Deck 15: Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

During middle adulthood, reaction time increases with age mainly because of:​

A) an increase in the production of keratinocytes.
B) changes in the nervous system.
C) changes in dietary habits.
D) the shrinking of heart and lung muscles.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The resting metabolic rate-also called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)-declines during middle adulthood.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Leukocytes are foreign bodies that cause infection.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Erectile problems can arise when clogged or narrow arteries leading to the penis deprive the penis of blood and oxygen.

Question 5

Cataracts, glaucoma, and hearing loss are usually problems of middle adulthood.

Question 6

Which of the following refers to the body's system of skin, hair, and nails?​

A) The integumentary system
B) The immune system
C) The lymphatic system
D) The cardiovascular system

Question 7

Mature learners are more likely than younger learners to find the subject matter interesting for its own sake.

Question 8

All types of memory functions decline in middle adulthood.

Question 9

The wrinkling associated with aging is actually caused by:​

A) changes in the nervous system.
B) the decline in the basal metabolic rate.
C) the loss of bone density.
D) exposure to ultraviolet rays.

Question 10

Mature learners often share their thoughts or perspectives with the class.

Question 11

Sexual dysfunctions are persistent or recurrent problems in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm.

Question 12

Heart disease most commonly results from arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is accurate about physical development during middle adulthood?​

A) During middle adulthood, reaction time decreases, whereas bone density increases.
B) During middle adulthood, basal metabolic rate increases, whereas lean-body mass increases.
C) During middle adulthood, lung capacity decreases, whereas body mass index increases.
D) During middle adulthood, lung capacity increases, whereas reaction time decreases.

Question 14

Cancer is a chronic, noncommunicable disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells.

Question 15

The stress hormones connected with anger can constrict the blood vessels to the heart, leading to a heart attack in people who are vulnerable.

Question 16

Reaction time is the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

Question 17

Homicide and suicide are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood.

Question 18

The climacteric refers to the gradual decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries.

Question 19

Crystallized intelligence tends to decrease during adulthood while fluid intelligence tends to increase.

Question 20

Hair usually begins to gray in middle adulthood due to:​

A) a decrease in the production of melanin.
B) the replacement of muscle tissues by fat tissues.
C) an increase in the production of insulin.
D) the shrinking of heart and lung muscles.

Question 21

Which of the following is one among the leading causes of death in early adulthood?​

A) Suicide
B) Heart disease
C) Cancer
D) AIDS

Question 22

Who among the following middle-aged individuals is most likely suffering from atherosclerosis?

A) Rebecca experiences episodes of night sweats and hot flushes.
B) Jane's doctor tells her that there is a buildup of plaque in the lining of her arteries.
C) Judy's doctor tells her that she is vulnerable to fractures due to the decline in bone density.
D) Lisa feels feverish after she accidentally cuts her finger with a knife.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true about the health of middle-aged people in the U.S?​

A) The majority of middle-aged Americans have not been vaccinated for preventable diseases.
B) There are racial, ethnic, and gender differences in the incidence and treatment of various diseases.
C) Women, more so than men, resist seeking health care when symptoms arise.
D) There is little awareness among middle-aged people about preventive health care.

Question 24

Which of the following refers to the fatty deposits that develop in the lining of arteries?​

A) Tumor
B) Plaque
C) Clot
D) Lump

Question 25

Which of the following is the basic fuel and energy source for cells?​

A) Melanin
B) Insulin
C) Glucose
D) Calcium

Question 26

Which of the following changes occurs during middle adulthood?​

A) Aerobic capacity increases.
B) The amount of muscle decreases.
C) Bone density increases.
D) The amount of fat decreases.

Question 27

Which of the following is a similarity between benign tumors and malignant tumors?​

A) Both are cancerous and pose a threat to life.
B) Both invade and destroy surrounding tissues.
C) Both release cells that perform metastasis.
D) Both are formed by uncontrollable growth of cells.

Question 28

Which of the following terms refers to the foreign substances that enter the body?​

A) Antigens
B) Leukocytes
C) Antibodies
D) Erythrocytes

Question 29

In the U.S, which of the following communities has the poorest survival rate from cancer?​

A) Latin Americans
B) African Americans
C) American Indians
D) European Americans

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of traditional methods of treating cancer?​

A) They only use surgery and radiation as methods of removing cancerous tissue.
B) They result in the strengthening of the immune system.
C) They have side effects such as nausea and loss of appetite.
D) They destroy only the malignant cancerous tissues.

