Deck 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the knowledge that there is a correlation between poverty and crime?

A) Crime is the sole cause of poverty.
B) Poverty is the main cause of crime.
C) Poverty is one of several causes of crime.
D) Poverty may be a cause of crime.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the term used for the fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older?

A) correlation reform
B) delinquency reform
C) maturational reform
D) demographic reform

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The argument that older men have more social bonds,such as marriage and children,and become less involved in crime is an example of which of the following theories?

A) life course theory
B) age-crime theory
C) middle age theory
D) patriarchal theory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the correlation between gender and crime is accurate?

A) Women have been offending at the same rate as men over the past five years.
B) Men are more likely to be charged with criminal offences.
C) Men and women commit completely different types of crimes so it is difficult to compare them.
D) Women offend more frequently than men until the age of 21 and then the pattern reverses.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best outlines the nature of correlates of criminal behaviour?

A) Correlates provide concrete information about what causes crime and why crime varies across geographic region.
B) Each correlate has connection with criminal behaviour but no single factor explains any particular crime.
C) The strongest predictors of crime rates tend to be the correlates of geographic location and school attendance among teens.
D) It takes a complex set of statistical methods to interpret data related to correlates of crime.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is generally true?

A) Criminal activity intensifies in adolescence and young adulthood and declines thereafter.
B) Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter.
C) There is no difference in the rate of criminal offending among young adults and older adults.
D) Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime.

Question 7

Which of the following statements best represents the role convergence hypothesis?

A) As women become more involved in the workforce,they become more involved in property crime.
B) Stay-at-home moms commit far fewer crimes than working moms.
C) Rates of crime by transgendered people fall somewhere between the rates of crime committed by men and women.
D) The convergence of sexism and lower pay for women in society means they play a greater role in the sex trade.

Question 8

Given the increase of women in the workforce one would expect increases in corporate crimes committed by women.What is the involvement of women in corporate crime according to the text?

A) men are less likely to commit significant financial crimes than women across all settings including the corporate world
B) women and men are now on equal footing in more large-scale corporations and now their offending behaviour is similar
C) women occupy positions that present few opportunities for large-scale financial crimes
D) women's involvement in corporate crime has doubled since 1997

Question 9

Based on 2016 statistics,which age category correlates most strongly with homicides in Canada?

A) 12 to 17
B) 18 to 24
C) 40 to 49
D) 50 and above

Question 10

Which of the following situations fits the definition of the "romance-crime nexus"?

A) A 28-year-old female has been the girlfriend of a gang member since she was 17 years of age.
B) A 35-year-old male becomes engaged to his partner and becomes more involved in crime.
C) A 21-year-old female breaks up with her partner and enrolls in school to study criminal behaviour.
D) A 19-year-old male breaks up with his partner and his offending behaviour increases.

Question 11

The textbook examines six variables that correlate with crime.Which of the following are included in the factors examined?

A) offender's birth order
B) offender's place of birth
C) offender's gender
D) offender's employment history

Question 12

According to your textbook,why do women generally receive more lenient treatment in the courts in Canada compared to men?

A) There is insufficient space in correctional facilities for women in this country.
B) They commit less serious crimes.
C) Judges have a tendency to feel sorry for women.
D) The Criminal Code dictates that women should receive more lenient sentences due to sexism in Canadian society.

Question 13

Phenomena that are regularly associated with crime and criminal offending are known as which of the following?

A) correlates
B) explanations
C) crime rates
D) theories

Question 14

In recent years police-reported crime statistics for Canada depict which of the following trends?

A) Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates,but there is still a large gap in crime rates between the genders.
B) Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates,and the gap in crime rates between the genders has practically disappeared.
C) Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates,but the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders did not change much.
D) Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates,and the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders increased.

Question 15

Heimer and De Coster (1999)have made an important contribution to our understanding of the gender gap in violent crime by examining structural positions and cultural processes,including social learning.Which of the following is one of their conclusions?

A) Violent delinquency is learned and internalized equally by boys and girls.
B) Boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence.
C) Girls are able to use deception to avoid detection more readily than boys.
D) Parents supervise girls far more closely than boys.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes female offenders in Canada?

A) young,well off,well educated
B) young,poor,undereducated
C) young,poor,well educated
D) older,poor,undereducated

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the term "maturational reform"?

A) Judy became more skilled at using the Internet as she aged and she also became more involved in cybercrime.
B) Fred's shoplifting increased significantly after he turned 24 years of age.
C) Jim started a family and became less involved in the street gang of which he was once the leader.
D) As Allen rose through the ranks of the bank as he got older,his family's financial pressures prompted him to embezzle large amounts of money.

