C)seeing the person from the appropriate distance.
D)recognizing the face's geons.
A)perception of the overall configuration of the face.
B)identification of the shapes of specific features,such as the nose or the eyes.
C)seeing the person from the appropriate distance.
D)recognizing the face's geons.
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46
If instructed to identify the briefly presented word "fish," which of the following hints will likely provide the greatest benefit for identification?
A)The word will be presented in capital letters.
B)The word is something you can eat.
C)The word will be shown for 50 ms.
D)The word does not contain an O.
A)The word will be presented in capital letters.
B)The word is something you can eat.
C)The word will be shown for 50 ms.
D)The word does not contain an O.
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47
The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to
A)recognize faces.
B)comprehend written text.
C)identify inverted stimuli even though perception of upright stimuli seems normal.
D)identify familiar voices.
A)recognize faces.
B)comprehend written text.
C)identify inverted stimuli even though perception of upright stimuli seems normal.
D)identify familiar voices.
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48
Knowledge of some sorts is likely to be represented by a broad pattern of activation spread across a network.This reflects
A)distributed representation.
B)local dependence.
C)top-down processing.
D)viewpoint independence.
A)distributed representation.
B)local dependence.
C)top-down processing.
D)viewpoint independence.
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49
The term "geons" is short for
A)geometric ions.
B)geometric objects.
C)geometric examples of objects in space.
D)It is not short for anything.
A)geometric ions.
B)geometric objects.
C)geometric examples of objects in space.
D)It is not short for anything.
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50
Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces?
A)Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces.
B)Face processing is affected only minimally by inverting the image.
C)Inverting a nonliving object,such as a house,produces a bigger deficit in recognition than inverting a face,because we are less familiar with houses.
D)Specialist neurons in the parietal cortex rapidly restore a face to its upright position for further processing.
A)Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces.
B)Face processing is affected only minimally by inverting the image.
C)Inverting a nonliving object,such as a house,produces a bigger deficit in recognition than inverting a face,because we are less familiar with houses.
D)Specialist neurons in the parietal cortex rapidly restore a face to its upright position for further processing.
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51
Evidence from single-cell recording experiments suggests that we might have a cell that responds to pictures of a specific person.Which of the following statements about that experiment is true?
A)The study was done on monkeys,because it is unethical to do such a study on humans.
B)The cells responded only to close-up pictures of the target person.
C)Most cells responded only to the pictures of the person with short hair,so that the shape of the head was easily visible.
D)Some cells responded to pictures of the person regardless of the viewpoint of the photo.
A)The study was done on monkeys,because it is unethical to do such a study on humans.
B)The cells responded only to close-up pictures of the target person.
C)Most cells responded only to the pictures of the person with short hair,so that the shape of the head was easily visible.
D)Some cells responded to pictures of the person regardless of the viewpoint of the photo.
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52
According to the recognition by components (RBC)model,which of the following is NOT true about geons?
A)Geons are simple shapes.
B)Geons are viewpoint-independent.
C)Geons are always easy to identify.
D)Geons are not identifiable if partially obstructed.
A)Geons are simple shapes.
B)Geons are viewpoint-independent.
C)Geons are always easy to identify.
D)Geons are not identifiable if partially obstructed.
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53
Which of the following neural areas is especially activated when looking at a face?
A)fusiform face area
B)cerebellum
C)lateral geniculate nucleus
D)frontal face area
A)fusiform face area
B)cerebellum
C)lateral geniculate nucleus
D)frontal face area
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54
Which of the following models for object recognition emphasizes the role that mental rotation plays in object recognition?
A)feature net
B)McClelland and Rumelhart
C)recognition by components
D)multiple views
A)feature net
B)McClelland and Rumelhart
C)recognition by components
D)multiple views
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55
An experiment requires participants to quickly determine if a target is present.Which of the following tasks is likely to produce the longest reaction time?
A)Identifying a small red circle in a field of medium and large red circles.
B)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of small red circles and blue horizontal lines.
C)Identifying a blue vertical line in a field of red vertical lines.
D)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of red horizontal and blue vertical lines.
A)Identifying a small red circle in a field of medium and large red circles.
