Deck 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Infants who show avoidant attachment:​

A) are most distressed by their mothers' departure.
B) play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion.
C) alternately cling to their mothers and push them away upon reunion.
D) seem dazed, confused, or disoriented in the presence of an attachment figure.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is true of secure infants participating in the Strange Situation method of assessing attachment?​

A) They seem dazed, confused, or disoriented upon reunion with their mothers.
B) They alternately cling to their mothers and push them awayupon reunion.
C) They are least distressed by their mother's departure.
D) They seek interaction upon reunion with their mothers.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In Kochanska's study on emotional development, resistant children were found to be most fearful and they frequently responded with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Difficult children in general are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life.

Question 5

Contact comfort is the pleasure derived from physical contact with another.

Question 6

The easy child has irregular sleep and feeding schedules.

Question 7

Emotional abuse involves failure to provide adequate nurturance and emotional support.

Question 8

Adults, especially fathers, show more positive reactions when girls play with boys' toys and boys play with girls' toys.

Question 9

In the mirror technique designed to assess the development of self-concept among infants, nose touching suggests that children recognize themselves and that they perceive that the dot of rouge is an abnormality.

Question 10

Which of the following methods was developed by Mary Ainsworth to measure the development of attachment in infants?​

A) Emotional regulation
B) The social referencing method
C) The Strange Situation method
D) Mirror technique

Question 11

The Strange Situation method assesses:​

A) how an infant responds when the mother leaves the room and when she comes back.
B) how a child will recover after having suffered abuse at the hands of an unknown adult.
C) the type of temperament a child has.
D) a neonate's physical health.

Question 12

According to Kochanska's study on emotional development, at 33 months of age, securely attached children were more likely to show fear and anger when they were exposed to situations designed to elicit these emotions.

Question 13

Which of the following types of attachment is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions?​

A) Avoidant attachment
B) Secure attachment
C) Resistant attachment
D) Indiscriminate attachment

Question 14

Abused children show a low incidence of personal and social problems and psychological disorders.

Question 15

Physiologically, when emotions are strong, our hearts beat less rapidly.

Question 16

Infants who display disorganized-disoriented attachment may show contradictory behaviors, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her.

Question 17

Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than children cared for in the home.

Question 18

Fathers are more likely to play games involving toys, and patty-cake and peek-a-boo with their children, whereas mothers often engage in rough-and-tumble play with their children.

Question 19

Mutism is a disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservation of sameness, and ritualistic behavior.

Question 20

Children with stranger anxiety are less fearful when they are in familiar surroundings, such as their homes, rather than in the laboratory.

Question 21

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an infant's attachment to the mother is primarily a result of:​

A) fulfillment of oral needs.
B) identification with the mother.
C) reinforcement and shaping of the infant's behavior by the mother.
D) the achievement of object permanence on the part of the mother.

Question 22

According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver, usually the mother?​

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate attachment phase

Question 23

According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment occurs at about six or seven months?​

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate attachment phase

Question 24

The _____ phase of attachment lasts from birth to about three months.

A) absolute-attachment
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) initial-preattachment
D) clear-cut-attachment

Question 25

Which of the following children would be the most distressed by the departure of their father from the room in which they are playing?​

A) Scott, who shows ambivalent/resistant attachment to his father
B) Jean, who shows disorganized-disoriented attachment to her father
C) Erik, who shows avoidant attachment to his father
D) Lisa, who shows secure attachment to her father

Question 26

According to the study conducted by the Harlows and their colleagues, rhesus infants:​

A) fended off attacks by other monkeys.
B) reared in the most solitary confinement later avoided other monkeys.
C) only extended their social contacts to older monkeys.
D) were physically and socially delayed when they started to walk.