Question 18

In general young women are most likely to be involved in which types of crimes?

A) violent assaults
B) weapons offences
C) fraud
D) drug trafficking

Question 19

According to the text,which of the following is a major reason why crime rapidly declines as adolescents move into adulthood?

A) Adults are physically weaker and less agile than their younger counterparts.
B) The criminal justice system at all levels is biased in favour of older adult offenders.
C) Adults are more mature and have more incentives to conform to mainstream social values.
D) Adult offenders are more practised at avoiding detection.

Question 20

Which of the following statements represents the nature of the relationship between age and crime?

A) White-collar crime follows the general age pattern of crime.
B) Young people are overrepresented among accused persons.
C) The age distribution is stronger for violent crime than for property crimes.
D) Persons 55 or older are overrepresented among accused persons.

Question 21

Which of the following statements best reflects the cultural theories of Indigenous overrepresentation in the criminal justice system?

A) The sharing of material possessions implies reciprocal action in Indigenous communities but in the dominant culture it is called theft.
B) Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the criminal justice system because of the culture of racist policing in mainstream society.
C) Three to four times as many Indigenous people live in poor neighbourhoods.
D) A much smaller proportion of Indigenous inmates have a high school education.

Question 22

Which of the following best represents the concept of "collective efficacy"?

A) Criminals are more effective when working together.
B) Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of social cohesion among neighbourhood residents.
C) Police are involved in socially sorting who belongs to the neighbourhood collective and who does not.
D) Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of racial integration,rather than segregation.

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding Indigenous offenders when compared to non-Indigenous offenders?

A) They are more likely to be placed in their home communities on house arrest than non-Indigenous offenders.
B) They spend less time in pre-trial detention than non-Indigenous offenders.
C) They are more likely to have legal representation at court proceedings.
D) They are more likely to have parole revoked than non-Indigenous offenders.

Question 24

According to the textbook,which of the following best characterizes the relationship between illicit drug use and crime?

A) It is a weak relationship and valid only for females.
B) It is unknown because of limited evidence.
C) It is a complex relationship.
D) It is a strong relationship for some street crimes.

Question 25

Which of the following is a key assumption of the critical race theory?

A) There is a causal link between race and criminal behaviour.
B) Most races are equally impacted by changes to the criminal justice system over time.
C) The law reflects the norms and values of the dominant group and favours that group.
D) There is a direct link between trauma and criminal behaviour.

Question 26

Studies show that offenders can reduce their likelihood of reoffending by doing which of the following?

A) Registering with their local police service after release.
B) Engaging in neighbourhood watch programs after release.
C) Returning to a familiar neighbourhood for comfort after release.
D) Changing neighbourhoods and routines after release.

Question 27

Which of the following countries had the highest homicide rate in 2011?

A) United States
B) England and Wales
C) Canada
D) Japan

Question 28

Assigning the poor living conditions among Indigenous peoples as the reason for their overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is an example of which of the following theories?

A) critical race theories
B) structural theories
C) cultural theories
D) post-structuralist theories

Question 29

What does research suggest is the relationship between the nature of the neighbourhood one lives in and crime?

A) Crime rates are impacted by the nature of the relationships in neighbourhoods.
B) Crime rates vary by city rather than by neighbourhood.
C) Crime is highest in rural settings rather than city settings.
D) Crime rates are not impacted by neighbourhood relationships.

Question 30

Which of the following theories of why Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system includes the notions of learned helplessness and fatalism?

A) colonial model
B) historic trauma transmission model
C) critical race theory
D) the code of the street theory

Question 31

According to Wright and colleagues (1999),the relationship between socioeconomic status and crime is indirect and operates through mediating variables.Which of the following statements best represent this argument?

A) High SES promotes delinquency because it increases risk-taking behaviours.
B) Low SES promotes delinquency because it creates greater opportunities for fraud.
C) Low SES promotes delinquency by reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing risk-taking behaviours.
D) High SES promotes delinquency because it reduces one's bonds to conventional values.

Question 32

According to the textbook,which of the following best characterizes the relationship between socioeconomic class and crime?

A) It is simple to understand.
B) It is unknown because of limited evidence.
C) It is complex.
D) It is a myth.

Question 33

Which of the following best represents the differential treatment hypothesis?

