Deck 11: Visual Knowledg

Question 1

Evidence from fMRI studies indicates that people show similar patterns of activity in the brain when viewing objects as they do when ________ the objects.

A)visualizing
B)talking about
C)thinking about the names of
D)avoiding thinking about

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Damage to brain areas needed for vision

A)usually has little impact on visualizing.
B)generally has opposite effects on visualizing and on vision.
C)is likely to destroy the patient's ability to create detailed images,but leaves other aspects of visualization intact.
D)often has disruptive effects for visualizing similar to the disruption observed for visual perception.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Chronometric studies

A)are time-measuring techniques used to record how long it takes to complete a mental process.
B)have been relatively uninformative for the study of complex mental events.
C)have documented the descriptive (languagelike)properties of mental imagery.
D)require an understanding of the brain events underlying a particular mental function.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bradley suffers from the pattern termed "visual neglect." He is asked to imagine that he is looking at the front of his home and to describe everything he can see.His response will be

A)detailed for the entire scene.
B)more detailed for the left side of the scene.
C)more detailed for the right side of the scene.
D)based on his schema of a house,not his own house.

Question 5

Bobby wants to be a "good participant" in an experiment,so he tries to perform in a way that will impress the experimenter.Bobby is sensitive to the experiment's

A)demand character.
B)external validity.
C)internal validity.
D)ecological validity.

Question 6

A researcher asks a participant to memorize a city map.On the map,the library and the school are 2 inches apart;the school and the hospital are 4 inches apart.The researcher now instructs the participant to form an image of the map and to scan from the library to the school.The researcher then asks the participant to scan from the school to the hospital.It is most likely true that the scanning time from the school to the hospital is ________ the scanning time between the library and the school.

A)half
B)triple
C)the same as
D)double

Question 7

In some studies,participants have been asked to visualize a particular stimulus (e.g. ,the letter A).If the same stimulus is then presented at low contrast,the prior visualization

A)has no effect on the perception of the stimulus.
B)primes perception,but no more than when participants were asked to visualize a different letter (e.g. ,the letter B).
C)disrupts perception of the stimulus.
D)serves to prime perception of the stimulus.

Question 8

In some cases,participants (often unknowingly)change their responses to what they think the experimenter is looking for.Here participants are said to be sensitive to the ________ of the experiment.

A)demand character
B)imagined response
C)implicit hypothesis
D)mental weightings

Question 9

Matt is shown pictures of two three-dimensional shapes and asked to determine if the shapes are identical,but simply viewed from different angles.Answering this question requires Matt to imagine one of the shapes rotating into (possible)alignment with the other.Which of the following statements about Matt's task is true?

A)The larger the required the rotation,the faster responding will be.
B)The smaller the required rotation,the slower responding will be.
C)The time it takes will be the same,regardless of the required rotation.
D)There is a systematic correlation between the required rotation and reaction time.

Question 10

If participants are asked to form a visual image of an object,such as a dog,information that will be prominent in the mental image

A)tends to concern aspects that are strongly associated with,or distinctive for,the imaged object.
B)matches the pattern of information prominent in a description of the imaged object.
C)corresponds well with the information that is prominent in an actual picture.
D)is similar to the information prominent in other forms of mental representation.

Question 11

Studies of mental rotation indicate that

A)participants are able to imagine the rotation of a two-dimensional display but are unable to imagine rotation in depth.
B)the greater the degree of rotation required,the more time is needed to imagine the rotation.
C)participants seem able to compare objects in mental imagery without bothering to imagine these objects rotated into alignment.
D)imagined rotation in depth is appreciably faster than imagined rotation in two dimensions.

Question 12

In a study by Segal and Fusella,participants were asked to visualize one stimulus while attempting to detect a different,rather faint,signal that was either visual or auditory in nature.The data indicate that the activity of visualization

A)disrupted the detection of a visual signal but had less impact on the detection of an auditory signal.
B)served to prime the visual system and the auditory system,promoting the detection of both signals.
C)served as a general distracter,disrupting the detection of either a visual or an auditory signal.
D)had no impact on the detection of the signal.

Question 13

When participants are asked to report on their imagery experience,we discover that

A)imagery is employed less often than researchers have proposed.
B)many individuals prefer not to use mental imagery.
C)participants differ widely in how they describe the experience.
D)visual imagery is a skill shared by all people.

