Deck 5: Treating Psychological Disorders With Emphasis on Cognitive Therapy

Question 1

A space-time anomaly catapulted a group of 19th-century psychologists to this year's APA conference.Freud,Titchener and Watson discuss the conference's proceedings thus far.Which of these three psychologists would be comfortable with the current study of consciousness in psychology

A) Freud
B) Tichener
C) Watson
D) Only Freud and Tichener would be comfortable with it.

Answer 1

Only Freud and Tichener would be comfortable with it.

Question 2

An emphasis on the purposes of consciousness - to guide our behavior,to enable planning,and so forth - is most consistent with the _________ approach in psychology's history.

A) structuralist
B) functionalist
C) psychodynamic
D) behaviorist

Answer 2

functionalist

Question 3

The ________nucleus in the hypothalamus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

A) suprachiasmatic
B) intralaminar
C) ventromedial
D) lateral geniculate

Answer 3

suprachiasmatic

Question 4

In sleep research,participants' brain waves are recorded while they sleep.This research normally makes use of which of the following

A) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
B) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
C) Electroencephalography (EEG)
D) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 5

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed:

A) biorhythms
B) diurnal rhythms
C) daily rhythms
D) circadian rhythms

Question 6

Which of the following defines a circadian rhythm

A) A cycle that regulates waking and sleeping
B) A cycle that regulates heart rate
C) A cycle the regulates depression
D) A cycle that regulates the menstrual cycle

Question 7

In what way is the modern study of consciousness relevant to the free will vs.determinism issue

A) The study of consciousness supports the free will position, because it reveals that we explicitly aware of the basis for much of our behavior.
B) The study of consciousness supports the free will position, because it suggests that the mind is separate from the physical body.
C) The study of consciousness supports the determinism position, because it reveals that the basis for much of our behavior lies outside our explicit awareness.
D) The study of consciousness supports the determinism position, because it suggests that the mind is based in physical body.

Question 8

In which of the following sets are the three words most highly associated

A) {implicit, automatic, unconscious}
B) {implicit, controlled, conscious}
C) {explicit, controlled, unconscious}
D) {explicit, automatic, unconscious}

Question 9

How long is a typical sleep cycle,in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages

A) 30 minutes
B) 1 hour
C) 90 minutes
D) 2 hours

Question 10

The secretion of melatonin is ultimately regulated by a group of neurons in the _________.

A)  How much sleep a person has had
B)  The ambient light surrounding the individual
C)  How much a person has exercised that day
D)  The actions of the prefrontal cortex

Question 11

The menstrual cycle is an example of a _________ rhythm.The sleep-wake cycle is an example of a ___________ rhythm.

A) biological; biological and a circadian
B) circadian; biological
C) biological; circadian
D) circadian; biological and a circadian

Question 12

Your text describes a study (Bodenhausen,1990)in which morning people and evening people judged the guilt of students accused of misbehavior in hypothetical scenarios.Participants provided guilt ratings either in the morning or in the evening.The results of the study

A) demonstrated that circadian rhythms can influence important social judgments.
B) demonstrated that people rely to a greater degree on stereotypes when they have little energy.
C) demonstrated that people rely less on their stereotypes when they have little energy.
D) both A and B

Question 13

Implicit is to explicit as __________ is to _________.

A)  controlled; automatic
B)  aware; unaware
C)  conscious; controlled
D)  slower; faster

Question 14

Which of the following alternatives best represents the sequence of events by which melatonin is secreted in the blood

A) pituitary gland + pineal gland → melatonin
B) pineal gland → suprachiasmatic nucleus → melatonin
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus + pineal gland → melatonin
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus → pineal gland → melatonin

Question 15

What do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the body How does the modern view relate to Descartes' position

A) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
B) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. This view agrees with Descartes' dualism.
C) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness is separate from the physical body. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
D) Contemporary psychologists do not believe that consciousness exists. This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.

Question 16

Your text reports research (Bodenhausen,1990)in which morning people and evening people judged the guilt of students accused of misbehavior in hypothetical scenarios.Participants provided guilt ratings either in the morning or in the evening.Which alternative correctly names and identifies variables in this study

A) independent variable: guilt ratings; dependent variable: morning or evening session
B) predictor variable: morning or evening session; outcome variable: guilt ratings
C) independent variable: morning or evening session; dependent variable: guilt ratings
D) independent variable: morning or evening participant; dependent variable: morning or evening session

Question 17

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between biological rhythms and circadian rhythms

A) Biological rhythms are examples of circadian rhythms.
B) Circadian rhythms are examples of biological rhythms.
C) Biological rhythms are the same thing as circadian rhythms.
D) Biological rhythms are similar to circadian rhythms.

