Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Children between ages 8 and 11 are less likely to recognize the importance of friends meeting each other's needs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The children of divorce are more likely to have conduct disorders, to abuse drugs, and to have poor grades in school.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following theories focuses on the importance of rewards and modeling in middle childhood?

A) Gender schema theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Cognitive-developmental theory
D) Social cognitive theory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to studies by Abrams et al. in 2014 and Smith & Rose in 2011, children with better perspective-taking skills tend to:

A) have improved peer relationships.
B) be intelligent and emotionally stable.
C) concentrate on external traits.
D) become more egocentric over time.

Question 5

Conflicts among friends tend to be very intense and often remain unresolved.

Question 6

As children undergo the cognitive developments of middle childhood, their self-concepts focus on concrete external traits, such as appearance, activities, and living situations.

Question 7

When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.

Question 8

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by:

A) a decline in egocentrism.
B) failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
C) suppression of sexual feelings.
D) anxiety about separating from parents.

Question 9

In middle childhood, children depend more on external rewards and punishments and struggle to regulate their own behavior.

Question 10

A conduct disorder is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as school phobia.

Question 11

Students do not do as well when teachers rely heavily on criticism, ridicule, threats, or punishment.

Question 12

Separation anxiety disorder usually becomes a significant problem in middle childhood because that is when children are expected to adjust to school.

Question 13

Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.

Question 14

Teachers, like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.

Question 15

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have authoritarian parents.

Question 16

Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.

Question 17

Which of the following deals with the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others?

A) Coregulation
B) Social stratification
C) Resocialization
D) Social cognition

Question 18

Children with conduct disorders have a high tolerance for frustration.

Question 19

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children:

A) concentrate on external traits, such as appearance and living situations.
B) are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
C) fail to regulate their own behavior.
D) depend more on external rewards and punishments.

Question 20

Children of working mothers tend to be inflexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 21

Jack is seven years old. He did not eat his lunch at school. He knows that his mother would be angry if she does not know the reason why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believes that his mother would understand if he explained to her that the food was stale. According to Selman, this scenario illustrates level _____ of perspective-taking skills in childhood.

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 22

Which of the following refers to the gradual transfer of control from parent to child during middle childhood?

A) Regression
B) Social cognition
C) Coregulation
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 23

A difference between children in middle childhood and children in their preschool years is that:

A) children and parents spend less time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
B) children evaluate their parents less harshly in middle childhood than they did in preschool years.
C) parents provide more direct feedback in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.
D) parents do more monitoring of children's activities in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.

Question 24

According to a study by Steca et al. in 2014, children who experience learned helplessness:

A) believe that success is based on effort.
B) believe that success is based on ability.
C) obtain the reward they seek.
D) change their strategies to attain success.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of parent-child relationships in middle childhood?

A) Children spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Parents do more monitoring of their children's activities than they did in the preschool years.

Question 26

According to studies by Tobin et al. in 2010 and Underwood & Rosen in 2011, in middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts regarding _____ than boys.

A) general academics
B) mathematics
C) physical ability
D) physical appearance

Question 27

According to studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with low self-esteem are more likely to have _____.

A) authoritarian parents
B) permissive-indulgent parents
C) restrictive parents
D) benevolent parents

Question 28

According to studies by Amato in 2006 and Hicks et al. in 2013, the children of divorce are:

A) more likely to have good grades in school.
B) more likely to have conduct disorders.
C) less likely to abuse drugs.
D) less likely to rebound even after many years.

Question 29

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in level 1:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 30

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in level 0:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 31

According to a study by Steca et al. in 2014, a child with low self-esteem in academics tends to:

A) change his or her strategy.
B) make persistent effort.
C) quit following failure.
D) show more confidence in his or her ability.

Question 32

According to Selman, in level _____ of perspective-taking skills in childhood, a child realizes that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 33

Charlene was born as a girl, but she feels that she should have been a boy. She would prefer to be a boy and engage in activities for boys. She is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery to become male. Which of the following terms best describes Charlene?

A) A homosexual
B) A transsexual
C) A heterosexual
D) A bisexual

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem of children in middle childhood?

