Deck 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Preschoolers are less likely to fear animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal danger.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Permissive parents:​

A) are most likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
B) have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question.
C) tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
D) allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Erik Erikson, children in the initiative versus guilt stage strive to achieve independence from their parents and master adult behaviors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to be securely attached and have parents who are attentive to their needs.

Question 5

Preschool boys tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.

Question 6

Warm parents:​

A) are likely to impose unreasonable rules and to watch their children closely.
B) are likely to complain about their children's behavior.
C) tend to hug and kiss their children and smile at them frequently.
D) may not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them.

Question 7

In middle childhood, girls spend more time than boys in play groups of five or more children and in competitive play.

Question 8

A difference between warm and cold parents is that warm parents are:​

A) more likely to have children who behave aggressively throughout the school years.
B) less likely to communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.
C) more likely to complain about their children's behavior.
D) less likely to use physical discipline.

Question 9

Parents of prosocial children are less likely to expect mature behavior from their children.

Question 10

Older siblings tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.

Question 11

Children of authoritative parents are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

Question 12

Children from permissive-indulgent homes, unlike those from neglectful homes, are fairly low in social competence and self-confidence.

Question 13

Preoperational children tend to be able to see things from the vantage point of others.

Question 14

Children become increasingly traditional in their stereotyping of activities, jobs, and personality traits between the ages of three and nine or ten.

Question 15

Children who are physically punished are more likely to be aggressive themselves than children who are not physically punished.

Question 16

According to gender-schema theory, once children come to see themselves as female or male, they begin to seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.

Question 17

Parents who are restrictive:​

A) allow their children to do what is ''natural.''
B) tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
C) allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
D) often communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.

Question 18

Cold parents are:

A) likely to complain about their children's behavior, saying they are naughty.
B) caring, supportive, and affectionate toward their children.
C) less likely than warm parents to use physical discipline.
D) more likely to communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.

Question 19

Friendship is characterized by shared positive experiences and feelings of attachment.

Question 20

Firstborn and only children show somewhat lower anxiety levels than later-born children.

Question 21

Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children?​

A) Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.
B) Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children.
C) Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children.
D) Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children.

Question 22

Rejecting-neglecting parents are:​

A) easygoing and unconventional.
B) low in support and responsiveness.
C) high in their demands for mature behavior.
D) communicative and warm.

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of inductive techniques employed by parents to enforce restrictions on their children?​

A) Gina, a single mother, explained to Alan, her four-year-old son, that he should not pull her hair as it is not appropriate behavior.
B) Lily, a single mother, beat Jack, her nine-year-old son, because he got poor grades at school.
C) Clive ignored his eight-year-old son, Jack, for a week because he was misbehaving in school.
D) Susan complained about her five-year-old daughter, Tanya, to her husband because she was not listening to Susan's advice.

Question 24

Which of the following kinds of play involves children using objects or materials to draw something or make something, such as a tower of blocks?​

A) Functional play
B) Symbolic play
C) Constructive play
D) Formal games

Question 25

Which of the following is a positive outcome of permissive-indulgent parenting?​

A) Children tend to be fairly high in self-confidence.
B) Children are less likely to engage in substance abuse.
C) Children show high levels of activity and exploratory behavior.
D) Children are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

Question 26

A difference between permissive parents and restrictive parents is that permissive parents are:​

A) less likely to expect mature behavior from their children.
B) more likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
C) more likely to supervise their children less closely than restrictive parents do.
D) more likely to use physical discipline than restrictive parents.

Question 27

Which of the following plays involves social interaction as well as physical activity and rules?​

A) Functional play
B) Solitary play
C) Assimilative games
D) Formal games

Question 28

Which of the following restrictive techniques includes physical punishment and denial of privileges?​

A) Power assertion
B) Withdrawal of love
C) Deduction
D) Induction

Question 29

Jack and Vanessa are kindergarten students at Learn Smart Kindergarten School. They play ''house'' in school and pretend to be husband and wife. This scenario is an example of _____.

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) nonsocial play
D) dramatic play

Question 30

In symbolic play, children:​

A) interact to achieve common, group goals.
B) play with toys similar to those of surrounding children.
C) use objects or materials to draw something or make something.
D) create settings, characters, and scripts.