B)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of small red circles and blue horizontal lines.
C)Identifying a blue vertical line in a field of red vertical lines.
D)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of red horizontal and blue vertical lines.
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56
Top-down mechanisms suggest that
A)upright stimuli are processed faster than inverted stimuli.
B)faces are processed faster than other body parts or inanimate objects.
C)processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations.
D)incoming information about a stimulus activates feature detectors.
A)upright stimuli are processed faster than inverted stimuli.
B)faces are processed faster than other body parts or inanimate objects.
C)processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations.
D)incoming information about a stimulus activates feature detectors.
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57
Which of the following statements best describes viewpoint-dependent object recognition?
A)An object is memorized faster if it is upright.
B)The perceiver must match the current view of an object with a view of the object stored in memory,often using the process of rotation.
C)An object will be recognized at the same speed regardless of its orientation.
D)Recognition of an object is dependent on how many geons are visible to the viewer.
A)An object is memorized faster if it is upright.
B)The perceiver must match the current view of an object with a view of the object stored in memory,often using the process of rotation.
C)An object will be recognized at the same speed regardless of its orientation.
D)Recognition of an object is dependent on how many geons are visible to the viewer.
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58
The term "top-down processing" is sometimes legitimately replaced with the term "________ processing."
A)concept-driven
B)stimulus-driven
C)repetition-priming
D)interactive
A)concept-driven
B)stimulus-driven
C)repetition-priming
D)interactive
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59
We can often recognize an object even if some of the object's parts are hidden from view.Evidence indicates that this recognition from partial viewing will be easiest if
A)we can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons.
B)we can see at least 20% of the object's features.
C)the object's features are unfamiliar to us,so there is no risk of false alarms.
D)the object does not have too many geons.
A)we can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons.
B)we can see at least 20% of the object's features.
C)the object's features are unfamiliar to us,so there is no risk of false alarms.
D)the object does not have too many geons.
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60
Facial recognition depends on the configuration and spacing of the features,which reflects ________ processing.
A)bottom-up
B)holistic
C)expectation-based
D)distributed
A)bottom-up
B)holistic
C)expectation-based
D)distributed
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61
Argue for or against the notion that "face processing is distinct from other forms of object recognition." Support your perspective by referencing behavioral or neuropsychological evidence.
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62
Consider the word "harp." Using a classic feature net model,describe how you might recognize this word,even if it was shown only for a few milliseconds.
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63
In what ways are facial and word recognition similar? In what ways are they different?
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64
A researcher shows a group of participants letter strings for a brief period of time (50 ms)and asks them to identify the letters that they saw.Based on previous research,describe the pattern of performance that is expected by answering the following questions:
a.Can participants do this task at all?
b.With what sorts of letter strings will their performance be worst?
c.If they make mistakes,what sort of mistakes do they make?
d.What do these results tells us about object recognition?
a.Can participants do this task at all?
b.With what sorts of letter strings will their performance be worst?
c.If they make mistakes,what sort of mistakes do they make?
d.What do these results tells us about object recognition?
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65
Explain how the McClelland and Rumelhart model could account for the word-superiority effect.
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66
Is object recognition viewpoint dependent? Argue for or against this notion by discussing the relevant evidence.
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67
We might expect the fusiform face area (FFA)to be damaged in patients with
A)associative agnosia.
B)aphasia.
C)anosognosia.
D)prosopagnosia.
A)associative agnosia.
B)aphasia.
C)anosognosia.
D)prosopagnosia.
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68
Describe how top-down influences affect object recognition by focusing on the relationship between letter and word recognition.Describe at least two examples that were mentioned in the book/lecture,and create one novel example of these top-down influences.
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69
You are driving in your car listening to the radio when a new song by your favorite artist comes on.Describe how top-down and bottom-up processing both contribute to your ability to identify (either correctly or incorrectly)the lyrics of the song.
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70
Describe the trade-off of efficiency versus accuracy in word recognition.Make sure to reference feature nets in your answer.Why is such a trade-off necessary?
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71
Compare and contrast these three models of object recognition: McClelland and Rumelhart's model,recognition by components,and recognition via multiple views.
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