Deck 9: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Reaction time tends to increase through middle childhood and adolescence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following statements is accurate of growth patterns in middle childhood years?

A) In middle childhood, the average child's body weight doubles.
B) Girls are heavier and taller than boys through the age of nine or ten.
C) From the age of 11, boys develop relatively more body fat than girls do.
D) Children in middle childhood experience an even, slow growth rate.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of gender differences on physical growth during the middle childhood years?​

A) Girls are heavier and taller than boys through the age of nine or ten.
B) Boys surpass girls in height and weight until about 13 or 14.
C) Beginning at about age 11, boys develop relatively more muscle, and girls develop relatively more fat.
D) Boys experience a steady weight gain through middle adulthood, whereas girls experience an overall weight loss.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Children in the middle adulthood years have more trouble understanding passive sentences than preschoolers.

Question 5

Cultural bias refers to the factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.

Question 6

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a disorder characterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

Question 7

Children in the concrete operational period of development can focus on more than one dimension of a problem at a time.

Question 8

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children in the stage of autonomous morality believe in the principle of immanent justice.

Question 9

Activities like skipping, hopping, and jumping require the performance of fine motor skills.

Question 10

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children in the conventional level base their moral judgments on the consequences of behavior.

Question 11

Overweight children excel in sports and are considered attractive in adolescence.

Question 12

One strategy for promoting memory is to encode visual stimuli as sounds.

Question 13

Which of the following characteristics of children is most likely to decrease during middle childhood years?

A) Weight
B) Height
C) Reaction time
D) Muscle strength

Question 14

Which of the following physiological changes occurs during middle childhood years?

A) Reaction time increases.
B) Muscles grow weaker.
C) Neural pathways become less myelinated.
D) Experience refines sensorimotor abilities.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of children who are obese?​

A) They are more likely to have low blood pressure and low cholesterol.
B) They are less likely to have diabetes.
C) They are more likely to have breathing problems and asthma.
D) They are less likely to be rejected by peers.

Question 16

Growth spurt is the period during which growth advances at a dramatically rapid rate compared with other periods.

Question 17

Dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by letter reversals, mirror reading, slow reading, and reduced comprehension.

Question 18

Decentration refers to the principle that if A > B and B > C, then A > C.

Question 19

The ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions advances steadily through middle childhood.

Question 20

Achievement is that which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.

Question 21

Piaget's theory of education can be applied in classrooms by:

A) promoting activities that encourage active discovery.
B) designing a uniform mode of instruction for children across age groups.
C) upholding and endorsing a single perspective on topics under consideration.
D) focusing on learning through rote-repetition.

Question 22

Which of the following is an accommodation strategy for disabled children?

A) Conservation
B) Seriation
C) Assimilating
D) Mainstreaming

Question 23

Which of the following processes is used to assess whether a child understands the principle of transitivity?​

A) Seriation
B) Mainstreaming
C) Encoding
D) Rehearsal

Question 24

Learning disabilities are disorders characterized by:​

A) inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills.
B) social deficits and stereotyped behavior.
C) abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills.
D) excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

Question 25

Using a paintbrush to paint pictures requires the use of:

A) gross motor skills.
B) systemic motor skills.
C) autonomic motor skills.
D) fine motor skills.

Question 26

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level?​

A) It is a period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards.
B) It is characterized by a respect for authority and duty.
C) It is the period during which rules are perceived as the ultimate reality.
D) It is characterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of concrete-operational children?​

A) They are more egocentric than preoperational children.
B) They have the decentration capacity to allow them to seriate in two dimensions.
C) They fail to understand the principles of conservation and class inclusion.
D) They focus on intangible ideas instead of tangible objects.

Question 28

Which of the following is a difference between the judgements made at preconventional level and the judgements made at postconventional level of reasoning?​

A) Unlike the judgements made at the preconventional level, judgements made at the postconventional level are based on the consequences of behavior.
B) Unlike the judgements made at the preconventional level, judgements made at the postconventional level are found in adolescents and adults.
C) Unlike the judgements made at the postconventional level, judgements made at the preconventional level is based on a person's own moral standards.
D) Unlike the judgements made at the postconventional level, judgements made at the preconventional level are mostly found in children above 10 years old.

Question 29

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children perceive morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people in the stage of _____.

A) objective morality
B) preoperations
C) concrete operations
D) autonomous morality

Question 30

Which of the following terms is the view that retribution for wrongdoing is a direct consequence of the wrongdoing?

A) Moral realism
B) Convergent thinking
C) Immanent justice
D) Divergent thinking

Question 31

Which of the following refers to the principle that if A exceeds B in some property and B exceeds C, then A must also exceed C?​

A) Decentration
B) Class inclusion
C) Conservation
D) Transitivity

Question 32

Jennifer lies to her father and says that she did not push her baby brother. Later, she falls on the sidewalk and scrapes her knee. She relates the two events and believes that her injury was the punishment for lying to her father. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, in which of the following stages of moral development is Jennifer in?​

A) Autonomous morality
B) The postconventional level
C) The conventional level
D) Objective morality

Question 33

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage?​

A) Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing.
B) Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents.
C) Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with situation.
D) Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished.

