Deck 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Sleep terrors usually occur during rapid-eye-movement REM sleep.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Skipping is a fine motor skill and develops later than all gross motor skills.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood.

Question 5

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due to the:​

A) increase in thickness of the skull.
B) continuation of myelination of nerve fibers.
C) increase in size of spinal cord.
D) continuation of growth of the medulla.

Question 6

In terms of height and weight gains during early childhood:​

A) boys and girls increase their amount of baby fat.
B) boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat.
C) girls become heavier and taller than boys.
D) boys and girls grow more rapidly than they did during infancy.

Question 7

At two years of age, the brain already has attained 75% of its adult weight.

Question 8

Young children are able to use retrieval cues provided to them by adults to remember things.

Question 9

Pragmatics is more difficult when children are egocentric.

Question 10

Sprouting refers to the development of new memories.

Question 11

Encopresis happens more during the day than at night.

Question 12

Girls significantly outgrow boys in height during the preschool years.

Question 13

American children between the ages of one and three average eight to nine minor illnesses a year.

Question 14

Fast mapping allows children to find their way easily in new environments.

Question 15

Children understand passive sentences before active ones.

Question 16

Infants and young toddlers find it more difficult to recover from brain damage than adults because their brain has not developed plasticity yet.

Question 17

During the preschool years, _____.

A) boys outgrow girls significantly
B) girls outgrow boys significantly
C) boys get slightly taller and heavier than girls
D) girls get heavier than boys while boys get taller than girls

Question 18

By the age of five a child's brain:​

A) has reached 50% of its adult weight.
B) has reached 75% of its adult weight.
C) has reached 90% of its adult weight.
D) has reached 10% of its adult weight.

Question 19

Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.

Question 20

Which of the following is a difference between growth during childhood years and growth during infancy?​

A) Growth during the preschool years is significantly slower than growth during infancy.
B) Growth during the preschool years is much faster than growth during infancy.
C) Growth during preschool years involves gaining more baby fat than growth during infancy.
D) Growth during preschool years requires more nutrition than growth during infancy.

Question 21

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is superior in _____.

A) problem-solving functions
B) visual-spatial functions
C) aesthetic responses
D) emotional responses

Question 22

Brendan is a one-year-old boy and has recently suffered an injury to the part of the brain that controls language. On examining him, the neurologist says that his brain will heal and that there will be no lasting damage due to his age. The neurologist bases this diagnosis on the _____ of Brendan's brain.

A) plasticity
B) carcinogenicity
C) elasticity
D) immunogenicity

Question 23

Which of the following is true about motor activity in early childhood?​

A) Motor activity begins to decline after two or three years of age.
B) Motor activity increases dramatically after three years of age.
C) Girls show a decline in motor activity whereas boys show an increase in motor activity.
D) Children become more restless and are not able to sit still as they reach four and five years of age.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true about two-year-olds?​

A) They typically have a more erratic appetite than an infant.
B) They need about 2,300 calories per day.
C) They need more calories per day than an infant.
D) They typically have an increased appetite for salty foods.

Question 25

Which of the following holds true for children moving from infancy into their second and third years?​

A) They need to consume more carbohydrates.
B) They need significantly less vitamin intake.
C) They need a significantly high fat intake.
D) They need to consume fewer calories.

Question 26

During a recent parent-teacher meeting, the teacher explains to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that he is in the design stage of artistic development. Which of the following is Cameron likely to draw?​

A) He draws and scribbles in various locations on the page.
B) He draws very artistic pictures of landscapes.
C) He draws a combination of the basic shapes.
D) He draws recognizable objects like houses and airplanes.

Question 27

The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that:​

A) connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
B) connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
C) allows the frontal lobe and the medulla to communicate.
D) allows the cerebrum to interact with the limbic system.

Question 28

Which of the following activities involves fine motor skills?​

A) Walking up stairs, two feet to a step
B) Kicking a large ball
C) Hopping on one foot
D) Building a tower with six cubes

Question 29

Which of the following activities involves gross motor skills?​

A) Painting a picture using a paintbrush
B) Stringing four beads using a large needle
C) Riding a bicycle with training wheels
D) Building a tower with six cubes

Question 30

Handedness appears to be:​

A) present only in infants.
B) influenced by genetics.
C) identical in identical twins.
D) entirely environmental in its development.

Question 31

Which of the following is true about childhood immunizations?​

A) They are used to eliminate diseases like arthritis and diabetes.
B) They are still unavailable for diphtheria.
C) They have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses.
D) They have completely eliminated serious childhood illnesses.

Question 32

In right-handed individuals, the right hemisphere of the brain is superior in _____.

