Deck 4: Infancy: Physical Development

Question 1

It is important to restrict infants' intake of fat and cholesterol just as much as it is for adults.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during the first year of life.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The cerebellum is the part of the brain involved in coordination and balance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons.

Question 5

Myelin allows electrical messages to be conducted more efficiently in the nervous system.

Question 6

Canalization is the tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of growth.

Question 7

One-month-old infants tend to pay most attention to the edges of human faces.

Question 8

Infants need more iron, pound for pound, than adults do.

Question 9

The medulla is responsible for higher-level thinking and memory.

Question 10

The first major growth spurt of the brain occurs during the fourth and fifth months after birth.

Question 11

As they age, children become more passive in response to their environments.

Question 12

Unlike physical development, motor development does not follow cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns.

Question 13

The brain regulates the growth and development of the body and influences basic drives, such as hunger and thirst, through _____.

A) electrical signals sent to the muscles and bones
B) the secretion of amniotic fluid
C) the secretion of hormones
D) electrical signals sent to the somatic nervous system

Question 14

Which of the following statements about cephalocaudal development is true?​

A) Infants gain control over their lower legs, feet, and toes before gaining control over their hips and arms.
B) The spinal cord develops more rapidly than the brain.
C) Leg buds form before arm buds.
D) Infants can sit up before they can crawl and walk.

Question 15

If a toddler's finger is pricked or burned, he or she shows distress and withdraws the finger but is less likely to thrash about wildly unlike a neonate who may withdraw the finger and also thrash about, cry, and show general signs of distress. This is an example of _____.

A) cephalocaudal development
B) regression
C) proximodistal development
D) differentiation

Question 16

Infants have more connections among neurons than adults do.

Question 17

Cephalocaudal development proceeds from the feet to the head.

Question 18

The head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during the embryonic stage.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of growth in infancy?​

A) Infants grow in spurts.
B) Infants grow constantly during the first year of life.
C) Infants grow for about 6 months out of the first year.
D) Infants grow for about 2 weeks out of every month.

Question 20

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during:​

A) prenatal development.
B) adolescence.
C) infancy.
D) the first few hours of birth.

Question 21

From birth, infants should be:​

A) fed breast milk.
B) fed cow's milk.
C) introduced to solid food.
D) given finger foods.

Question 22

In the context of iron supply in infants' diet, infants _____.

A) need significantly less iron, pound for pound, than adults do
B) do not need iron content in their diet
C) need significantly more iron, pound for pound, than adults do
D) need iron depending on their gender, similar to adults

Question 23

Which of the following is recommended when introducing solid foods to an infant?​

A) Solid foods should not be introduced until about 12 to 15 months of age.
B) Solid foods should be introduced by about two to three years of age.
C) Solid foods should be introduced from the time of birth of an infant.
D) Solid foods should not be introduced until about four to six months of age.

Question 24

_____refers to the tendency of growth rates to return to normal after undergoing environmentally induced change.

A) Canalization
B) Myelination
C) Differentiation
D) Habituation

Question 25

In the context of growth patterns in height of infants studied by Lampl et al., infants can grow:​

A) as much as 0.5 centimeters in one month.
B) as much as 2.5 centimeters in one day
C) as much as 2.5 centimeters in one month.
D) as much as 5.5 centimeters in one day.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of infant growth during the second year?​

A) All infants grow about seven to nine inches taller during this time.
B) Shorter-than-average infants tend to speed up in growth during this time.
C) Taller-than-average infants continue to speed up in growth during this time.
D) Boys mature more quickly than girls during this time.

Question 27

Samantha, a three-year-old girl, shows little progress in growth. She weighed only 22 pounds and was much shorter than most of her peers six months ago. She has been treated for failure to thrive and is now returning to her normal growth rate as her weight is showing an increase. Which of the following phenomena does this represent?​

A) Canalization
B) Myelination
C) Differentiation
D) Habituation

Question 28

Organic failure to thrive (FTT) is caused by _____.

A) psychological factors
B) biological factors
C) social factors
D) both psychological and social factors

Question 29

Which of the following is a central feature of failure to thrive?​

A) Poor coordination of eye movements
B) Poor REM sleep
C) Feeding problems
D) Underdeveloped memory

Question 30

Which of the following is a downside to breast-feeding?​

A) An increased risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer for mothers
B) An increased risk of transmission of HIV to infants by infected mothers
C) An increased risk of childhood lymphoma for infants
D) The likelihood of developing serious cases of diarrhea for infants

Question 31

According to the research done by Lampl et al., which of the following is true of growth patterns in height of infants?​

A) An infant's length increases from one-fifth of an inch to a full inch in less than 24 hours.
B) An infant grows constantly during the first year of life.
C) Gains in height are more dramatic during the first year of life than during prenatal development.
D) An infant's length increases from one centimeter to one and a half centimeters in the first month of birth.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of growth patterns in boys?​

A) Boys reach about half of their adult height by two years of age.
B) Boys reach about one-third of their adult height by five years of age.
C) Boys reach about one-fourth of their adult height by four years of age.
D) Boys reach about one-tenth of their adult height by three years of age.