Question 14

The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic pulses at a particular site on the scalp.When this technique is applied to the scalp near Area V1,the effect is

A)to give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations.
B)a temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery.
C)a permanent disruption of visual imagery,and therefore use of the technique is unethical.
D)a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery.

Question 15

A psychologist asks her experimental participants to describe their experiences using mental imagery.The psychologist is collecting

A)sentence verification results.
B)self-report data.
C)chronometric evidence.
D)converging evidence.

Question 16

Participants are given a task that requires them to zoom in on a mental image in order to inspect a detail.Evidence indicates that

A)the greater the distance to be zoomed,the more time is required.
B)the shorter the distance to be zoomed,the more time is required.
C)zooming in on an image is a virtually instantaneous process.
D)there is no regular relationship between the amount of zoom and the time required.

Question 17

One group of participants (Group 1)is instructed to imagine a cat,and the participants are then asked several yes/no questions about their image.A second group of participants (Group 2)is instructed simply to think about cats,with no mention of imagery,and the participants are then asked the same yes/no questions.We expect that participants in Group 1 will respond more quickly than participants in Group 2 to which of the following questions?

A)Does the cat have a head?
B)Does the cat have whiskers?
C)Is the cat a mammal?
D)Does the cat have claws?

Question 18

Which of the following claims is true for a depiction of a cat but NOT for a description of a cat?

A)Properties strongly associated with the cat (e.g. ,whiskers)will be particularly prominent.
B)The distinctive features of the cat (e.g. ,claws)will be particularly prominent.
C)Aspects of the cat that are obvious (e.g. ,the fact that the cat has a body)are likely not to be prominent.
D)The cat's head will probably be prominent,but the cat's claws are likely not to be.

Question 19

Studies of image scanning indicate that

A)participants' scanning rate is slow for short distances but is faster for greater distances.
B)there is a linear function linking scanning distances and scanning times.
C)the fastest scanning times tend to be obtained with moderate scanning distances.
D)participants are able to scan across their images virtually instantaneously.

Question 20

Studies of moment-by-moment brain activity indicate that

A)the activity of visualization produces widespread activation of the brain,particularly in the left hemisphere.
B)the brain regions needed for visualization do not overlap with the brain regions needed for actual vision.
C)when participants are visualizing,activity levels are high in many of the brain regions crucial for visual perception.
D)different people employ different brain areas to support their visualizing.

Question 21

Researchers have argued that visual images are created by

A)activating large-scale "templates" in long-term memory.
B)following "recipes" for the image construction,with the recipes drawn from image files in long-term memory.
C)activating the relevant neurons on the retina.
D)activating nodes within long-term memory that happen to be associated with sensory information.

Question 22

The textbook considers various arguments concerning the relationship between pictures and percepts.According to the text,pictures are

A)depictions,and percepts are descriptions.
B)descriptions,and percepts are depictions.
C)ambiguous,and percepts are organized and apparently unambiguous.
D)organized and thus unambiguous,and percepts are ambiguous.

Question 23

Mona has been blind since birth.Which of the following is most likely true about her imagery abilities?

A)Her imagery abilities,like her other senses,are superior to those of sighted individuals.
B)Her performance on many imagery tasks is similar to the performance of sighted individuals.
C)She will be unable to perform most tasks requiring mental imagery.
D)She will be unable to perform mental imagery tasks,unlike participants who lost their sight gradually over time.

Question 24

Evidence indicates that

A)discoveries flow easily from mental imagery provided that the discoveries are compatible with both the image's depiction and its reference frame.
B)mental imagery rarely serves as a source for creative discovery.
C)participants consistently find new and unexpected forms in their own mental images.
D)participants have an easier time making discoveries from their own mental images if the discoveries require a shift in the image's reference frame.

Question 25

Hank seems to have eidetic imagery.This means that after viewing a picture for a short amount of time,he will

A)be able to describe the spatial layout of the objects shown in the picture.
B)be able to describe many tiny details in the picture,as if he were still viewing the picture.
C)use mnemonic techniques to describe the gist of the image.
D)not be able to remember the image at all.