A) By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
B) Children's self-esteem rises throughout middle childhood, reaching a high peak at 12 or 13.
C) Children with low self-esteem tend to have parents who are restrictive, while children with a favorable self-image are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
D) During middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts in math and physical appearance than boys.

Question 35

According to a study by Selman & Dray in 2006, because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to?12-year-olds:

A) are more receptive to direct feedback from parents than they did in the preschool years.
B) rate their peers as their best source of emotional support.
C) evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood.
D) seek to spend more time with their fathers than their mothers.

Question 36

According to studies by Tobin et al. in 2010 and Underwood & Rosen in 2011, in middle childhood, boys tend to have more positive self-concepts in _____ than girls.

A) helping others
B) reading
C) physical appearance
D) general academics

Question 37

According to studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

A) authoritative
B) lenient
C) negligent
D) restrictive

Question 38

Which of the following is true of middle childhood?

A) Mothers' interactions with school-age children continue to revolve around recreation.
B) Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Children evaluate their parents less harshly than they did in early childhood.

Question 39

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in level 2:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 40

According to Selman, in level _____ of perspective-taking skills in childhood, a child finally realizes that both he or she and another person can consider each other's point of view at the same time.

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 41

According to studies by Nomaguchi in 2006 and Wright & Young in 1998, children of working mothers tend to be:

A) less prosocial and more anxious.
B) strongly delinquent in their behavior.
C) less achievement oriented.
D) flexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?

A) Students learn more in classes when they are working on their own than when they are supervised by teachers.
B) Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
C) Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D) Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students.

Question 43

According to a study by Rice in 2014, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed children (and adults) ''underutilize'' the neurotransmitter _____.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) adenosine
D) epinephrine

Question 44

A similarity between teachers and parents is that both:

A) do not set limits on behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) communicate values and foster development.
D) allow children to share troubling ideas and experiences.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?

A) Peers are oriented toward nurturing positive physical, social, and cognitive development.
B) Peers set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.
C) Peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
D) Peers exert the most powerful influence on a child during his or her first few years.

Question 46

According to Anita Woolfolk, which of the following is a way in which teachers can help motivate all students to do their best?

A) By making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
B) By minimizing social interactions in the classroom
C) By treating all students alike irrespective of the students' backgrounds
D) By helping students to focus on long-term goals instead of short-term goals

Question 47

According to a study by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological ''alarm reaction,'' which is indicated by:

A) a sharp rise in the heart rate.
B) a drastic decrease in the blood pressure.
C) stability in breathing .
D) lack of sweating.

Question 48

Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail biology because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates Jacob's _____.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) external attribution style
C) social cognition
D) attention-deficit disorder

Question 49

According to studies by Rodkin et al. in 2013 and Xie et al. in 2006, socially speaking, popular children:

A) have low self-esteem.
B) are nurturant, cooperative, and helpful.
C) are more likely to be rejected by their peers.
D) remain on the fringes of peer groups.

Question 50

Children with _____ may show poor appetite, insomnia, lack of energy and inactivity, loss of self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in people and activities they usually enjoy, crying, feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, and thoughts of suicide.

A) phobia
B) depression
C) conduct disorders
D) anxiety disorders

Question 51

A similarity between schools and parents is that both:

A) make demands for mature behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) allow children to share troubling ideas and experiences.
D) do not set limits on behavior.

Question 52

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?

A) Autonomous interdependence
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 53

According to a study by Hangal & Aminabhavi in 2007, daughters of employed women:

A) exhibit strong delinquent behavior.
B) have more rigid views of gender role stereotypes.
C) set higher career goals for themselves.
D) tend to be less prosocial and more anxious.

Question 54

In the context of socialization influences, peers, like parents:

A) set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.
B) help children learn what types of impulses they can express safely.
C) serve as powerful role models and dispensers of reinforcement.
D) are oriented toward nurturing positive physical, social, and cognitive development.

Question 55

Children with conduct disorders:

A) do not have temper flare-ups.
B) have a high tolerance for frustration.
C) tend to blame other people for their scrapes.
D) avoid indulging in sexual activity before puberty.

