Deck 7: Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Question 1

Which of the following statements is an example of a recognition test?

A)"Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?"
B)"Describe how you spent New Year's Eve in 1994."
C)"What is the formula needed for computing the area of a circle?"
D)"What political event does this song remind you of ?"

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In an experiment,participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B.If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test,participants

A)performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change.
B)performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory disruption.
C)performed the same as those participants who were not asked to think about Room A.
D)performed worse on the test because this distracting instruction interfered with memory rehearsal.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the level at which a node in a spreading activation model will fire?

A)subthreshold level
B)superthreshold
C)response threshold
D)activation level

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to

A)activation of nodes selected by the central executive.
B)activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first.
C)a subset of connected nodes being activated.
D)unconnected nodes being suppressed.

Question 5

"Context reinstatement" refers to

A)improved memory if the materials to be remembered were thought about in a novel context.
B)improved memory if we mentally re-create the context that was in place during learning.
C)improved memory if the mnemonics used have a similar context to the materials to be remembered.
D)impaired memory performance if participants recall the context where the material was learned.

Question 6

Context has an effect on memory

A)because it interferes with the retrieval paths.
B)only if the information is recalled in the same physical environment where it was learned.
C)because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered.
D)but not on the way a person perceives a memory.

Question 7

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning,students might find it most beneficial to

A)use mnemonic devices as a study aid.
B)study only when entirely sober.
C)focus on their instructor's intended meaning rather than the exact words.
D)prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

Question 8

Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent learning?

A)"I haven't been to Athens in years,but I still remember all the great times I had there!"
B)"Mikhail has told me his phone number over and over again,but somehow I can't get it into my head."
C)"Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion.I saw people I hadn't thought about for years,but the moment I saw them,I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."
D)"I spent hours studying in the library last night preparing for my history midterm.And it really paid off;I did a great job on the exam."

Question 9

Steve is shown a list of words that includes "baby." He is then asked to list all the words he can remember from the list,but he does not include "baby." Steve is later given a lexical decision task in which he has to decide,for each of the letter strings presented,whether the string is an actual word or not.One of the letter strings presented in the lexical decision task,though,is "baby." Which of the following patterns is most likely to reflect Steve's performance on this identification task?

A)Steve will say "baby" is a nonword.
B)Steve will respond more quickly to "baby" than he would to other words.
C)Steve will respond more slowly to "baby" relative to nonwords.
D)Steve's response time will be about the same to "baby" as to all other items on the test.

Question 10

Establishing a memory connection

A)may be of little value if later the connection is not the one you need.
B)seems to "cement" a memory in place.
C)can occur only for emotional memories.
D)encourages intrusion errors,so you should avoid creating these connections.

Question 11

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words.In addition to the words themselves,participants will remember some aspects of the context in which the words appeared.This tendency to remember a stimulus within its context is referred to as

A)background learning.
B)multiple encoding.
C)implicit memory.
D)encoding specificity.

Question 12

Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test.Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first only as an aid to remember the targets.For Group A,the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g. ,dark-light).For Group B,the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g. ,sight-light).Then,each group was given hints during the memory test.Some of these hints were related to meaning (e.g. ,"Was there a word associated with 'dark'?");some were related to sound (e.g. ,"Was there a word associated with 'sight'?").Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Overall,participants in Group A recalled more words than those in Group B.
B)Participants in Group A performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.
C)Participants in Group B performed better when given a sound hint than when given a meaning hint.
D)Participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.

Question 13

An investigator asks,"Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of a question relying on

A)recognition.
B)implicit memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)recall.

Question 14

When you are trying to access information in long-term memory,you use a

A)harmonic search.
B)retrieval path.
C)random search strategy.
D)serial,exhaustive search.

Question 15

A participant is asked,"In the list of words I showed you earlier,was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she

A)used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words.
B)paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.
C)paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them.
D)relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words.

Question 16

Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity?