Question 27

Which of the following statements would a person who adheres to the behavioral view of attachment most likely agree with?​

A) Infants associate their caregivers with gratification and learn to approach them to meet their needs.
B) A caregiver becomes not just a reinforcer but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.
C) Infants become emotionally attached to their mothers during the first year because they are the primary satisfiers of the infants' needs for food and sucking.
D) If caregivers are to be missed when absent, the infant must perceive that they continue to exist.

Question 28

If caregivers are to be missed when absent, the infant must perceive that they continue to exist. This reflects the concept of _____.

A) object permanence
B) classical conditioning
C) instinctive attachment
D) unconscious identification

Question 29

Which of the following is a difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment?​

A) Secure attachment is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by the display of attachment behaviors toward any person.
B) Secure attachment is characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion.
C) Secure infants and toddlers are less happy, less sociable, and less cooperative than insecure infants.
D) Secure children get along better with peers and are better adjusted in school than insecure children at ages five and six.

Question 30

Babies displaying disorganized-disoriented attachment:​

A) play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion.
B) show ambivalence upon reunion by alternately clinging to their mothers and pushing them away.
C) seem dazed and confused in the presence of an attachment figure.
D) seek interaction upon reunion and are readily comforted by the attachment figure.

Question 31

According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by preference for familiar figures?​

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate attachment phase

Question 32

Which of the following theories of the development of attachment suggests that attachment is learned through conditioning?​

A) Biological
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Cognitive
D) Behavioral

Question 33

Spitz's classic study of infants in an orphanage showed that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation:​

A) appear depressed and withdrawn.
B) show great interest in adults when given more stimulation.
C) are responsive to strangers.
D) showed elevated rates of failure to thrive syndrome.

Question 34

Which of the following is a difference between avoidant attachment and ambivalent attachment?​

A) Infants who show avoidant attachment are least distressed by their mother's departure, while infants who display ambivalent attachment are the most stressed.
B) Infants who show avoidant attachment cling to their mothers upon reunion, while infants who display ambivalent attachment ignore their mothers upon reunion.
C) Infants who show avoidant attachment are more emotional than infants who display ambivalent attachment.
D) Infants who show avoidant attachment display contradictory behavior toward an attachment figure, unlike infants who show ambivalent attachment.

Question 35

Which of the following children would be the least distressed by the departure of their mother from the room in which they are playing?​

A) Moira, who shows disorganized-disoriented attachment to her mother
B) Charles, who shows ambivalent/resistant attachment to his mother
C) Henry, who shows avoidant attachment to his mother
D) Lily, who shows secure attachment to her mother

Question 36

Which of the following is true of attachment patterns?​

A) They are not influenced by deterioration of home life.
B) They become unstable when an insecure infant becomes securely attached over a six-month period.
C) They remain unstable for infants receiving fine care.
D) They tend to persist when caregiving conditions remain constant.

Question 37

According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?​

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The avoidant attachment phase

Question 38

Which of the following is true of insecure infants?​

A) They mildly protest their mother's departure.
B) They tend to suffer from psychological disorders during adolescence.
C) They seek interaction upon reunion and are readily comforted by their caregivers.
D) They are happier, more sociable, and more cooperative with caregivers than secure infants.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of parents of secure infants?​

A) They spend less time tending to their children than parents of insecure infants do.
B) They are less responsive to their children and report feeling more distant from them.
C) They are more affectionate, cooperative, and predictable than parents of insecure infants.
D) They respond less sensitively to their infants' smiles and cries.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of abused children?​

A) They have low self-esteem and perform poorly in school.
B) They are more intimate with peers.
C) They are more securely attached to their parents.
D) They show a low incidence of personal and social problems.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of stranger anxiety in children?​

A) It peaks at nine to twelve months of age.
B) It appears at about three months of age.
C) It declines at six months of age.
D) It ends after one year of age.

Question 42

When young Mathias's mother says, ''Good morning honey, how did you sleep?'', he responds by simply repeating what she said instead of answering her question. This is a form of language disturbance called:​

A) pronoun reversal.
B) echolalia.
C) mutism.
D) social referencing.