Question 26

Participants are asked to perform an imagery task while simultaneously keeping track of a visual target (a light that is not moving,but varies in brightness).The visual task will

A)disrupt the imagery task.
B)have no effect on the imagery task.
C)disrupt the imagery task if it requires visual imagery but not if the task can be done with spatial imagery.
D)cause the images to be less vivid but will have no other effects.

Question 27

The text argues that image files in long-term memory

A)are distinctive because special processes (like scanning or zooming)operate on them.
B)hold large-scale "templates" indicating how the imaged form looks.
C)contain the instructions needed to create a mental image.
D)usually contain a picture-like representation of an image.

Question 28

In memorizing new material,it is helpful if one imagines the items

A)interacting with each other in some way.
B)in a typical situation.
C)close to each other but separated so that each is easily visible.
D)one by one so that the items do not blur together.

Question 29

The term "photographic memory" is used in many settings.When researchers are discussing highly detailed,fully visual memory,though,they use the term

A)super-recognition.
B)hyperthymnesia.
C)perfect perception.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 30

The term "image file" refers to

A)the information that can be derived from a close inspection of a mental image.
B)the portion of long-term storage that contains all of one's knowledge about visual appearances.
C)the memory representation of a basic element of visual appearance,such as the representation for "red" or "circular."
D)descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image.

Question 31

Homer,Lisa,and Moe are asked to remember pairs of words.Homer tries to accomplish this task by rehearsing the words over and over again.Lisa decides to create a narrative combining the words.Finally,Moe decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way.Who is likely to have the WORST memory for the words?

A)Homer
B)Lisa
C)Moe
D)They will remember them equally well.

Question 32

________ imagery is associated with how things look,while ________ imagery is associated with an abstract form or arrangement.

A)Spatial;visual
B)Visual;spatial
C)Spatial;eidetic
D)Sensory;perceptual

Question 33

Participants' self-reports about their imagery vividness

A)are often correlated with their performances on visual tasks but not with their performances on spatial tasks.
B)are generally uncorrelated with their performances on imagery tasks.
C)seem to represent only the manner in which participants describe their imagery and do not represent actual differences in the imagery experience.
D)are correlated with the ease with which participants can do mental rotation tasks.

Question 34

In a memory experiment,participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way.Half the participants were told,"Here is a picture of the sun." The other participants were told,"Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Some time later,participants were asked to draw the exact visual form they had seen earlier.The data indicate that

A)participants' visual memories were distinct from their verbal memories,so participants were uninfluenced by the labels.
B)participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels they had been given earlier.
C)the labels had called attention to the ambiguity of the figures,leading to improved memory accuracy.
D)participants were able to remember only the labels,not the drawings.

Question 35

Brian's brain was damaged because of a stroke,and he has lost the ability to do tasks that require judgments about visual appearance,including tasks requiring him to think about an object's color.On the basis of other evidence,Brian

A)may still be able to perform normally on spatial tasks.
B)will also be unable to do auditory tasks,including tasks requiring him to think about pitch.
C)will also be unable to do image scanning.
D)will also be unable to perform mental rotation tasks.

Question 36

Words that easily evoke imagery,like "ball," are ________ relative to words like "hope."

A)more easily remembered
B)less easily remembered
C)remembered equally as well
D)unlikely to be remembered

Question 37

The ________ face area of the visual cortex is highly active for faces,while the ________ place area is highly active for places.

A)fusiform;fusiform
B)fusiform;parahippocampal
C)parahippocampal;fusiform
D)ventral;dorsal

Question 38

According to the dual-coding framework proposed by Paivio,a word like "chair" is ________ than a word like "faith."

A)easier to memorize
B)more difficult to memorize
C)more easily confused with another word
D)easier to identify

Question 39

When asked to determine which city is farther south,Seattle or Montreal,people are likely to mistakenly say "Seattle." This is probably because

A)people depend on their "gut feelings" when they don't know an answer.
B)some spatial information is stored in memory in a propositional form rather than an image form.
C)people are great at reading visual images and can discover surprising facts in them.
D)people are poor at reading visual images,and so images are no help in this type of problem.

Question 40

The picture of the duck/rabbit is ambiguous.However,consider someone who is inspecting a visual image of this form.If the person does not already know how to reinterpret this picture,the person is unlikely to discover the alternative interpretation by inspecting the image.But hints such as "Try thinking about the form as facing to the right" can help the person to see both aspects of the image.Why would this hint help?