A)Susan is terrible at learning general arguments,although she is excellent at learning more specific claims.
B)Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class,but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life.
C)Susan easily learns material that is meaningful but cannot learn material that is abstract.
D)Susan quickly masters new material if she knows some related information,but she has trouble learning new material if the domain is new to her.

Question 17

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs,including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked a series of questions: "Was 'lamp' one of the words you saw? Was 'candle' one of the words? Was 'spark' one of the words? Was 'light' one of the words?" The participant answers "no" to each of these questions,probably because

A)the learning context does not provide adequate support for perceptual encoding.
B)the learning context does relatively little to encourage deep processing.
C)what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight,not "light" as illumination.
D)the learning context led the participant to think in terms of opposites,while the test context led the participant to think in terms of semantic associates.

Question 18

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to,and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city,which is the best strategy for memorizing?

A)avoid building too many highways,because it's expensive (i.e. ,demands too many resources)to build highways
B)build numerous highways that reach the city from many directions,so you have multiple ways to remember the answer later
C)build toll roads (premium highways)so you can get to the memories as fast as possible with minimal traffic
D)invest very little in building highways because you never know which highway will be the best road in the future

Question 19

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning.To confirm this hypothesis,the researcher would need to show that

A)participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned.
B)participants' recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee.
C)participants who drink a lot of coffee are,in general,likely to do better on memory tests.
D)if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee,they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test.

Question 20

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words.The eighth word on the list is "inches," the ninth word is "meters," and the tenth word is "feet." In which of the following situations would the participants be most likely to remember the previous exposure to "feet"?

A)In the memory test,the fourth word tested is "yards," and the fifth is "feet."
B)In the memory test,the fourth word tested is "heat," and the fifth is "feet."
C)In the memory test,the fourth word tested is "hands," and the fifth is "feet."
D)In the memory test,the fourth word tested is "fight," and the fifth is "feet."

Question 21

Familiarity (as opposed to source memory)

A)is essential for adequate performance on a recall test.
B)is established by "relational" or "elaborative" rehearsal.
C)is promoted by deep processing.
D)provides one of the important sources for recognition.

Question 22

A friend of yours has recently grown a beard.When you encounter him,you realize at once that something about his face has changed,but you are not certain what has changed.We can conclude from this that

A)you detected the decrease in fluency in your recognition of your friend's face.
B)your memory of your friend's face is influenced by context-dependent learning.
C)you are displaying an instance of source amnesia.
D)you are being influenced by the fact that there are fewer men with beards than men without beards.

Question 23

Herbert says,"I can't figure out where I've seen that person before,but I know that I have seen her before!" Herbert

A)has an episodic memory for the face but no generic memory for the face.
B)has a sense of familiarity but no source memory.
C)would perform well on a recall test but not on a recognition test.
D)seems to have formed interim associations when he last encountered the face.

Question 24

Which of the following is most like an example of the influence of implicit memory?

A)Alejandro was taking a true-false test.He didn't know the answer to Question 12,so he skipped it.
B)Benji was taking a true-false test.He could not remember the answer to Question 12,but he did his best to reconstruct what the answer might be.
C)Dave was taking a true-false test.Not only did Dave remember the answer to Question 12,he also remembered where the answer appeared on the textbook page.
D)Markus was taking a multiple-choice test.He was having a hard time with Question 17,but Option D for that question seemed familiar,so he decided that D must be the correct answer.

Question 25

Which of the following methods seems LEAST likely to be evidence of an implicit memory?

A)declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States
B)successfully riding a bike
C)believing something is true because you have previously heard it
D)classical conditioning

Question 26

In many settings,a person experiences a sense of familiarity but no accompanying source memory.This pattern is LEAST likely to lead to

A)the person believing that a familiar statement is true,even though he or she cannot remember where he or she heard it.
B)the person inaccurately accusing someone of a crime,merely because that person seems familiar.
C)the person's preferences changing in favor of the familiar information.
D)explicit recollection of a person's name or profession.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about processing fluency is NOT accurate?