Question 43

Which of the following is the most likely cause of autism?​

A) Advanced maternal age
B) Use of vaccines
C) Improper child rearing
D) Very high birth weight

Question 44

Which of the following is true of children with fear of strangers?​

A) They show more anxiety when their mothers are present.
B) They are less fearful in a laboratory setting.
C) They show distress by crying, whimpering, gazing fearfully, and crawling away.
D) They develop the fear when they are around one to three months of age.

Question 45

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:​

A) a range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities.
B) abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills.
C) significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism.
D) social deficits and stereotyped behavior.

Question 46

According to a study conducted by Kochanska, at the age of 14 months, resistant children:​

A) tend to shun affectionate contacts such as hugging, cuddling, and kissing.
B) frequently respond with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy.
C) are characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behavior.
D) are less likely to show fear and anger.

Question 47

Which of the following is a difference between an easy child and a difficult child?​

A) An easy child has regular sleep and feeding schedules, while a difficult child has irregular sleep and feeding schedules.
B) An easy child is slow to accept new people and situations, while a difficult child approaches new situations with enthusiasm.
C) An easy child responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying, while a difficult child is generally cheerful.
D) An easy child suffers from negative withdrawal in response to new stimuli, while a difficult child responds positively to new stimuli.

Question 48

In terms of temperament, the _____ has regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations with enthusiasm and adapts to them easily, and is generally cheerful.

A) insecure child
B) slow-to-warm-up child
C) difficult child
D) easy child

Question 49

One-year-old Mathew observes his father behaving comfortably in the presence of a stranger. Seeing this, Mathew also stops being afraid of the stranger. This is an example of:​

A) insecure attachment.
B) secure attachment.
C) social referencing.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 50

Which of the following is a characteristic of Rett's disorder?​

A) Loss of previously acquired skills, such as the ability to walk and to communicate
B) Stereotyped behavior
C) Social deficits
D) A range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities

Question 51

Home-reared infants are:​

A) more helpful and cooperative with peers and adults than children placed in day care.
B) more independent, self-confident, outgoing, and affectionate than children placed in day care.
C) less aggressive toward peers and adults than children placed in day care.
D) less peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than children placed in day care.

Question 52

Research indicates that children in day care:​

A) are less independent, self-confident, and outgoing.
B) have better school performance during the elementary school years.
C) are less aggressive than children who do not attend day care.
D) physically grow less than children who are not placed in day care.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of emotional regulation?​

A) Children displaying emotional regulation look toward a disturbing event or suck their thumbs.
B) Children of secure mothers are less likely to regulate their own emotions in a positive manner.
C) Infants learn to regulate their emotions with help from caregivers.
D) Insecure infants show greater emotional regulation during adolescence than secure infants.

Question 54

Infants who display social referencing:​

A) form their own view of a situation or person.
B) look away from a disturbing event or suck their thumbs.
C) use caregivers' facial expressions or tone of voice as clues on how to respond.
D) are indifferent to new situations or persons as long as their caregivers are present.

Question 55

A(n) _____ is a state of feeling with physiological, situational, and cognitive components.

A) emotion
B) outlook
C) mood
D) trait

Question 56

Which of the following is true of autistic children?​

A) They show strong interest in social interaction.
B) They actively seek eye contact.
C) They show deficits in peer play, imaginative play, imitation, and emotional expression.
D) They tend to seek affectionate contacts such as hugging, cuddling, and kissing.

Question 57

Kai developed normally until the age of two, after which he began to lose skills that he had previously acquired. Kai may be suffering from:​

A) childhood disintegrative disorder.
B) dyslexia.
C) Rett's disorder.
D) autism.

Question 58

Which of the following is a difference between children with day-care experience and home-reared children?​

A) Children placed in day care may be less aggressive toward peers and adults than children who are reared in the home.
B) Children with day-care experience are more peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than do home-reared children.
C) Children in high-quality day care are less likely to share their toys than home-reared children.
D) Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than children cared for in the home.