Question 18

Which of the following sequences reflects the successive brain wave patterns sleepers display as they fall asleep and enter progressively deeper sleep stages

A) beta → theta → alpha → delta
B) beta → alpha → delta → theta
C) alpha → beta → delta →theta
D) beta → alpha → theta → delta

Question 19

Psychologists refer to our awareness of ourselves and our environment as:

A) perception
B) intelligence
C) cognition
D) consciousness

Question 20

Adults spend about ______% of their sleep in REM sleep.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35

Question 21

REM sleep is sometimes called "active sleep" for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) heartbeat is fast and irregular during REM sleep
B) brain activity is intense during REM sleep
C) vivid dreams occur during REM sleep
D) the activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep

Question 22

According to your text,how many Americans suffer from insomnia

A) 5% to 10%
B) 10% to 15%
C) 15% to 20%
D) 20% to 25%

Question 23

The slowest wave sleep is characteristic of

A) stage N1
B) stage N2
C) stages N1 and N2
D) stage N3

Question 24

Adults spend about one-quarter of their sleep in ________.They spend about half their sleep time in _________.

A) REM sleep; stage N1
B) REM sleep; stage N2
C) stage N1; REM sleep
D) stage N2; stage N1

Question 25

Brief periods of 'spiky' brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ____ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) N1 and N2

Question 26

At-risk groups for sleep apnea include each of the following EXCEPT:

A) older adults
B) men
C) young children
D) obese individuals

Question 27

Which of the following sleep disorders or disturbances is more common among children than among adults

A) sleep terrors
B) somnambulism
C) REM sleep behavior disorders
D) Both A and B are more common among children.

Question 28

How do successive REM periods change as the night progresses

A) Successive REM periods become shorter as the night progresses.
B) Successive REM periods become longer as the night progresses.
C) Successive dreams become more elaborate and vivid over the course of the night.
D) both B and C

Question 29

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A) the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed
B) the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages
D) both the brain and the body are inactive

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping

A) avoiding daytime naps
B) taking sleeping pills
C) exercising during the day
D) avoiding caffeine

Question 31

The deepest level of sleep is

A) Stage N1
B) Stage N2
C) Stage N3
D) REM

Question 32

Macy is a newborn; Laurel is a preschooler; and Maddie is an elementary-school student.Ideally,Macy sleeps ______ hours per day.Laurel sleeps _______ hours each day.Finally,Maddie prefers _______ hours of sleep each night.

A) 16; 14; 12
B) 16; 10; 9
C) 12; 10; 8
D) 16; 9; 8

Question 33

As sleepers enter deeper sleep stages,their brain waves:

A) increase in complexity
B) change little
C) decrease in amplitude
D) decrease in frequency

Question 34

Which alternative correctly pairs a sleep stage with a description of its corresponding brain activity

A) N2 - sleep spindles
B) N1 - delta waves
C) N2 - beta waves
D) N3 - alpha waves

Question 35

Which of the following defines sleep apnea

A) y breathing during sleep
B) Sudden sleep during waking consciousness
C) y sleeping
D) Intense panic; most common among children

Question 36

According to your text,humans should ideally sleep about _______ hours each night.In reality,though,Americans average about ______ hours of sleep each night.

A) 10; 7
B) 10; 6
C) 8; 7
D) 8; 6

Question 37

Which of the following defines narcolepsy

A) y breathing during sleep
B) Extreme daytime sleepiness
C) y sleeping
D) Intense panic; most common among children

Question 38

Which alternative correctly pairs a sleep stage with a description of its corresponding brain activity

A) N1 - sleep spindles
B) N2 - delta waves
C) N2 - beta waves
D) N3 - delta waves

Question 39

Which sleep disturbance is INCORRECTLY matched with a description

A) sleep apnea-y breathing during sleep
B) narcolepsy- Extreme daytime sleepiness
C) insomnia-y sleeping
D) REM sleep behavior disorder - intense panic; most common among children

Question 40

Four-year old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m.bedtime.At about 9:45,he suddenly sits up in bed,breathing rapidly and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic.DeMarcus is probably experiencing:

A) a narcoleptic attack
B) sleep terrors
C) sleep apnea
D) REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 41

Successive REM periods lengthen as the night progresses.

Question 42

With regard to the activation-synthesis theory,activation is to synthesis as _______ is to _________.

A) the cortex; the brainstem
B) the brainstem; the cortex
C) the cortex; the limbic system
D) the brainstem; the limbic system

Question 43

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the ________ in the hypothalamus.

Question 44

Brain waves decrease in wavelength as the sleeper progresses from stage N1,through stage N2,to stage N3.

Question 45

The latent content of a dream

A) is the dream you report having
B) is the underlying meaning of a dream
C) occurs only during the later dream stages
D) is associated with sleep spindles

Question 46

Circadian rhythms are one example of biorhythms.

Question 47

In Freud's theory,the dream one remembers having is the manifest constant.

Question 48

Sleep apnea involves daytime "sleep attacks."

Question 49

About ¼ of our sleep time is spent in ________ sleep,a stage associated with dreaming.

Question 50

Each sleep stage has its own distinct pattern of brain waves.

