Deck 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives Criminality

Question 1

______ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

A)aggravated assault
B)rape
C)burglary
D)arson

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established ______.

A)in the first years of life
B)during adolescence
C)around puberty
D)at the age 18

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Chronic offending often starts with ______ offenses,such as truancy,smoking,and underage drinking,but then escalates to more serious offenses,such as burglary,robbery,and assault.

A)major
B)minor
C)both a and b

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the following committed at an early age can be considered "red flags" for determining the likelihood of an individual becoming a chronic offender EXCEPT:

A)history of delinquency
B)fire-setting
C)cruelty to animals
D)history of bed wetting

Question 5

Before 1970,criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ______ of individual criminal careers.

A)factors
B)variables
C)stages
D)development

Question 6

The general theory of crime,proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi,assumes that self-control must be established by age ______.

A)18
B)10
C)15
D)5

Question 7

______ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times.

A)onset
B)duration
C)intensity
D)frequency

Question 8

Assigning special caseworkers for high-risk pregnancies,such as those involving ______,is another possible policy implication related to developmental theories.

A)low birth weight
B)C-section births
C)fibromyalgia
D)breech births

Question 9

Children of immigrants reported significantly higher rates/percentages of violence against ______ (according to studies).

A)fathers
B)mothers
C)siblings
D)grandparents

Question 10

Studies have shown a link between childhood exposure to domestic violence and violent offending at older ages.This is called:

A)reaction cycle
B)circle of abuse
C)feedback loop
D)cycle of violence

Question 11

______ refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending (or at least doesn't get caught again).

A)onset
B)desistance
C)intensity
D)frequency

Question 12

Sampson and Laub's developmental model is considered a more specified form of:

A)social learning theory
B)Moffitt's taxonomy
C)theory of drift
D)social control theory

Question 13

The ______ of offending is when the offender first begins offending,and desistence is when an individual stops committing crime.

A)onset
B)duration
C)intensity
D)frequency

Question 14

Commitment to school and attachments to ______ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency,according to Thornberry's interactional model.

A)siblings
B)teachers
C)friends
D)parents

Question 15

Thornberry combined ______ and ______ models when developing interactional model.?a.social control;social learning
B)routine activities;social learning
C)social control;rational choice
D)routine activities;social control

Question 16

The World Health Organization (2006)estimated that annual economic costs in the United States due to child abuse totaled about ______.

A)$94 billion.
B)$20 million.
C)$70 trillion.
D)none of these

Question 17

Once low self-control is set at an early age,there is no way to develop it afterward (according to the general theory of crime).Developmental theory believes that:

A)people can change over time
B)people cannot change over time
C)people will always remain the same in their beliefs
D)actions may change,but beliefs do not

Question 18

______ developed the developmental theory or taxonomy involving life-persistent and adolescence-limited offenders.

A)Sampson & Laub
B)Thornberry
C)Moffitt
D)Gottfredson & Hirschi

Question 19

The most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life?

A)prenatal and adolescence
B)prenatal and perinatal
C)perinatal and nanogenarian
D)adolescence and nanogenarian

Question 20

There is no systematic global data collection regarding child abuse;however,the ______ estimates child abuse for research use.

A)Glueck Harvard study
B)World Health Organization
C)Child Protective Services
D)Federal Bureau of Investigation

Question 21

Universal preschool should be funded and provided for all young children.Studies have shown that this leads to better performance,both academically and socially,once they enter school.

Question 22

What is the general theory of crime proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi?

Question 23

What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?

Question 24

Thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of ______ that an individual holds regarding criminal offending.?a.pressures
B)associations
C)moral beliefs
D)corrupt values

Question 25

Inadvertent exposure to toxins,such as lead,has shown an alarming causal connection to persistent criminality.

Question 26

Thornberry's model puts the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of moral beliefs that individuals hold regarding criminal offending.

Question 27

The text states that there are very few policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality.

Question 28

Sampson and Laub emphasized the importance of certain events and life changes that can alter an individual's decisions to commit (or not commit)criminal actions.

Question 29

Offender frequency is referred to as lambda.

Question 30

Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested are never arrested again.

Question 31

Developmental theories suggest the earlier stages of life are likely the most important in determining whether an individual will engage or not engage in criminal activity throughout life.

Question 32

Onset refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending.

Question 33

Early onset offending is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious,violent offending behavior.

Question 34

Life-course persistent offenders are estimated to account for 4% to 8% of all offenders-albeit the most violent and chronic offenders.

Question 35

Transitions are specific events such as marriage or stable employment that can be important in altering long-term trends in behavior.

Question 36

Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested:

A)continue committing minor-status offenses
B)graduate to higher level petty crimes
C)subsequently commit serious criminal acts
D)are never arrested again

Question 37

The general theory of crime assumes that self-control must be established by age 13.

Question 38

Self-selection refers to:

A)selecting where an individual will live
B)picking friends based on their previous delinquent behavior
C)learning criminality from delinquent associations
D)selecting who the individual will marry

Question 39

Developmental theories are explanatory models of criminal behavior that follow individuals throughout their life course of offending,thus explaining the development of offending over time.

Question 40

A great example of persistence in offending is represented by the story of a 41-year-old man named Kevin Holder in Lincoln,Nebraska,who has been arrested 226 times.

Question 41

What is the difference between transitions and trajectories,and how do these relate to the developmental model proposed by Sampson and Laub?

Question 42

Discuss three policies your text discusses that can help reduce criminality according to the theories in this chapter.

Question 43

Describe adolescence-limited offenders and provide an example.

Question 44

Why does the text state that more can be learned from looking at the years prior to the age of twelve (12)as compared to the teenage or young adult years?

Question 45

Explain how an individual's siblings or peers can decrease their likelihood for delinquency.

Question 46

Explain the self-selection versus social learning debate as related to Thornberry's interactional model.

Question 47

Give one reason why the Glueck Harvard study conducted on 1,000 boys may have some methodological issues?

Question 48

How can you relate Sampson and Laub's transitions and trajectories to a reformed prisoner pleading for parole?

Question 49

List three (3)of the five (5)primary theoretical constructs of Thornberry's interactional model.

Question 50

Define developmental theory.

Question 51

Explain how the general theory of crime established by Gottfredson and Hirschi explains serial killers and how they differ (or not)from the average criminal (for example,a burglar).

Question 52

Why does the text state that policies emphasizing the prenatal and perinatal stages of life are the most important?

Question 53

What are the two (2)types of offenders explained in Moffitt's developmental theory or taxonomy? Explain how they differ and how this taxonomy is considered developmental theory.