Question 56

According to Robert Selman, in which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship, do children (adolescents, and adults) understand that friendships grow and change as people change and that they may need different friends to satisfy different needs?

A) Autonomous interdependence
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 57

In 1980, Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _____ stage, children remain egocentric.

A) autonomous interdependence
B) momentary physical interaction
C) fair-weather cooperation
D) intimate and mutual sharing

Question 58

Sarah is a middle school teacher. She believes that Aaron, a fifth grader, is a bright student even though his performance so far has been average. Sarah pays more attention to Aaron, mentors him, and helps him with his lab experiments. As a result, Aaron gets better grades during the current school year. This scenario is an example of _____.

A) the Pygmalion effect
B) learned helplessness
C) social cognition
D) the Boomerang effect

Question 59

In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence is linked to _____.

A) high self-esteem
B) depression
C) phobia
D) egocentrism

Question 60

Children with _____ exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.

A) attention-deficit disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) conduct disorders
D) depression

Question 61

_____ is an irrational, excessive fear that interferes with one's functioning.

A) Anxiety
B) Phobia
C) Coregulation
D) Latency

Question 62

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to:

A) explore their environment and become progressively independent.
B) display a sense of security when they are separated from parents.
C) plead with their parents to leave the house.
D) cling to their parents and follow them around the house.

Question 63

Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _________ stage, friends are viewed as doing things for one another, but the focus remains on self-interest.
A. autonomous interdependence
B. momentary physical interaction
C. fair-weather cooperation
D. one-way assistance

Question 64

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood described by Selman, children in_________ are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
A. level 0
B. level 1
C. level 2
D. level 3

Question 65

Discuss the origins and treatment of conduct disorders.

Question 66

Explain parent-child relationships during middle childhood.

Question 67

According to a study by Graham & Reynolds in 2013, _________ techniques involving parent training hold promise for the treatment of conduct disorders.
A. cognitive-behavioral
B. psychoanalytical
C. gender-schema
D. physiological

Question 68

Describe the effects of schools on child development in middle childhood.

Question 69

Except for extreme cases, it is usually not better for children with _____ to remain at home until the origins of the problem are uncovered and resolved.

A) school phobia
B) learned helplessness
C) conduct disorder
D) social cognition

Question 70

Explain Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality in the context of middle childhood. Do Erikson's views on middle childhood contradict those of Freud?

Question 71

Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _________ stage, children are less egocentric but view a friend as someone who does what they want.
A. autonomous interdependence
B. momentary physical interaction
C. fair-weather cooperation
D. one-way assistance

Question 72

How does self-esteem change during middle childhood?

Question 73

According to _________, children in the middle years are in the latency stage of development.
A. social cognitive theory
B. psychoanalytic theory
C. coregulation theory
D. cognitive-developmental theory

Question 74

According to Selman, children in _________ of perspective-taking skills in childhood realize that the perspectives of the larger social group also must be considered.
A. level 1
B. level 2
C. level 3
D. level 4

Question 75

Jenna is six years old. She is hesitant to go to school every morning. She often experiences stomachaches and vomiting. She pleads with her mother not to send her to school. This scenario illustrates that Jenna is suffering from _____.

A) conduct disorder
B) attention-deficit disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) separation anxiety disorder

Question 76

A child with _____ may voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime.

A) conduct disorder
B) separation anxiety disorder
C) narcissistic personality disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 77

In a research study by Green in 1978, it was found that all of the 13 older children in the study who were being reared or had been reared by lesbians or transsexuals were _________ in orientation.
A. homosexual
C. bisexual
B. heterosexual
D. transsexual

Question 78

According to Piaget, middle childhood coincides with the stage of _________.
A. latency
B. concrete operations
C. coregulation
D. self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 79

_________ is the way in which one is disposed toward interpreting outcomes (successes or failures), as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself or on external factors.
A. A self-fulfilling prophecy
B. An attributional style
C. Social cognition
D. Selective perception

Question 80

Children with _________ are often involved in sexual activity before puberty and smoke, drink, and abuse other substances.
A. depression
B. conduct disorders
C. separation anxiety disorders
D. phobias