Question 31

2-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying "Please don't do that. It hurts!" Which of the following restrictive techniques employed by parents is shown in the given scenario?​

A) Induction
B) Deduction
C) Power assertion
D) Withdrawal of love

Question 32

Which of the following restrictive techniques involves explaining why one kind of behavior is good and another is not?​

A) Power assertion
B) Withdrawal of love
C) Deduction
D) Induction

Question 33

Older siblings:​

A) are more aggressive than younger siblings.
B) are more self-reliant than younger siblings.
C) tend to imitate younger siblings and accept their direction.
D) tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.

Question 34

Parents prefer power assertion to induction when:​

A) they believe that children understand the rules they have violated and are capable of acting appropriately.
B) they seek to help their children understand moral behavior and foster prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing.
C) they seek to instill fear and anxiety in children.
D) they have to explain why one kind of behavior is good and another is not.

Question 35

Which of the following kinds of play involves repetitive motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and laughing?​

A) Functional play
B) Symbolic play
C) Constructive play
D) Formal games

Question 36

Which of the following restrictive techniques includes isolating or ignoring misbehaving children?​

A) Power assertion
B) Withdrawal of love
C) Deduction
D) Induction

Question 37

A difference between children of permissive-indulgent parents and rejecting-neglecting parents is that children of rejecting-neglecting parents:

A) are fairly high in social competence and self-confidence.
B) show less misconduct and substance abuse.
C) are less competent in school.
D) are high in self-reliance and self-esteem.

Question 38

Which of the following kinds of play emerges toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and increases during early childhood?​

A) Functional play
B) Symbolic play
C) Constructive play
D) Formal games

Question 39

Permissive-indulgent parents are:

A) easygoing and unconventional.
B) low in responsiveness to their children.
C) high in their attempts to control their children.
D) generally cold and rejecting.

Question 40

Firstborn children:​

A) are more adult-oriented and less aggressive than later-born children.
B) show lesser anxiety levels than later-born children.
C) act more aggressively compared to younger siblings.
D) tend to be somewhat more rebellious and liberal than later-born children.

Question 41

Akiva is sitting in his yard playing with some toys. He is watching a group of three boys playing across the street, and he is mimicking their behaviors. He does not attempt to join them but simply watches and copies their actions. According to Parten, in which of the following styles of play is Akiva is involved?​

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Formal play
D) Associative play

Question 42

Aggressive children appear to be:​

A) more empathic than their peers.
B) more cognitively accurate in interpreting intentions of others.
C) less able to see things from the perspective of others.
D) less egocentric than their peers.

Question 43

Parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play are considered examples of _____.

A) social play
B) gender-oriented play
C) solitary play
D) onlooker play

Question 44

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?​

A) It refers to the participation in illegal behavior by minors.
B) It is behavior that is intended to hurt or injure another person.
C) It is behavior that is intended to benefit other people, generally without expectation of reward.
D) It is behavior that is intended to inhibit aggressive thoughts and behavior amongst other people.

Question 45

Preschool girls:​

A) engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive than boys.
B) tend to show more empathy and report more fears than boys.
C) show somewhat lesser verbal ability than boys.
D) show somewhat greater visual-spatial ability than boys.

Question 46

According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period is marked by a decline in which of the following fears?

A) Social disapproval
B) Personal danger
C) Animals and imaginary creatures
D) Loud noises

Question 47

Preschool boys:​

A) show somewhat lesser visual-spatial ability than girls.
B) show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
C) tend to show more empathy and to report more fears.
D) engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive.

Question 48

Which of the following types of play involves children observing other children who are at play?​

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Formal play
D) Unoccupied play

Question 49

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting with each other to achieve common, group goals?​

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Associative play
D) Cooperative play

Question 50

Solitary play and onlooker play are considered examples of_____.

A) cooperative play
B) nonsocial play
C) parallel play
D) associative play

Question 51

At about two to two and a half years of age, children:​

A) perceive their own gender in a somewhat better light.
B) generally agree that boys play with cars and trucks, help their fathers, and tend to hit others.
C) display knowledge of gender stereotypes for toys, clothing, work, and activities.
D) can identify pictures of girls and boys.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of preoperational children?​

A) They tend to be able to see things from the vantage points of others.
B) They tend to be egocentric.
C) They interact with other children to achieve common, group goals.
D) They tend exhibit empathy.