A) logical analysis
B) visual-spatial functions
C) computation
D) problem-solving functions

Question 33

_____ is the tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of the injured parts.

A) Elasticity
B) Specificity
C) Efficacity
D) Plasticity

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a minor illness?​

A) Tuberculosis
B) Measles
C) Pneumonia
D) Diarrhea

Question 35

Which of the following is true of boys and girls regarding motor skills in early childhood?​

A) Girls are better at tasks requiring gross motor skills than boys.
B) Boys are better at tasks requiring precise movements than girls.
C) Motor skills of boys develop at a slower rate than that of girls.
D) Motor skills are very similar between boys and girls.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about young preschoolers?​

A) They are more likely to engage in sociodramatic play than older preschoolers.
B) They are more likely to engage in cooperative play than older preschoolers.
C) They are more likely to engage in physical play than older preschoolers.
D) They are more likely to engage in role play than older preschoolers.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the corpus callosum?​

A) It starts developing only after the age of five.
B) It processes visual information only.
C) It connects the brainstem to the frontal regions of the brain.
D) It is largely myelinated by eight years of age.

Question 38

Which of the following sentences defines gross motor skills?​

A) They are skills that involve the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination.
B) They are skills that are used for locomotion that involve large muscle groups.
C) They are skills that are used by children when drawing images or playing a musical instrument.
D) They are skills that are acquired in late childhood or early adolescence.

Question 39

Nathan and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. Which of the following forms of play are the children involved in?​

A) Sociodramatic play
B) Cooperative play
C) Creative play
D) Rough-and-tumble play

Question 40

Myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex:​

A) accounts for the decreasing memory abilities of the child.
B) accounts for the increasing fine motor skills, balance, and coordination of the child.
C) is linked to poor verbal skills in the developing child.
D) is linked to dramatic increases in the child's ability to imagine and be creative.

Question 41

Conservation is the understanding that:​

A) parents are aware of everything happening to their children even when they are not present.
B) properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.
C) one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation.
D) environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.

Question 42

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____.

A) there is a difference between real events and mental events.
B) novel words refer to unfamiliar objects and events.
C) more than one aspect of a situation can be focused on at a time.
D) the world can be perceived from another person's point of view.

Question 43

Sleepwalking is related to:​

A) immaturity of the nervous system.
B) trouble controlling impulses.
C) general misbehavior.
D) developmental and learning disorders.

Question 44

Enuresis usually occurs during the night, while encopresis usually occurs during the day.

A) Enuresis usually occurs during the night, while encopresis usually occurs during the day.
B) Enuresis is caused due to psychological factors, while encopresis is caused due to physical factors.
C) Enuresis is usually outgrown with age, while encopresis becomes more frequent with age.
D) Enuresis usually occurs among girls, while encopresis usually occurs among boys.

Question 45

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for the preoperational child because:​

A) it requires the child to have the ability of seriation.
B) the child unnecessarily compares various subclasses of information.
C) it requires the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once.
D) the child focuses on multiple large classes at a time.

Question 46

Most preschoolers sleep:​

A) 16 hours in a 24-hour period.
B) eight hours at night and take two naps per day.
C) nine to ten hours at night and take one nap per day.
D) irregularly at night and five to six hours in a day.

Question 47

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development:​

A) is characterized by sensorimotor intelligence.
B) involves the use of abstract reasoning.
C) lasts from approximately age two to age seven.
D) involves a growing mastery of formal logic.

Question 48

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares because:​

A) nightmares are more frightening.
B) sleep terrors occur during REM sleep, nightmares do not.
C) nightmares are usually outgrown, sleep terrors are not.
D) sleep terrors occur during a deeper sleep stage.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of bed-wetting?​

A) Bed-wetting is a sign of poor parenting.
B) Bed-wetting increases in occurrence with age.
C) Bed-wetting is more common among girls than boys.
D) Bed-wetting occurs more often during deep sleep.

Question 50

Harsh punishment in response to encopresis:​

A) aggravates the problem and causes anxiety.
B) will usually stop it within a few weeks.
C) appears to work for boys, but not for girls.
D) teaches self-control, and that is what is needed.

Question 51

Which of the following is a similarity between sleep terrors and somnambulism?​

A) Both occur during lighter rapid-eye movement.
B) Both involve violent agitation when awakened during an episode.
C) Both occurrences drop as children develop.
D) Both are common among adults than children.

Question 52

Which of the following is an explanation for enuresis?​

A) It may be caused by hyperactivity of the prefrontal cortex.
B) It may be caused by an immature motor cortex.
C) It may be caused by a deficit of specific neurotransmitters needed to achieve this physical control.
D) It may be caused by a pathological connection in the diencephalon.