Question 51

With respect to its negative effects on driving,getting less than 6 hours of sleep each night is equivalent to a blood alcohol level of:

A) .02
B) .04
C) .05
D) .08

Question 52

Waking consciousness is associated with alpha waves.

Question 53

Psychologists usually recommend sleeping pills as the first step in treating insomnia.

Question 54

Of the theories of the function of dreaming mentioned in your text,the activation-synthesis theory is probably the most:

A) cognitive
B) functional
C) psychodynamic
D) biological

Question 55

When we are awake,our brain produces _________ waves.

Question 56

The manifest content of a dream

A) is the dream you report having
B) is the underlying meaning of a dream
C) occurs only during the first part of the dream
D) will not occur during REM

Question 57

Esther dreams that she is flying.Esther's psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse.Which of the following statements is true

A) Flying is the manifest content.
B) Flying is the latent content.
C) Sexual intercourse is the manifest content.
D) Esther wishes to fly.

Question 58

Most cases of insomnia are temporary.

Question 59

Rauchs and colleagues (2005)found that rats that were not allowed to dream

A) became more sexually aroused.
B) had more y learning new tasks.
C) better remembered information that they had experienced more recently.
D) had smaller brain mass.

Question 60

Biorhythms are one example of circadian rhythms.

Question 61

Giacomo uses crystal methamphetamine.He finds that he now needs more meth to feel the effects of the drug than he did when he started using it.Which term is used to describe Giacomo's experience

A) dependence
B) habituation
C) abuse
D) tolerance

Question 62

Bernice is participating in a sleep study in the laboratory.The EEG shows very slow delta waves.Bernice is in stage ____.

Question 63

Review three theories of why we dream and indicate the research that supports each oneSEQ CHAPTER \h \r 165.Chemicals that change our states of consciousness are termed ________ drugs.

A) psychostimulant
B) illegal
C) psychoactive
D) recreational

Question 64

Describe the stages of sleep and the characteristics of each of the stages

Question 65

Psychoactive drugs are found in:

A) chocolate
B) cold medicines
C) cigarettes
D) all of these

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major classes of psychoactive drugs

A) depressants
B) stabilizers
C) opioids
D) hallucinogens

Question 67

The process of moving information into long-term memory is termed _________.

Question 68

Which of the following alternatives correctly defines the symptoms of hallucinogens

A) They enhance mood and increase energy
B) They calm, produce sleep, and slow heart rate and respiration
C) They strongly slow body functions including heart rate and may create constipation and addiction
D) They create altered consciousness and hallucinations

Question 69

The need to use a drug regularly is termed __________.

A) dependence
B) habituation
C) abuse
D) addiction

Question 70

According to Hobson's ________ theory,dreams begin in random neural activity.

Question 71

Freud believed that a dream as we experience it is symbolic of its _______ content.

Question 72

Which of the following alternatives correctly defines the symptoms of opioids

A) They enhance mood and increase energy
B) They calm, produce sleep, and slow heart rate and respiration
C) They strongly slow body functions including heart rate and may create constipation and addiction
D) They create altered consciousness and hallucinations

Question 73

Which alternative correctly pairs a class of psychoactive drugs with its mechanism of action

A) hallucinogens - mimic endorphins
B) depressants - mimic endorphins
C) opioids - increase production of GABA; decrease production of acetylcholine
D) stimulants - block reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Question 74

Terry swears that he'll never take "oxies" again.When he stopped using oxycontin,though,he had chills,cramps,and diarrhea.Which term offers the MOST SPECIFIC description of Terry's experience

A) withdrawal
B) tolerance
C) addiction
D) dependence

Question 75

Francine is sleepy all day; she is unaware,though,that she wakes briefly several hundred times each night due to short pauses in her breathing.She is likely suffering from _______,one of the sleep disturbances described in your text.

Question 76

Which alternative correctly pairs a class of psychoactive drugs with an example

A) depressants - heroin
B) hallucinogens - marijuana
C) stimulants - LSD
D) opioids - cocaine

Question 77

Which alternative correctly pairs a class of psychoactive drugs with its general effects on thought and behavior

A) hallucinogens -- alter sensation and perception
B) stimulants - slow many body functions
C) opioids -- enhanced mood; increased energy
D) depressants - produce hallucinations

Question 78

Psychoactive drugs achieve their effects by:

A) mimicking neurotransmitters
B) blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters
C) blocking the action of neurotransmitters
D) any of these

Question 79

Which of the following alternatives correctly defines the symptoms of depressants

A) They enhance mood and increase energy
B) They calm, produce sleep, and slow heart rate and respiration
C) They strongly slow body functions including heart rate and may create constipation and addiction
D) They create altered consciousness and hallucinations

Question 80

Which of the following alternatives correctly defines the symptoms of stimulants

A) They enhance mood and increase energy
B) They calm, produce sleep, and slow heart rate and respiration
C) They strongly slow body functions including heart rate and may create constipation and addiction
D) They create altered consciousness and hallucinations