Deck 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime

Question 1

Bandura demonstrated,through a series of theoretical and experimental studies,that a significant amount of learning takes place:

A)absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
B)with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
C)both a and b are correct

Answer 1

A

Question 2

______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.

A)Sheldon
B)Tarde
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Sutherland

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists.

A)Sutherland and Hirschi
B)Alex and Leonar
C)Sykes and Matza
D)none of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

______ theory emphasizes various types of social learning,specifically classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and imitation or modeling.

A)differential association
B)differential reinforcement
C)differential identification
D)neutralization

Question 5

______ consist of a wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts.

A)internal controls
B)indirect controls
C)direct controls
D)external controls

Question 6

Sutherland was interested in explaining:

A)why the elderly were not involved in criminal activity
B)how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another
C)both a and b

Question 7

What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory?

A)family
B)media
C)friends
D)community

Question 8

Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors.Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables.

A)associations
B)modeling
C)rewards and punishments
D)definitions

Question 9

The four constructs of social bonding theory is made up of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)conformity
B)attachments
C)involvement
D)commitment

Question 10

Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland's work with contributions from the field of ______.

A)sociology
B)psychiatry
C)social psychology
D)psychology

Question 11

Sutherland introduced ______theory.

A)differential access
B)learning
C)differential association
D)none of these

Question 12

All of the following are considered learning theories EXCEPT:

A)differential reinforcement theory
B)differential association theory
C)collective conscience theory
D)neutralization theory

Question 13

The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ______,which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitled to mess up by doing something illegal.

A)appeal to higher loyalties
B)defense of necessity
C)condemning the condemner
D)metaphor of the ledger

Question 14

Tarde introduced imitation theory,which incorporated three laws of imitation.Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation?

A)the inferior is imitated by the superior
B)people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact
C)when two mutually exclusive methods come together,one method can be substituted for another

Question 15

Spanking is considered an example of ______.

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive punishment

Question 16

Sutherland's theory of differential association had ______ different elements.

A)7
B)8
C)9
D)4

Question 17

______ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action.

A)modeling
B)classical conditioning
C)imitation
D)operant conditioning

Question 18

Differential associations vary in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)duration
B)frequency
C)priority
D)moderation

Question 19

The text states that it is arguable that ______ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated)model of criminal offending.

A)neutralization theory
B)differential reinforcement theory
C)power-control theory
D)containment theory

Question 20

In the process of classical conditioning,the organism,animal,or person is a(an)______ actor in the process,simply receiving stimuli and responding.

A)passive
B)involved
C)active
D)dynamic

Question 21

The idea that criminal behavior is learned was a radical idea at the time it was presented.

Question 22

Neither Burgess and Aker's model nor Sutherland's theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.

Question 23

When criminal behavior is learned,the learning includes techniques of committing the crime,which are always very complicated.

Question 24

Matza's drift theory is highly consistent with several of the ideas presented by control theorists,including all of the following assumptions EXCEPT:

A)selfish tendencies are universal
B)selfish tendencies appear at times when controls are weakest
C)selfish tendencies are inhibited by socialization and social controls
D)selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years

Question 25

Control theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why individuals learn criminal behavior.

Question 26

______ assumes that in households where the mother and father have relatively similar levels of power at work,mothers will be less likely to exert control over their daughters.

A)Neutralization theory
B)Differential reinforcement theory
C)Power-control theory
D)Containment theory

Question 27

______ assumes that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual.

A)Neutralization theory
B)Differential reinforcement theory
C)Control theory
D)Learning theory

Question 28

Nonsocial reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement.

Question 29

Low self-control theory proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not.Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life.

Question 30

The notion of collective conscience can be seen as an early form of the idea of social bonding.

Question 31

Sutherland was greatly influenced by Shaw and McKay's concept of social disorganization.

Question 32

The gray area between free will and determinism is called ______.

A)soft determinism
B)drift
C)classical determinism
D)hard determinism

Question 33

People learn rules,morals,and values through a process of socialization.

Question 34

Sutherland was adamant that such learning about how and why to commit crime occurred through social interaction with significant others and via any media role models,such as those in movies or on the radio.

Question 35

______ takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media.

A)Differential association
B)Differential reinforcement
C)Differential identification
D)Containment

Question 36

The assumption that people have innate antisocial tendencies is a controversial one because it is nearly impossible to test.

Question 37

Learning theories believe that individuals enter the world with a blank slate,or tabula rasa.

Question 38

Sutherland's differential association theory is hard to test because it uses too many different types of learning models.

Question 39

Classical conditioning assumes that animals,as well as people,learn through associations between stimuli and responses.

Question 40

The weaker the collective conscience in a society,the more crime in that community.

Question 41

Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.

Question 42

Explain classical conditioning.

Question 43

Give two (2)examples of a positive reinforcement.

Question 44

Explain Hirschi's four elements of social bonding theory.

Question 45

What does the term collective conscience mean?

Question 46

Explain how having a stake in conformity would prevent most people from committing crime.

Question 47

Explain what the Bo-Bo doll experiment was and how it was related to Bandura's theory.What implications did Bandura's findings have? How could these findings be applied to a real-world issue or problem?

Question 48

At the time differential association theory was developed,most academics and society believed what?

Question 49

Explain low self-control theory by Gottfredson.

Question 50

What are the two (2)propositions related to control-balance theory?

Question 51

What did Bandura propose as the way individuals learn their attitudes and behaviors?

Question 52

Explain the theory of drift and give two (2)examples of when drift may occur.

Question 53

How do learning theories differ from other theories?

Question 54

Explain five (5)of the seven (7)propositions of differential reinforcement theory.

Question 55

Learning criminality is likened to learning everyday activities.Give an example of an everyday activity learned from others as criminality is learned.