A)Processing fluency is always associated with improved source memory.
B)Exposure to an item can cause it to be processed more fluently in the future.
C)Fluency can lead people to correctly identify an object as familiar.
D)Fluency can lead people to incorrectly identify an object as familiar.

Question 28

In one study,participants first learn a list of words.Then,in a memory test,participants are asked whether each word was on the earlier list and also whether they "remember" seeing each word or just "know" each was on the list.While participants are making these "remember/know" judgments,an fMRI scan records their brain activity.The results indicate that

A)"remember" responses are associated with activity in the rhinal cortex at learning.
B)"know" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampus during learning.
C)"remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning.
D)"know" responses are associated with anterior parahippocampus activity at learning.

Question 29

In the "remember/know" paradigm,a response of "know" is NOT

A)given when the participant can recall details about the context in which a stimulus was encountered.
B)given when a participant thinks the stimulus was previously encountered,but he or she cannot remember any contextual details.
C)associated with activity in the parahippocampal area.
D)associated with familiarity.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory?

A)Participants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but cannot recall the details of the encounter.
B)Participants have a preference for a familiar stimulus in comparison to other,new stimuli.
C)Participants find a claim to be more credible merely because they encountered it at some point in the past,even if they have no memory of that encounter.
D)Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus.

Question 31

In a lexical decision task,a researcher finds no effect of priming.Which of the following statements is a plausible explanation for this?

A)The researcher neglected to tell the participants that some of the test words had been recently encountered.
B)Some of the test words were high in frequency,but others were quite low in frequency.
C)When the priming words were first presented,participants failed to pay attention to the meaning of the words.
D)The researcher had waited too long after the exposure that should have produced the priming,and so the implicit memory had faded.

Question 32

Like patients with Korsakoff 's syndrome,H.M.has difficulty with

A)implicit memory tasks.
B)unconscious memory.
C)familiarity.
D)recall.

Question 33

In many circumstances,participants correctly recognize that a stimulus is familiar,but they
Are mistaken in their beliefs about where and when they encountered the stimulus.This error
Is referred to as

A)source confusion.
B)origin error.
C)amnesia.
D)false identification.

Question 34

According to the textbook chapter,what would be the most accurate way to describe the subjective feeling of familiarity?

A)a feeling directly triggered by a stimulus that had been encountered at some point in the past
B)a conclusion you draw about a stimulus,usually in explaining an unexpected level of processing fluency
C)an effortful and erroneous process
D)a retrieval strategy

Question 35

Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory?

A)lexical decision
B)word-stem completion
C)direct memory testing
D)repetition priming

Question 36

Abigail saw the stimulus "cla--" and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters.This task is called

A)a lexical decision.
B)word-stem completion.
C)semantic priming.
D)explicit memory.

Question 37

Because of the influence of implicit memory,participants judge

A)unfamiliar sentences to be more believable.
B)familiar sentences to be more believable.
C)familiar sentences to be more believable,but only if they heard the sentence from a trustworthy source.
D)unfamiliar sentences to be more believable,but only if they have forgotten the source of the familiar sentences.

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding explicit memory is FALSE?

A)Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect.
B)Explicit memory is usually assessed by direct,rather than indirect,testing.
C)Explicit memory is usually revealed by specifically asking someone to remember the past.
D)Explicit memory is often tested by recall testing or by a standard recognition test.

Question 39

If you perceive a stimulus and then later perceive the same stimulus again,you are likely to perceive the stimulus more quickly and more easily the second time.This benefit can be described as a(n)

A)context-dependent memory.
B)explicit memory.
C)increase in processing fluency.
D)recognition memory.

Question 40

Lexical decision tasks require participants to

A)remember previously shown items.
B)quickly respond "old" or "new" to pictures of items.
C)provide the meaning of target words.
D)decide whether a letter string is a word or a nonword.