Question 59

The _____ child is slow to accept new people and situations, takes a long time to adjust to new routines, and responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying.

A) secure
B) slow-to-warm-up child
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 60

Which of the following is true of self-awareness?​

A) It helps an infant seek out another person's perception of a situation to help it form its own response.
B) It facilitates the development of emotions such as embarrassment and envy.
C) It prohibits a child from developing notions of sharing and cooperation.
D) It has no effect on an infant's social and emotional development.

Question 61

_________ is a type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion.
A. Avoidant attachment
B. Insecure attachment
C. Secure attachment
D. Resistant attachment

Question 62

According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, the _________ lasts from birth to about three months.
A. selective attachment phase
B. clear-cut-attachment phase
C. attachment-in-the-making phase
D. initial-preattachment phase

Question 63

_________ is characterized by abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills that begins after about two years of apparently normal development.
A. Separation anxiety disorder
B. Asperger's disorder
C. Childhood disintegrative disorder
D. Rett's disorder

Question 64

What is social referencing?​

Question 65

According to the _________ view of attachment, the caregiver, usually the mother, becomes not just a "reinforcer" but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.
A. ethological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

Question 66

_________ refers to the individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life.
A. Temperament
B. Social referencing
C. Emotional regulation
D. Self-concept

Question 67

_________ is a type of attachment characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency.
A. Disorganized-disoriented attachment
B. Insecure attachment
C. Secure attachment
D. Indiscriminate attachment

Question 68

Briefly describe the three types of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of infant boys?
​

A) They are discouraged from participating in rough-and-tumble play by their parents.
B) They are likely to be decked out in a pink or yellow dress and embellished with ruffles and lace.
C) They are encouraged to engage in more physical activity than girls.
D) They are most likely to play with dolls, doll furniture, dishes, and toy animals.

Question 70

According to the _________ view of attachment, attachment is an inborn or instinctive response to a specific stimulus.
A. ethological
B. cognitive
C. psychoanalytic
D. behavioral

Question 71

_________ is defined as an affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another and distress upon separation.
A. Attachment
B. Disposition
C. Temperament
D. Adhesiveness

Question 72

In the context of autism, _________ refers to the refusal to speak.
A. mutism
B. echolalia
C. conditioned silence
D. unconditioned silence

Question 73

Which of the following is true of difficult children?​

A) They approach new situations with enthusiasm and adapt to them easily.
B) They are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life.
C) They have regular sleep and feeding schedules and approach new situations with enthusiasm.
D) They are less fearful when they are in unfamiliar surroundings, such as the laboratory.

Question 74

In their infancy, both girls and boys:​

A) are provided with the same bedroom decoration and toys.
B) are encouraged to engage in the same amount of physical activity.
C) have the same preference for certain toys and play activities.
D) are similar in their social behaviors.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of infant girls?​

A) They are likely to be decked out in a pink or yellow dress and embellished with ruffles and lace.
B) They are encouraged to engage in more physical activity than boys.
C) They prefer transportation toys, tools, and sports equipment as early as 9 to 18 months of age.
D) They are encouraged to participate in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 76

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, what are the different ways of maltreating children?​

Question 77

Which of the following is true of parents of infant boys and girls?​

A) They encourage girls and boys to exchange toys.
B) They talk more to infant daughters than infant sons.
C) They provide baby girls and boys with the same bedroom decorations and toys.
D) They smile more at sons and are more emotionally expressive toward them.

Question 78

Are attachment patterns shown by children influenced by the quality of care?​

Question 79

What is insecure attachment? What are the two major types of insecure attachment?​

Question 80

_________ are scientists who study the behavior patterns characteristic of various species.
A. Ethologists
B. Psychoanalysts
C. Behaviorists
D. Cognitive theorists