Question 53

A child's sensitivity to the feelings of others is called _____.

A) self-reliance
B) empathy
C) ethnocentrism
D) egotism

Question 54

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting and sharing toys?​

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Associative play
D) Unoccupied play

Question 55

In formal games, children:

A) do not use their motor skills.
B) invent or enhance games with rules.
C) indulge in solitary play.
D) observe other children who play games.

Question 56

Children with high self-esteem are:​

A) more likely to be desensitized to violence.
B) more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.
C) less likely to show prosocial behavior.
D) less likely to be securely attached.

Question 57

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course, and they have rules for how many points you lose if you deviate from the course or knock something over. According to Piaget, Bridgette and Ben are involved in _____.

A) functional play
B) formal games
C) symbolic play
D) constructive games

Question 58

According to Erik Erikson, children in the initiative versus guilt stage:​

A) are curious, try new things, and test themselves.
B) tend to be extremely unwilling to learn new skills.
C) believe that all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
D) are extremely dependent on their parents.

Question 59

Which of the following is true of children who are involved in cooperative play?​

A) They play with toys by themselves, independently of the children around them.
B) They do not appear to be playing.
C) They only observe other children playing.
D) They interact to achieve common, group goals.

Question 60

During middle childhood, children:​

A) strive to achieve independence from their parents.
B) fear bodily harm and injuries.
C) grow less fearful of failure and criticism in school.
D) become more fearful of imaginary creatures.

Question 61

A difference between preschool boys and preschool girls is that preschool boys:​

A) engage in less rough-and-tumble play than girls.
B) show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
C) show somewhat greater visual-spatial ability than girls.
D) tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.

Question 62

_________ parents have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question.
A. Authoritative
B. Authoritarian
C. Permissive-indulgent
D. Rejecting-neglecting

Question 63

Gender-schema theory proposes that:​

A) gender differences were fashioned by natural selection in response to problems in adaptation that were repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of generations.
B) children start forming gender concepts only during the later stages of childhood.
C) children use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
D) gender stability and gender constancy are two halves that together form gender scripts.

Question 64

Discuss gender typing.

Question 65

_________ parents tend to impose rules and watch their children closely.
A. Permissive
B. Restrictive
C. Negligent
D. Indulgent

Question 66

A _____ is a cluster of concepts about male and female physical traits, personality traits, and behaviors.

A) gender schema
B) gender design
C) gender rubric
D) gender mnemonic

Question 67

How are later-born children different from first-born children?

Question 68

What are the four types of play identified by Jean Piaget? Give examples of each.

Question 69

_________ is a return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development.
A. Regression
B. Recession
C. Aggression
D. Depression

Question 70

_________ parents are affectionate toward their children.
​A. Dismissive
B. Authoritarian
C. Warm
D. Rejecting-neglecting

Question 71

Children of _________ parents tend to show self-reliance and independence, high self-esteem, high levels of activity and exploratory behavior, and social competence.
A. authoritative
B. authoritarian
C. permissive-indulgent
D. rejecting-neglecting

Question 72

How do the evolutionary and social cognitive theories differ in how they explain gender-role development?

Question 73

_________ is play in which children enact social roles.
A. Dramatic play
B. Functional play
C. Constructive play
D. Solitary play

Question 74

What is gender-schema theory?

Question 75

At around age four or five, most children develop the concept of _____ according to Kohlberg.

A) gender identity
B) gender schema
C) gender constancy
D) gender stability

Question 76

_________methods to enforce restrictions include physical punishment and denial of privileges.
A. Deductive
B. Permissive-indulgent
C. Inductive
D. Power-assertive

Question 77

_________ parents allow their children to do what is "natural," such as make noise, treat toys carelessly, and experiment with their bodies.
A. Permissive
B. Restrictive
C. Authoritarian
D. Rejecting-neglecting

Question 78

_________ parents are low in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behavior.
A. Authoritative
B. Authoritarian
C. Permissive-indulgent
D. Warm-responsive

Question 79

According to the cognitive-developmental view of gender typing proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, children:​

A) use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
B) form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to the concepts.
C) can say whether they are boys or girls at the age of one.
D) can discriminate anatomic gender differences at the age of 18 months.

Question 80

_________ parents may not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them.
A. Authoritative
B. Permissive-indulgent
C. Warm
D. Cold