A)This hint alters the image's reference frame.
B)This hint encourages mental rotation.
C)This hint alters the depiction.
D)This hint acts like a new retrieval pathway for the object.

Question 41

An individual suffering from unilateral neglect experiences an impaired ability to do which of the following?

A)report the details on the left side of space when describing both what they see in the real world and what they visualize
B)report the details on the left side of space when describing what they see in the real world,but show no impairment for reporting the details of the left side of their visualized space
C)report the details on the left side of space when describing what they have visualized,but show no impairment for reporting the details of the left side of space in the real world
D)report any details of what they are asked to visualize as they are considered "non-imagers"

Question 42

Which of following statements is FALSE about memory for pictures?

A)Picture memory benefits from rehearsal.
B)Picture memory is affected by schematic knowledge.
C)Picture memory can be affected by intrusion errors.
D)Picture memory does not show the primacy or recency effect.

Question 43

Describe the method and results from one chronometric study of visual imagery.Next,argue for or against the idea that demand characteristics could lead to that pattern of behavior and results.

Question 44

In one study on picture memory,researchers showed participants pictures of typical scenes,such as a bedroom.In each typical scene there were some unexpected objects (e.g. ,a washing machine).During the test,participants were shown the same scene with a few changes.Results from this study indicate that

A)participants rarely noticed any changes in the scene.
B)only changes to the largest objects (e.g.the bed)were noticed.
C)changes to the unexpected objects were often noticed.
D)changes to the typical objects were usually noticed.

Question 45

Describe the various experimental techniques that psychologists have used to study visual imagery.Include a brief description of the task and the basic findings.Which of these techniques rely on self-report? Describe the strengths and weaknesses of relying on self-report to study visual imagery.

Question 46

Which of the following statements best describes what is known about spatial imagery in blind individuals?

A)Individuals who have been blind since birth do not have spatial imagery because they have never developed an understanding of what items looks like.
B)Individuals who become blind later in life have intact spatial imagery because they were previously able to map out a visual layout of space even though they can no longer do so.
C)Individuals who have been blind since birth have intact spatial memory,represented by series of imagined movements or some broader cognitive ability about spatial arrangements.
D)Individuals who become blind later in life have intact spatial imagery because they can remember what it was like to see and can still visually map a layout of space.

Question 47

With respect to the storage of images,how are images different from other mental representations?

A)They are different in working memory,but not in long-term memory.
B)They are not different.
C)They are not susceptible to encoding specificity effects.
D)Memory for images is more complete relative to memory for other representations.

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding presentation of two different inputs,one to each eye,that cannot be combined by the visual system (also known as binocular-rivalry presentation)?

A)You will be aware of the left input first and then the right input (if you are an English speaker),as we are primed to view things on the left first because that is how we read.
B)You can be influenced as to which input you will likely see first if you are asked to visualize one of the two inputs beforehand.
C)You will be aware of one input for a few moments,then the other input for a few moments,but there is no way to predict which one you will see first.
D)You can be influenced to see whichever input you would like first by ignoring demand characteristics.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true regarding how visual imagery affects the perception of other objects?

A)Visual imagery interferes equally with your ability to perceive visual and auditory stimuli.
B)Visual imagery can interfere with your ability to perceive auditory information,but not your ability to perceive visual information.
C)Visual imagery can either improve or interfere with your ability to perceive visual information,depending on the relationship between what you're visualizing and what you're trying to perceive.
D)Visual imagery does not interact with your ability to perceive.

Question 50

Gertrude is shown a picture of a backyard and later asked to replicate the image by drawing it.When compared to the original,her drawing has a "zoomed-out" perspective,and it includes more of the background than the original image actually did.This tendency is called

A)wide-angle memory.
B)larger context.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)boundary extension.

Question 51

Which of the following is true regarding spatial imagery and its relationship to visual imagery?

A)Spatial imagery first requires visual imagery to map the spatial layout,but it is then represented as a series of imagined movements.
B)Spatial imagery does not rely on the same areas of the brain as visual imagery,so damage to visual areas will not interfere with spatial imagery.
C)There is no distinction between spatial imagery and visual imagery.
D)Spatial imagery relies on some of the same areas of the brain as visual imagery,so damage to visual areas will impact visual as well as some aspects of spatial imagery.