Question 41

Essam completed a name pronunciation task that included famous and nonfamous names.His ability to identify famous names was tested one day after he completed the name pronunciation task.Dane completed the same pronunciation task,and his ability to identify famous names was tested immediately after completing the task.Which finding would be anticipated?

A)Dane is more likely to describe famous names as being nonfamous.
B)Both Essam and Dane will identify previously seen nonfamous names as being famous.
C)Both Essam and Dane are more likely to identify novel nonfamous names as being famous.
D)Essam is more likely to describe nonfamous names as being famous.

Question 42

Weston is initially unsure how to answer the question "What is the capital of Wisconsin?" When provided with the hint "It's a girl's name," Weston quickly recalls that the capital is Madison.Which of the following best explains this?

A)There was a strong flow of activation from the Wisconsin nodes to the Madison nodes.
B)There was no connection between the Wisconsin nodes and the Madison nodes.
C)The Madison node was activated once it received activation from both the Wisconsin and the girl's names nodes.
D)There was a strong connection between the girl's names nodes and the Madison nodes.

Question 43

Your friend asks you what you ate for breakfast yesterday morning.Describe how you might search and retrieve that information by considering how activation might spread through a network.

Question 44

In a classic demonstration,Claparède showed that

A)the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient can be changed by a recent event even though the patient shows no signs of remembering that event.
B)Korsakoff 's amnesiacs show more severe retrograde amnesia than anterograde amnesia.
C)Korsakoff 's amnesiacs show an extraordinary ability to recall their plans for the future even though they cannot remember their own pasts.
D)the behavior of a Korsakoff 's amnesia patient is less well organized than clinicians have theorized.

Question 45

Amnesia can provide insight into the role of memory in our everyday lives.For example,if H.M.was having a conversation with a friend and noticed the friend looking off in the distance and smiling,he was most likely to

A)attribute the smile to the funny joke he made a few minutes ago.
B)not know why his friend was smiling.
C)smile back because H.M.would know the smile was a sign of friendship.
D)forget the conversation immediately,because his attention had been turned to his friend's smile.

Question 46

H.M.had much of his hippocampus removed to alleviate seizures.An unfortunate side effect was impaired explicit memory,even though later testing revealed that his implicit memory was spared.This result provides one half of a double dissociation.In order to complete the double dissociation,which of the following patients would need to be found?

A)a patient with intact implicit memory and intact explicit memory
B)a patient with an intact hippocampus and explicit memory deficits
C)a patient with intact explicit memory and impaired implicit memory
D)a patient with explicit memory intact and a damaged hippocampus

Question 47

Double dissociations in memory are important because they

A)provide strong evidence for separate memory systems.
B)remain unchallenged by contemporary standards.
C)provided early evidence of the extent of H.M.'s amnesia.
D)suggest that damage to any area of the brain will impact all memory functioning.

Question 48

Considering the influence of context dependence on memory,provide three tips for students (or yourself!)who are studying for an upcoming exam.

Question 49

Abby had enjoyed playing with toy cars with her 4-year-old nephew two weeks ago.As a result,she has decided to purchase toy cars for her friend's 4-year-old son's upcoming birthday.She has no recall of which toy cars her nephew has.She is most likely to select

A)toy cars with vibrant colors.
B)toy cars in the "New Arrivals" section of the toy store.
C)toy cars her nephew has.
D)toy cars of varying sizes.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about the role the hippocampus plays in memory?

A)Hippocampus damage is associated with retrograde amnesia.
B)The hippocampus is important only for old memories from months and years back.
C)The hippocampus plays an important role in establishing new memories.
D)Korsakoff patients have little to no damage in hippocampal areas.

Question 51

Current evidence indicates that patients suffering from Korsakoff's amnesia

A)show greater disruption in implicit memory than in explicit memory.
B)suffer from disruption in both implicit and explicit memory.
C)show intact implicit memory with perceptual cues but disrupted implicit memory with conceptual cues.
D)have preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory.