Question 34

Which of the following is the brain chemical that promotes the brain's control over more primitive functions?

A) Epinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Oxytocin
D) Rhodopsin

Question 35

The following children understand one concept each. In this context, who among the following children understands the principle of transitivity?​

A) Kathy understands that the symbols used in a language are arbitrary.
B) Berry understands that if George is fairer that Tina and Tina is fairer than Gia, then George is fairer than Gia.
C) Winny understands that the quantity of water does not change even when it is filled in containers of different shapes.
D) Sam understands that tulips belong to the category of flowers.

Question 36

Which of the following statements suggests that dyslexia has a genetic component to it?​

A) Dyslexia affects anywhere from 5% to 17.5% of American children.
B) Dyslexic children may not discriminate sounds as accurately as other children do.
C) Most studies show that dyslexia is much more common in boys than in girls.
D) 25% to 65% of children who have one dyslexic parent are dyslexic themselves.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?​

A) It is caused by the overexposure to food preservatives.
B) It occurs by age seven and is many times more common in boys than girls.
C) It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.
D) It is most widely treated by using suppressants.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of dyslexia?

A) It is caused by overexposure to food preservatives.
B) It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.
C) It is more common in girls than in boys.
D) It reflects the lack of executive control of the brain over motor and more primitive functions.

Question 39

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is the period during which moral judgments largely reflect social rules and conventions?​

A) The conventional level
B) The preoperational stage
C) The concrete-operational stage
D) The preconventional level

Question 40

John and Jean work as typists in an office. John can type faster than Jean when someone dictates the matter to be typed. This is because John responds faster to auditory stimuli than Jean does. This illustrates the difference in John's and Jean's:​

A) gross motor skills.
B) reaction time.
C) objective morality.
D) moral reasoning abilities.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of mildly disabled children?​

A) Their intelligence quotient scores are 130 or above.
B) Their biological growth is normal but they do not develop age-appropriate behavior at the normal pace.
C) They do not acquire speech and self-help skills and remain dependent on others for survival.
D) They are the most capable among students with special needs of adjusting to the demands of educational institutions.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true of sensory memory?​

A) It has unlimited capacity to store information.
B) It is used exclusively for visual stimuli.
C) It shows qualitative improvement through early adolescence.
D) It retains the trace of a stimuli for a fraction of a second.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of creative children?​

A) They solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions.
B) They adhere to social norms and accept ideas at their face value.
C) They employ convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking.
D) They refuse to take chances and accept their limitations.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of the long-term memory?​

A) It is the first structure of memory encountered by sensory input.
B) It has unlimited capacity to store information.
C) It retains stimuli up to 30 seconds after the trace decays.
D) It retains auditory stimuli but cannot retain visual stimuli.

Question 45

Which of the following terms refers to a person's actual age?​

A) Mental age
B) Critical period
C) Chronological age
D) Intellectual quotient

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the elaborative strategy?​

A) It is a more effective method than rote rehearsal to remember information.
B) It operates on a limited level and is ineffective for younger children.
C) It is useful for retaining stimuli in sensory memory.
D) It focuses on arriving at a single solution to a problem.

Question 47

Which of the following refers to the substandard intellectual performance stemming from the lack of opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills?

A) Learning disability
B) Cognitive disability
C) Cultural-familial disability
D) Physical disability

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?​

A) It groups test questions into subtests that measure different motor skills.
B) It suggests children's strengths and weaknesses as well as provides overall measures of cognitive functioning.
C) It yields a score called the intelligence quotient and can be used with children from the age of two to adults.
D) It is a culture-free intelligence test and can be used for anyone irrespective of their cultural background.

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes metacognition?

A) It is the faculty which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.
B) It is the ability to react to a stimuli in a short amount of time.
C) It is the awareness of and control of one's cognitiveabilities.
D) It is the perception of morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people.

Question 50

Which of the following statements describes the term culture-free?​

A) It is the descriptive of a test in which cultural biases have been removed.
B) It is the free and fluent association to the elements of problems existing in cultures.
C) It is a thought process that attempts to focus on multiple aspects of a culture.
D) It is a factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.

Question 51

Divergent thinking is the:

A) free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
B) view that retribution for wrongdoing is a direct consequence of the wrongdoing.
C) judgment of acts as moral when they conform to authority or to the rules of the game.
D) thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of children in middle years regarding their metacognitive abilities​

A) They show more knowledge of strategies that can be used to facilitate memory than younger children do.
B) They are less likely than younger children to accurately assess their knowledge.
C) They use rote-learning only when someone compels them to do so.
D) They are less likely than younger children to use selective rehearsal to remember important information.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of the information processing capabilities of children in middle years?​

A) Memory function in middle childhood is undeveloped and shows qualitative improvement only during early adolescence.
B) As children's knowledge of concepts advances, the storehouse of their long-term memory becomes less organized according to categories.
C) Concrete-operational children use rote learning only when someone forces them to do so.
D) Concrete-operational children can attend to multiple aspects of the problem at once, permitting them to conserve number and volume.