Question 53

Children involved in violent pretend play demonstrate:

A) higher levels of creativity than other children.
B) less antisocial behavior in later childhood.
C) more helping behavior toward other children.
D) lower levels of empathy than other children.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?​

A) It involves reasoning by going from one isolated event to another.
B) It involves reasoning by looking into multiple events together.
C) It involves reasoning by going to only the most complicated event among a group of events.
D) It involves reasoning by looking into similar, related events.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of a child's zone of proximal development?​

A) It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills as a function of working with more skilled people.
B) It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills by self-learning.
C) It refers to an area in which children develop their gross motor skills by rough-and-tumble play.
D) It refers to an area in which children develop their drawing skills on their own with the passage of time.

Question 56

Being able to pretend involves:​

A) the use and recollection of symbols.
B) only basic cognitive skill.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) the ability to use language.

Question 57

Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin displays _____.

A) egocentrism
B) concrete operations
C) symbolic thinking
D) cognitive flexibility

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true about sleep terrors?​

A) They are the same as nightmares.
B) They occur during deep stages of slumber.
C) They are more common in infancy than at other ages.
D) They occur more often as the child gets older.

Question 59

Compared to children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions:​

A) are more aggressive.
B) are less cooperative.
C) show more advanced language development.
D) show lesser ability to concentrate.

Question 60

Which of the following is true about imaginary friends?​

A) They are a sign of serious cognitive problems.
B) They mean the child has problems with real relationships.
C) They are companions for 95% of preschoolers.
D) They are more common in firstborn children.

Question 61

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?​

A) Underdevelopment of their brains
B) Inaccuracy in their verbal reports
C) Slow development of neurons
D) Poor development of the amygdala

Question 62

Explain the major illnesses that occur in early childhood.

Question 63

Gina is three years old. She can tell you that before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and hears a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called _____.

A) a scaffold
B) rehearsal
C) fast mapping
D) a script

Question 64

Describe the development of handedness in early childhood. Is handedness influenced by genetic factors?​

Question 65

Focusing on only one dimension at a time, a characteristic of preoperational thought identified by Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, is known as _________.
​A. centration
B. scaffolding
C. rehearsal
D. conservation

Question 66

A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie their shoes and then gradually turns over the responsibility of the task to the child is exhibiting _________.
​A. cognitive scaffolding
B. cognitive centration
C. cognitive attachment
D. cognitive conservation

Question 67

Which of the following is true of inner speech?​

A) It is proof that cognitive development precedes language development.
B) It is proof that language development precedes cognitive development.
C) It is the ultimate binding of language and thought.
D) It is the conversation that a child has with his or her imaginary playmate.

Question 68

The single most common cause of death in early childhood is _________.
​A. lead poisoning
B. sleep disorders
C. malnourishment
D. motor vehicle accidents

Question 69

By about age _________, many children have learned to verbalize information silently to themselves by counting mentally, for example, rather than aloud.
A. one
B. ten
C. five
D. three

Question 70

Describe the cognitive abilities and limitations of preoperational-aged children.

Question 71

Discuss the development of memory in early childhood. Explain the various factors that influence memory in early childhood.

Question 72

_________ refers to a process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development.
​A. Fast mapping
B. Rehearsal
C. Pragmatics
D. Scaffolding

Question 73

________ thought is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.
​A. Deductive
B. Transductive
C. Preoperational
D. Precausal

Question 74

Knowing the distinction between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are indicates that a person has a(n) _________.
​A. zone of proximal development
B. theory of mind
C. autobiographical memory
D. appearance-reality distinction

Question 75

Briefly describe the nutritional needs of preschool children.

Question 76

_________ refers to the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns.
​A. Fast mapping
B. Rehearsal
C. Pragmatics
D. Overregularization

Question 77

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory?​

A) Scripts are accounts of specific events, while episodic memory are accounts of repeated events.
B) Scripts are rarely recollected in adulthood, while episodic memories are recollected in adulthood.
C) Scripts are orderly accounts of information, while episodic memories are abstract accounts of information.
D) Scripts are coherent in nature, while episodic memories are generalized accounts of information.

Question 78

Changing one's speech to fit a particular social situation demonstrates _________.
​A. grammar
B. syntax
C. pragmatics
D. egocentrism

Question 79

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption?​

A) Assuming that novel terms must refer to something that you already know
B) Assuming that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects
C) Assuming that words refer to whole objects, and not characteristics of objects
D) Assuming that similar objects must belong to the same category

Question 80

_________ refers to the belief that environmental features were made by people.
A. Artificialism
B. Transductive reasoning
C. Precausal thought
D. Animism