Question 52

One technique researchers have used to directly test whether demand characteristics are influencing the results of mental scanning tasks is

A)to scan the participant's brain and to see if areas of the brain associated with imagery are active.
B)to explicitly tell participants to not pay attention to any cues that the experimenter may be giving.
C)to ask participants to make judgments about spatial layout as if they were looking at an actual picture.
D)to ask participants to make judgments about spatial layout without ever mentioning the idea of "imagery."

Question 53

In image-scanning procedures,evidence suggests that demand characteristics are

A)likely to be the reason why participants show the pattern of longer response times with longer scans,because participants draw on their knowledge of the world and "simulate" that experience.
B)not the likely the cause of why participants show the pattern of longer response times.
C)likely to be the reason why participants show the pattern of longer response times with shorter scans,because participants calculate and base their reaction times on how long they expect it would take to complete the task.
D)not the likely reason why participants show the pattern of longer response times with longer scans,but experiments are unable to rule out the demand character explanation.

Question 54

The concept of boundary extension suggests that

A)people understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema.
B)schemas influence memory for images,but not as much as they influence memory for verbal information.
C)people remember pictures in a "zoomed-in" manner.
D)semantic knowledge has no influence on memory for images.

Question 55

In memorizing new material,the pattern of "dual coding" refers to

A)the strategy of encoding the material from two separate visual perspectives.
B)the process of encoding the material on two separate occasions.
C)steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.
D)the formation of a mental image in which the target item is in two separate relationships with its surrounding context.

Question 56

How do imagery and perception influence and interact with one another? Under what circumstances will they work together to facilitate processing and memory? Under what circumstances will they interfere with one another and potentially hinder processing? What does this tell us about the nature of imagery?

Question 57

Which of the following sentences would best describe the notion of boundary extension?

A)"Don't judge a book by its cover."
B)"Think about the big picture."
C)"Don't believe everything you see."
D)"Seeing is believing."

Question 58

Memory for pictures

A)tends to be excellent,but rarely includes specific visual details about the pictures.
B)shows an influence of schematic knowledge,just like memories of other sorts.
C)is not influenced by rehearsal.
D)is accurate even for elements of the picture that were not closely attended during the initial encoding.

Question 59

Boundary extension suggests that,if given a picture of a classroom with a chalkboard,desks,and students,people are likely to

A)remember it as less of a close-up than it actually was,adding bookshelves or other objects that routinely appear in classrooms.
B)include objects that were not part of the original scene,such as a teacher.
C)remember the salient objects,such as desks,but neglect the background,such as the chalkboard.
D)remember it with great accuracy.

Question 60

Which of the following findings is most consistent with the propositional theory of knowledge?

A)When asked whether San Diego or Reno is farther west,participants respond remarkably accurately,as they can easily conjure a visual representation of a map of the United States for reference.
B)When asked whether a mouse has whiskers,participants are slower to respond if they are first asked to imagine a mouse standing next to an elephant.
C)When asked to draw a picture from memory,participants tend to show more of the background than was actually present in the original image.
D)When asked to draw an ambiguous image from memory,the ambiguity will disappear and will look more like whatever semantic label was given to the image during the original presentation.

Question 61

Compare and contrast imagery and perception.In what ways are they similar? How do they differ?

Question 62

David suffers from unilateral neglect.Describe the visual and mental imagery abnormalities that he likely experiences.

Question 63

Describe the circumstances under which someone would be classified as having a true "photographic" (or,more precisely,"eidetic")memory.

Question 64

How could one improve his or her visual memory? List the techniques that can be used and describe which approaches are most effective.What does this suggest about the nature of imagery within memory,generally?

Question 65

Describe how memory for pictures is similar to other kinds of long-term memories,and then describe how it is different.

Question 66

Differentiate between visual imagery and spatial imagery by considering the experiences of a blind person.Use a mental rotation task as the basis for your evaluation.

Question 67

Long-term memory (LTM)contains images that can include verbal labels or visual representations.Compare and contrast the effects that these two sources of information have on memory by answering the following questions:
a.What sort of memory errors would you expect when verbal labels are stored? Visual representations?
b.Why would it be beneficial to have both forms of information in LTM?