Question 31

Which of the following parts of the body secretes the hormone insulin?​

A) The pancreas
B) The pituitary gland
C) The hypothalamus
D) The medulla

Question 32

Which of the following is a technical term for a blood clot?​

A) Tumor
B) Plaque
C) Lump
D) Thrombus

Question 33

Which of the following is a biological risk factor in heart disease?​

A) High-serum cholesterol
B) Job strain
C) Access to health care
D) Emotional strain

Question 34

Which of the following measures increases during middle adulthood?​

A) Bone density
B) Body mass index
C) Blood sugar tolerance
D) Basal metabolic rate

Question 35

Which of the following tests is used to screen women for breast cancer?​

A) An electrocardiogram
B) A mammogram
C) An electroencephalogram
D) A lymphogram

Question 36

Which of the following is a sign of a heart attack?

A) A decline in bone density
B) Diminished lung capacity
C) Prolonged chest pain
D) A decrease in body fat

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of a heart attack?​

A) It can be fatal if the victim is not attended to within the first two hours.
B) It is caused by a deficiency of estrogen in the body.
C) It is caused due to the uncontrollable division of cells.
D) It is treated by methods like radiation and chemotherapy.

Question 38

Which of the following is a measure of the health of the heart?​

A) A baseline electrocardiogram
B) A digital rectal exam
C) A mammogram
D) A baseline electroencephalogram

Question 39

During middle adulthood, aerobic capacity declines as:​

A) less oxygen is taken into the lungs and less blood is pumped by the heart.
B) sensitivity to insulin is lost by the muscle tissues.
C) lean-body mass, which includes muscle, is replaced by fat.
D) large amounts of calcium are lost by the bones, making them porous and brittle.

Question 40

The body responds to the presence of antigens by:​

A) producing more insulin through the pancreas.
B) burning fewer calories than usual.
C) coordinating appropriate muscular responses.
D) generating specialized proteins, or antibodies.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of inflammation?​

A) It is a function of the cardiovascular system.
B) It is characterized by unpleasant sensations like hot flushes and night sweats.
C) It leads to an increase in brittleness and porosity of bones.
D) It increases the supply of white blood cells that combat antigens at points of damage.

Question 42

Which of the following is a stress hormone connected with anger?​

A) Insulin
B) Epinephrine
C) Melanin
D) Rhodopsin

Question 43

During middle adulthood, cognitive development is characterized by a(n):​

A) decline in procedural memory.
B) increase in processing speed.
C) decrease in reaction time.
D) increase in crystallized intelligence.

Question 44

The immune system retains the capacity to battle antigens by:​

A) maintaining their antibodies in the bloodstream.
B) increasing the amount of glucose absorbed by the cells.
C) increasing the production of red blood cells.
D) regulating the body temperature near the area of an injury.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is accurate of cognitive development in middle adulthood?​

A) Intellectual development in adulthood shows multidirectionality and interindividual variability.
B) Intellectual abilities are established in early adulthood and cannot be modified in middle adulthood.
C) Cognitive development in middle adulthood is characterized by an increase in fluid intelligence.
D) Cognitive development in middle adulthood is characterized by a decrease in crystallized intelligence.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of perimenopause?​

A) It is an abnormal state and requires medical assistance.
B) It is characterized by three to eleven months of amenorrhea.
C) It signals an end to women's sexual appetite.
D) It occurs due to the lack of testosterone in the body.

Question 47

In the context of cognitive development, plasticity is the fact that:​

A) creativity gradually declines in middle-aged people.
B) intellectual abilities are not absolutely fixed but can be modified.
C) people do not age in the same way or at the same rate.
D) some aspects of intellectual functioning may improve while others remain stable or decline.

Question 48

Christine is going through the phase of perimenopause and is troubled by episodes of hot flushes and night sweats. Which of the following treatments will help Christine cope with these symptoms?​

A) Enzyme replacement therapy
B) Radiation therapy
C) Hormone replacement therapy
D) Chemotherapy

Question 49

Which of the following is true of sexual dysfunction?​

A) Men report a higher prevalence of sexual dysfunctions than women do.
B) The prevalence of every sexual dysfunction except premature ejaculation decreases with age.
C) Men are always ready to engage in sexual activity and do not have sexual dysfunctions.
D) The most prevalent sexual problems in women are low sexual desire and difficulty reaching orgasm.

Question 50

Osteoporosis is linked to the deficiency of:​

A) estrogen
B) norepinephrine
C) oxytocin
D) adrenaline

Question 51

Which of the following defines vasomotor instability?​

A) It is a persistent or recurrent problem in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm.
B) It is the fact that people do not age in the same way or at the same rate.
C) It is the disruptions in the body mechanisms that dilate or constrict the blood vessels to maintain an even body temperature.
D) It is the disorder characterized by abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills that begins after about two years of apparently normal development.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of hormone replacement therapy?​

A) It uses synthetic estrogen and progesterone to treat perimenopausal sensations.
B) It increases the risks of osteoporosis and colon cancer.
C) It increases the hot flushes and other symptoms brought about by estrogen deficiencies.
D) It significantly decreases the risks of strokes and blood clots.