Question 54

Down's syndrome is caused due to:​

A) racial and ethnic differences.
B) impoverished home environments.
C) brain damage.
D) chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 55

Which of the following is a useful strategy for promoting memory?​

A) Seriation
B) Mainstreaming
C) Encoding
D) Decentration

Question 56

According to Wechsler, intelligence refers to the:​

A) capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.
B) free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
C) trait characterized by flexibility, ingenuity, and originality.
D) thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

Question 57

Sean's mental age is 15 and his chronological age is 10. Which of the following values will be his intelligence quotient(IQ)?​

A) 140
B) 150
C) 155
D) 135

Question 58

Which of the following is a factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds?​

A) Cultural bias
B) Heritability
C) Cultural hypocrisy
D) Transitivity

Question 59

Intelligence quotient is the _____.

A) intellectual level at which a child functions, based on the typical performance of a child of a certain age
B) ratio obtained by dividing a child's mental age on an intelligence test by his or her chronological age
C) factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds
D) descriptive result of an intelligence test in which cultural biases have been removed

Question 60

Which of the following terms refers to the strategy of repeating sounds mentally?

A) Seriation
B) Rehearsal
C) Decentration
D) Mainstreaming

Question 61

Describe Piaget's concrete-operational stage.

Question 62

Which of the following is a crucial determinant of a person's intellectual development?​

A) Giftedness
B) Creativity
C) Heredity
D) Plasticity

Question 63

_________ requires the performance of fine motor skills.
A. Balancing on a bicycle
B. Hitting a tennis ball
C. Coordinating a knife and fork
D. Pedaling a bicycle

Question 64

How do sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory differ?​

Question 65

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children in the _________ base their moral judgments on rules that maintain the social order.
A. preconventional level
B. concrete-operational level
C. conventional level
D. preoperational level

Question 66

_________is a stimulant used in the treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
A. Epinephrine
B. Rhodopsin
C. Melanin
D. Ritalin

Question 67

Which of the following statements best describes the word-recognition method?​

A) It is a method for learning to read in which children come to recognize words through repeated exposure to them.
B) It is a method by disabled students are placed in classrooms with nondisabled children in order to accommodate them into mainstream education.
C) It is a method by which objects are placed in an order or series according to a property or trait.
D) It is a method for learning to read in which children decode the sounds of words based on their knowledge of the sounds of letters and letter combinations.

Question 68

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, how do children's moral reasoning differ in the stages of objective morality and autonomous morality?​

Question 69

The term _________ is the intellectual level at which a child is functioning, based on the typical performance of a child of a certain age.
A. mental age
B. intelligence quotient
C. chronological age
D. emotional quotient

Question 70

A child understands that if an elephant is bigger than a bear and a bear is bigger than a cat, then an elephant is bigger than a cat. This demonstrates the child's understanding of _________.
A. conservation
B. transitivity
C. class inclusion
D. decentration

Question 71

According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, _________ is academic ability.
A. practical intelligence
B. creative intelligence
C. analytical intelligence
D. interpersonal intelligence

Question 72

Discuss the patterns of motor development in middle childhood years. Do gender differences influence the development of motor skills during these years?​

Question 73

Explain the phonetic method and the word-recognition method of teaching reading.

Question 74

Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to genetic factors?​

A) Hypersensitivity
B) Transitivity
C) Heritability
D) Plasticity

Question 75

The part of the brain called the _________ translates visual information into auditory information.
A. medulla
B. angular gyrus
C. cervix
D. hypothalamus

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true regarding the grammatical abilities of children in middle adulthood?​

A) By seven to nine years of age, most children realize that words can have different meanings.
B) Children in middle years find it extremely difficult to interpret passive sentences.
C) By eight years of age, children make dramatic advances in articulation and in the capacity to use complex grammar.
D) Children in middle adulthood lack the ability to form indirect object-direct object constructions.

Question 77

According to Jean Piaget, children in the stage of _________ are less egocentric than preoperational children.
A. concrete operations
B. moral realism
C. objective morality
D. preconventional morality

Question 78

________refers tothe memory structure capable of relatively permanent storage of information.
A. Long-term memory
B. Sensory memory
C. Procedural memory
D. Working memory

Question 79

_________ is the ability to do things that are novel and useful.
A. Adaptability
B. Creativity
C. Heritability
D. Transitivity

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of the phonetic method of teaching reading?​

A) It provides children with a basic sight vocabulary.
B) It uses rote learning to enhance the learning process.
C) It provides skills children can use to decode new words.
D) It helps most children and adults read familiar words.