A) There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,level of seriousness,and persistence of offending patterns.
B) Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process.
C) Structural injustices in society are responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal offending.
D) There is a higher rate of criminal offending by racial minority groups because they receive preferential treatment by government.

Question 34

Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest incarceration rate of Indigenous peoples?

A) the Northwest Territories
B) the prairies
C) Central Canada
D) Atlantic Canada

Question 35

Which of the following is important to consider when studying crime rates according to the colonial model?

A) historical context
B) educational systems
C) social norms
D) geography

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between criminal and violent behaviour and socioeconomic status?

A) Most violent men are overwhelmingly from high SES.
B) Employment reduces violent and property crimes.
C) There is a low correlation between dropping out of high school and violence.
D) Older and better educated people generally commit more violent crimes.

Question 37

Which of the following statements best depicts Canada's violent crime rate compared to other countries?

A) It is lower than that of the United States but the same as European countries.
B) It is lower than that of the United States but higher than European countries.
C) It is at the same level as that of the United States and European countries.
D) It is a higher rate compared to the United States and European countries.

Question 38

Research in Canada shows that one minority group reported being much more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than those from other racial backgrounds.Which of the following groups was this?

A) Hispanics
B) Blacks
C) South Asians
D) Aboriginals

Question 39

Which variables make up socioeconomic status?

A) education,prestige,and religion
B) religion,income,and prestige
C) income,education,and occupation
D) occupation,power,and prestige

Question 40

Which of the following statements best describes the experience of Indigenous people in the Canadian criminal justice system?

A) Indigenous adults are underrepresented at all stages of Canada's criminal justice system.
B) Indigenous people are overrepresented at all stages of Canada's criminal justice system.
C) Indigenous female youth are underrepresented in Canada's prison population.
D) Indigenous youth are underrepresented among criminal offenders.

Question 41

Violent males tend to come from a high level of privilege and their violence is the result of their being spoiled as children.

Question 42

Race is a stronger correlate of crime than age or gender.

Question 43

According to Heimer and De Coster (1999)the gender gap in violent crime can be explained in part by research suggesting that young boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence compared to young girls.

Question 44

The overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the criminal justice system is only a factor at the level of police contact but disappears when incarceration rates are examined.

Question 45

Women's imprisonment has not increased in the past few decades.

Question 46

Young men commit crimes such as fraud more frequently than young women.

Question 47

Maturational reform refers to the evidence that involvement in crimes tends to decrease as people age.

Question 48

The rate of increase in the Indigenous prison population is the same as the rate of increase of the Aboriginal population in Canadian society.

Question 49

A basic explanation for the theory of maturational reform is that adolescence is a period of transition,ambiguity,and nonconformity.

Question 50

No single factor explains any particular crime.

Question 51

One category of crime that young women are most likely to be charged with is theft.

Question 52

The role convergence hypothesis suggests that as more women choose to work outside the home their likelihood of committing crimes increases as a result of increased opportunities.

Question 53

The differential treatment hypothesis suggests that there are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,level of seriousness,and persistence of offending patterns.

Question 54

Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter.

Question 55

One dominant explanation why women receive more lenient treatment in the courts compared to men is because they commit less serious crimes.

Question 56

Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime.

Question 57

There are greater incentives for older adults to conform to mainstream society and thus they become less involved in crime compared to young people.

Question 58

Identifying the correlates of a particular crime problem will identify the causes of that crime problem.

Question 59

There is no difference between the rate of criminal offending among adolescence and older adults.

Question 60

While blacks are highly discriminated against in the US criminal justice system,there is no evidence of that in Canada.

Question 61

There is evidence to suggest that despite overrepresentation in the criminal justice system Indigenous peoples continue to hold positive views of police and other professionals.

Question 62

Labelling of a neighbourhood as "high-risk" by police results in greater scrutiny and greater likelihood that crimes will be discovered.

Question 63

Education level is strongly correlated with likelihood to commit violent crime.

Question 64

The link between socioeconomic status and crime is direct and robust across a number of variables.

Question 65

The linkage between alcohol and substance abuse is weak and disappears when age is factored in.

Question 66

According to Hagen,the relationship between crime and class is complex because various classes are involved in different kinds of criminal behaviour due to differential opportunities to commit crimes.

Question 67

People with high socioeconomic status are overrepresented in police-reported statistics.

Question 68

The suggestion that chronic drug users commit crime to sustain their habit is a myth since they would be incapable of carrying out crime while under the influence.

Question 69

Structural explanations for Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system centre on the social and economic oppression of Aboriginals by the dominant white society.