Question 53

Lee, an experienced doctor, discovers that he recalls most of his medical training and that he has built up on it in the course of years. However, he fails to remember the Italian that he learnt when he was a student abroad. In the context of cognitive development, the differences in Lee's abilities illustrate the principle of:​

A) multidirectionality
B) transitivity
C) interindividual variability
D) plasticity

Question 54

Unpleasant perimenopausal sensations such as night sweats, hot flushes, and hot flashes are caused due to the deficit of:​

A) testosterone
B) epinephrine
C) estrogen
D) adrenaline

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true of crystallized intelligence?​

A) It decreases through middle adulthood.
B) It is a product of environmental factors rather than neurological factors.
C) It is associated with faculties like spatial orientation and numeric ability.
D) It affects the perceptual speed of middle-aged people.

Question 56

Linda, a fifty-year-old, goes back to college after being a baker for several years. Through her college years, she studies diverse subjects which enrich her knowledge. This scenario illustrates an increase in her level of:​

A) fluid intelligence
B) existential intelligence
C) interpersonal intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of osteoporosis?​

A) It occurs due to long-term testosterone deficiency.
B) It reflects vasomotor instability.
C) It increases the risk of serious fractures, especially of the hip.
D) It is known to improve cognitive functioning.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of sexual activities in middle adulthood?​

A) The frequency of sexual activities declines dramatically in middle adulthood.
B) The most common sexual problem among men is erectile dysfunction.
C) In the later part of middle adulthood, a majority of women are sexually inactive.
D) Women in middle-adulthood whose partners use Viagra report low levels of sexual satisfaction.

Question 59

The _____ is known as the climacteric.

A) gradual loss of sexual desire
B) onset of menstruation in a girl
C) persistent problem in becoming sexually aroused
D) gradual decline in reproductive capacity of the ovaries

Question 60

Which of the following best defines amenorrhea?​

A) It is the lack of menstruation.
B) It is the recurring problem in reaching an orgasm.
C) It is the lack of sexual desire in women.
D) It is the onset of menstruation.

Question 61

Which of the following faculties is strongly associated with crystallized intelligence?​

A) Inductive reasoning
B) Spatial orientation
C) Numeric ability
D) Perceptual speed

Question 62

Does stress influence immunity levels in human beings?

Question 63

Do racial and gender differences influence the incidence and treatment of diseases?​

Question 64

_________ is the stage of adulthood that begins at 40-45 and ends at 60-65.
A. Middle adulthood
B. Early adulthood
C. Late adulthood
D. Advanced adulthood

Question 65

Mature learners are more likely to:​

A) share their thoughts and perspectives with the class.
B) find the subject matter disinteresting and worthless.
C) think that they are up to date on their ideas and views.
D) resent their subordinate status in a teacher-student relationship.

Question 66

How does aerobic capacity change during middle adulthood?

Question 67

During middle adulthood, the skin tends to lose its _________.
A. elasticity
B. color
C. dryness
D. porosity

Question 68

The _________ is the body's defense against infections and some other sources of disease.
A.respiratory system
B. cardiovascular system
C. immune system
D. nervous system

Question 69

Compare crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

Question 70

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the functioning of procedural memory?​

A) Jay looks at his old school pictures and recollects the names of his friends.
B) Winny memorizes the names of famous scientists and their discoveries.
C) Miriam discovers her old piano and realizes that she still remembers how to play it.
D) Martha recollects her childhood memories and records it in her diary.

Question 71

The _________ refers to the research finding that IQ scores increased some 18 points in the United States between the years of 1947 and 2002.
A. Matthew effect
B. Flynn effect
C. Cohort effect
D. Streisand effect

Question 72

_________ is a common vision problem in middle adulthood.
A. Cataract
B. Presbyopia
C. Glaucoma
D. Osteoporosis

Question 73

Heart disease most commonly results from _________, or hardening of the arteries.
A. astigmatism
B. phenylketonuria
C. arteriosclerosis
D. presbyopia

Question 74

The brittleness and porosity of the bones due to long-term estrogen deficiency is called _________.
A. osteoporosis
B. presbyopia
C. glaucoma
D. arthritis

Question 75

Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis are commonly used to treat _________.
A. erectile disorder
B. neurological disorder
C. cancer
D. osteoporosis

Question 76

External agents that cause cancer are called _________.
A. keratinocytes
B. leukocytes
C. antibodies
D. carcinogens

Question 77

Which of the following types of intelligence is associated with numeric ability?​

A) Existential intelligence
B) Fluid intelligence
C) Crystallized intelligence
D) Artificial intelligence

Question 78

Define menopause, perimenopause, and the climacteric.

Question 79

The decline in the _________ in middle adulthood is largely attributable to the loss of muscle tissue and the corresponding increase in fatty tissue.
A. reaction time
B. resting metabolic rate
C. aerobic capacity
D. blood sugar tolerance

Question 80

Which of the following is a kind of motor memory of how to do things?​

A) Episodic memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Procedural memory