Question 52

If given a lexical decision task,would you respond faster to the pair "music-disk" or "dog-rug"? Explain your answer by including
1) a description of the lexical decision procedure.
2) an explanation of semantic priming.
3) a reference to the spreading activation network.

Question 53

The famous patient H.M.was unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery.The surgery apparently produced

A)repression.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)infantile amnesia.

Question 54

Describe the "remember/know" paradigm by answering the following questions:
a.What is the primary task in this paradigm?
b.On what process does "remembering" depend? What about "knowing"?
c.What does this paradigm tell us about the nature of memory?

Question 55

Geraldo,a lawyer,has read about a case (Jones v.Arizona)that he thinks will help one of his clients.Geraldo wants to make sure that he remembers to discuss the case with his client,and also wants to remember to bring up the case in his opening statement in court.His best approach is likely to be to

A)repeat to himself,over and over again,"Don't forget Jones v.Arizona."
B)reread the summary of the case several times.
C)build multiple retrieval paths between the new case and the situations in which he wishes to use it.
D)put the case book containing Jones v.Arizona on his desk with all of the other books and hope he finds it when his client arrives and when he writes his opening statement.

Question 56

H.M.had part of his hippocampus removed.The resulting disruption primarily involved

A)anterograde amnesia.
B)retrograde amnesia.
C)both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
D)nonverbal disabilities.

Question 57

The term "processing pathway" refers to

A)the steps one goes through in retrieving information from memory.
B)the sequences of nodes and connections between nodes that activation flows through.
C)the connections between the retina and the occipital cortex.
D)the increased ease of recall that results from repeated exposure.

Question 58

In the "false fame" experiments,participants were asked to read through a list of names,merely pronouncing each name out loud.Later,participants were shown a second list,and asked which names on this list were the names of the famous people.Some of these names were utterly fictitious but were actually repeats of names that had appeared on the earlier (pronunciation)list.People were most likely to identify a fictitious name as famous if

A)the pronunciation task and the famous judgments were separated by at least 24 hours.
B)the pronunciation task and the famous judgments were separated by only a few minutes.
C)many fictitious names were shown on the second (fame)list.
D)the individual had previously completed a famous name identification task.

Question 59

Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff's amnesia for the last decade.Theodore is LEAST likely to do which of the following actions?

A)accurately recall events from early childhood
B)hold a coherent conversation
C)recall events that occurred last month
D)recognize people he met 18 years ago

Question 60

Mark suffered a blow to the head many weeks ago,causing retrograde amnesia.Which of the following is Mark LEAST likely to remember?

A)facts that he learned in the month after his injury,including the layout of the hospital in which he received care
B)any explicit memory for an event that took place just after his injury
C)specific episodes in the 2 weeks following his injury
D)events that took place just prior to his injury

Question 61

Describe the case of H.M.Describe two memory tests that H.M.would not be able to complete and two tasks that he might successfully complete.Based on your knowledge of memory,explain why he would show this pattern of results.

Question 62

Explain the steps that lead to a judgment of familiarity.How might you manipulate those steps to create an illusion of familiarity?

Question 63

Argue in favor of or against the statement "Familiarity might be best classified as a conclusion you draw,rather than a feeling." Back up your thesis by including relevant empirical evidence.

Question 64

Imagine that you are hired at a public relations firm to spread the message that Sour Patch Kids are a healthy alternative to vegetables.Using your knowledge of the principles of familiarity,how might you go about convincing people that this is true?

Question 65

Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.Include in your discussion a description of the various testing methods that are used to assess each type of memory.

Question 66

Imagine you are on a jury and subjected to conflicting eyewitness testimonies.One individual,Paul,says,"The defendant told me he took the money." The defendant claims that he is innocent,that Paul is misremembering,and that,in fact,their mutual friend Jake is the one who took the money.Given your knowledge of source memory,describe how this mix-up could occur.As a juror,what would you do in this case?