Question 33

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, infants should be fed breast milk for:​

A) the first two weeks.
B) the first six months.
C) at least four months.
D) at least one year.

Question 34

The introduction of whole cow's milk to an infant:​

A) should be delayed until the infant is 9 to 12 months old.
B) should be delayed until the infant is two to three years old.
C) is recommended from the time of birth of the infant.
D) is recommended by about four to six months of age.

Question 35

An adult's arms are nearly:​

A) three times the length of the head.
B) five times the length of the head.
C) three times shorter than the length of the head.
D) five times shorter than the length of the head.

Question 36

Many women bottle-feed because:​

A) they return to work after childbirth and are unavailable to breast-feed.
B) breast-feeding increases the risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
C) breast milk is more likely to cause childhood lymphoma.
D) bottle-fed infants are less likely to develop obesity later in life.

Question 37

The introduction of finger foods to an infant is recommended:​

A) at about 9 to 12 months of age.
B) in the latter part of the first year.
C) from the time of birth of an infant.
D) at two to three years of age.

Question 38

Among neonates, the arms:​

A) are longer than the legs.
B) are shorter than the legs.
C) are about equal in length to the legs.
D) develop more slowly than the legs after the first birthday due to cephalocaudal development.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the introduction of new foods to an infant?​

A) Exposure to several foods at once is necessary so that the child has a variety of new tastes to choose from.
B) New foods should be introduced one at a time to assess for allergies.
C) It must begin with the introduction of meat followed by vegetables.
D) All new foods should be low in fat and high in fiber.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of infants' diet?​

A) Infants usually have a preference for those foods they need the most.
B) Infants do not require fiber in their diet after the introduction of solid foods.
C) Infants require more sugar and salt as these are mostly lacking in children.
D) Infants should not be restricted from eating foods rich in fat and cholesterol.

Question 41

An individual develops intellectual disability due to a disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU). Which of the following is most likely to have occurred to cause intellectual disability?

A) The replacement of myelin by hard fibrous tissue in the individual's neurons
B) The inhibition of normal myelin development in the individual's brain
C) The destruction of neurons in the individual's brain due to the transfer of myelin to the soma
D) Myelination of the prefrontal matter of the individual's brain

Question 42

Which of the following is true of locomotive development in infants?​

A) Most infants begin to crawl at about six months.
B) Crawling appears a month or so after creeping.
C) By about seven months, infants usually begin to sit up by themselves.
D) Most infants can remain in a standing position by holding on to something at the age of five months.

Question 43

Baby Bonita is eight months old. Which of the following motor activities is she most likely to be involved in?​

A) Walking
B) Crawling
C) Standing up without support
D) Running

Question 44

Messages are released from axon terminals in the form of chemicals called _____.

A) enzymes
B) neurotransmitters
C) prolactins
D) hormones

Question 45

Which of the following is true of the growth spurts of the brain?​

A) The first major growth spurt of the brain occurs during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development.
B) The first major growth spurt of the brain occurs between the 25th week of prenatal development and the end of the second year after birth.
C) The first growth spurt of the brain is due primarily to the proliferation of dendrites and axon terminals.
D) The second growth spurt of the brain is due to the formation of neurons.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?​

A) Recognizing that a door is a rectangle whether it be closed or ajar
B) Perceiving a ruler to be 12 inches long even when viewed from 6 feet away
C) Being able to see someone by means of peripheral vision
D) Scanning a human face from the edges inward

Question 47

The basic units of the nervous system are cells called _____.

A) ova
B) neurons
C) lymphocytes
D) neutrophils

Question 48

Adults' brain sare different from infants' brains in that infants' brains:​

A) have more connections among neurons than adults brains do.
B) comprise a significantly smaller percentage of the body size.
C) completely comprise of non-myelinated neurons.
D) have only about half the structures of adults' brains.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of myelination?​

A) It is complete at birth.
B) Myelination of the brain's prefrontal matter is completed during neonatal development and is connected with advances in working memory and language ability.
C) The breakdown of myelin generally occurs in the second decade of life.
D) It is part of the maturation process that leads to the abilities to crawl and walk during the first year after birth.

Question 50

Maggie, an infant, is holding a toy clumsily, using only her fingers and palm. This is an example of _____.

A) apincer grasp
B) canalization
C) an ulnar grasp
D) habituation

Question 51

In the Gibson and Walk study, _____.

A) one-month-olds did not cross the visual cliff
B) boys crossed the visual cliff earlier than girls
C) infants crossed the cliff when their mothers encouraged them to do so
D) eight out of ten crawling infants refused to cross the visual cliff

Question 52

Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?​

A) It helps a child maintain balance and control motor behavior.
B) It prevents electrical messages from traveling down the axon.
C) It facilitates the creation of neurotransmitters.
D) It minimizes leakage of electric current being carried along the axon.

Question 53

_____ are root like parts of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons.

A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Synapses

Question 54

Baby Marla's brain cannot control her heartbeat and respiration. Which part of her brain is most likely to be damaged?​

A) The medulla
B) The cerebellum
C) The cerebrum
D) The hypothalamus

Question 55

Which of the following is true of head control in neonates?​

A) They generally manage to hold their heads quite well; hence, supporting the head is no longer necessary.
B) They can lift their heads after about the first week after birth.
C) They can move their heads slightly to the side and nothing else.
D) They can lift their heads and torsos for short periods of time when on their stomachs.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of the development of the brain?​

A) A neonate's brain is more than one-third of its eventual adult size.
B) A neonate's body contains more neurons than the brain.
C) At birth, the brain contains no neurons as they develop due to experience.
D) Infants are born with about 100 billion neurons, most of which are in the brain.

Question 57

Physical development is similar to motor development in that:​

A) it follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns and differentiation.
B) it is much more predictable than cognitive development.
C) it occurs independent of other factors such as environment or nutrition.
D) it follows the same patterns as sensory and perceptual development.

Question 58

Toddlers begin to walk in a bowlegged fashion because:​

A) the parts of the brain that control locomotion are not fully developed.
B) this action requires visual-motor coordination, not present in toddlers.
C) the head and the torso are heavier than the rest of the body.
D) the principle of cephalocaudal development prevents them from walking steadily.

Question 59

Voluntary reaching and grasping are not present at birth because:​

A) these actions require visual-motor coordination.
B) these actions require development of abstract reasoning.
C) these actions require habituation.
D) these actions require neonates to direct their attention to the edges of objects.

Question 60

Myelination of motor pathways:​

A) increases the speed at which an infant can process cognitive information.
B) has no relation to the development of an infant's motor skills.
C) results in poorly coordinated motor movements.
D) allows neonates to show stereotyped reflexes.

Question 61

_________ is demonstrated by the fact that infants can hold up their heads before they gain control over their arms, their torsos, and, finally, their legs.
A. Habituation
B. Canalization
C. Cephalocaudal development
D. Proximodistal development

Question 62

In a classic experiment, Robert Fantz found that infants fixated significantly longer on _________.
A. human faces
B. newsprint
C. a bull's eye
D. disks of red color

Question 63

_________ is a disorder in which hard fibrous tissue replaces myelin, impeding neural transmission.
A. Autism
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Organic failure to thrive
D. Phenylketonuria

Question 64

Briefly explain the sequence of motor development in infancy.

Question 65

Briefly explain the structures of the brain.

Question 66

A(n) _________ receives incoming messages from other neurons.
A. A neurotransmitter
B. An axon
C. A dendrite
D. The cerebellum

Question 67

Which of the following is true of the development of hearing in infants?​

A) Neonates can crudely orient their heads in the direction of a sound.
B) By nine months of age, the accuracy of infants' sound-localizing ability approaches that of adults.
C) Neonates perceive differences between speech sounds that are highly similar.
D) Infants can discriminate the sounds of their parent's voices by one month of age.

Question 68

_________ refers to the processes by which behaviors and physical structures become specialized.
A. Integration
B. Differentiation
C. Habituation
D. Canalization

Question 69

Which of the following is a similarity between the sensory changes and motor changes in infants?​

A) Both are fully developed at the time of birth.
B) Both are passive modes of development.
C) Both are linked to the maturation of the nervous system.
D) Both can be achieved without sensory stimulation.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of infants' ability to differentiate sounds?​

A) Infants learn to ignore small, meaningless variations in the sounds of their native language by the age of two months.
B) Infants can discriminate the sounds of their parent's voices by 3½ months of age.
C) By the age of one week, infants perceive differences between speech sounds that are highly similar.
D) By the age of one month, infants reliably discriminate three-syllable words such as marana and
Malana.

Question 71

Briefly describe myelination.

Question 72

Define perceptual constancy. Briefly explain size constancy and shape constancy in infants.

Question 73

A(n) _________ transmits impulses to other neurons.
A. A neurotransmitter
B. An axon
C. A dendrite
D. The cerebellum

Question 74

_____ refers to the condition of becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it.

A) Habituation
B) Canalization
C) Actualization
D) Generalization

Question 75

Which of the following statements is most likely to support the role of nature in perceptual development?​

A) Neonates are born with a variety of sensory preferences.
B) Neonates are unable to visually accommodate.
C) Four-month-olds can not distinguish between their mothers' and father's voices.
D) Maturation has no effect on perceptual development.

Question 76

Most infants can remain in a standing position by holding on to something by the age of _________.
A. one to two months
B. eight to nine months
C. two to three months
D. three to four months

Question 77

Describe the benefits and problems associated with breast-feeding.

Question 78

The _________ principle relates to the fact that infants gain control over their trunks and their shoulders before they can control their arms, hands, and fingers.
A. integration
B. differentiation
C. cephalocaudal
D. proximodistal

Question 79

People are born with about 100 billion neurons, most of which are in the _________.
A. spinal cord
B. torso
C. heart
D. brain

Question 80

Most infants can walk by themselves by the age of _________.
A. 1 to 2 months
B. 8 to 9 months
C. 12 to 15 months
D. 3 to 4 months