Deck 6: Psychological Science

Question 1

Recall the Eriksonian challenges that occur during development.Which is correctly matched with the appropriate ages below

A) trust vs. mistrust-ages 0 to 1-½
B) industry vs. inferiority-ages 1-½ to 3
C) autonomy vs. doubt.-ages 3 to 6
D) initiative vs. guilt- ages 6 to 12

Answer 1

trust vs. mistrust-ages 0 to 1-½

Question 2

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the first three of Erikson's stages of development

A) anal-muscular → oral-sensory → locomotor
B) locomotor → anal-muscular → oral-sensory
C) locomotor → oral-sensory → anal-muscular
D) oral-sensory → anal-muscular → locomotor

Answer 2

oral-sensory → anal-muscular → locomotor

Question 3

With respect to ovulation,which of the following statements is true

A) Ovulation only occurs during pregnancy.
B) Ovulation occurs about halfway through a woman's menstrual cycle.
C) Ovulation occurs at the very end of a woman's menstrual cycle.
D) Ovulation occurs twice during each menstrual cycle.

Answer 3

Ovulation occurs about halfway through a woman's menstrual cycle.

Question 4

According to Erikson,adolescents must resolve the challenge of:

A) trust versus mistrust
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 5

Yolanda is 24; Zachary is 44; Andrew is 74.Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her current Eriksonian stage.Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome

A) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; Andrew: ego integrity
B) Yolanda: ego integrity; Zachary: intimacy; Andrew: generativity
C) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: ego integrity; Andrew: generativity
D) Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; Andrew: ego integrity

Question 6

Daryl is 8 years old and he likes to do art projects at school.However,the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades and,in several instances,his friends have laughed at the work he has made.Based on Erikson's theory,Daryl may develop:

A) feelings of inferiority
B) a sense of despair
C) feelings of guilt
D) a sense of industry

Question 7

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of development from conception to birth

A) zygote → embryo → fetus
B) fetus → embryo → zygote
C) zygote → fetus → embryo
D) fetus → zygote → embryo

Question 8

Which of the following intellectual issues would seem MOST relevant to developmental psychology

A) nature vs. nurture
B) determinism vs. free will
C) accuracy vs. inaccuracy
D) conscious vs. unconscious processing

Question 9

Donna just turned 50,and she feels as if she is not making any real contributions through the career she has chosen.She is starting to believe that her life is meaningless and that it has had no purpose up until now.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Donna will:

A) develop a sense of despair
B) become stagnated
C) develop feelings of generativity
D) show evidence of role confusion

Question 10

Elizabeth is 5 years old,and she wants to show her independence and initiative by helping her mother when it is time for dinner.But Elizabeth's mother doesn't allow her to help.Based on Erikson's theory,Elizabeth may develop:

A) a general sense of mistrust
B) feelings of guilt
C) feelings of inferiority
D) a sense of initiative

Question 11

The longest part of a pregnancy,from the 9th week through to birth,is the period of the _____.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) placenta
D) fetus

Question 12

According to Erikson,the challenge of intimacy versus isolation occurs:

A) during the first year of life
B) between the ages of 3 and 6
C) during young adulthood
D) during adolescence

Question 13

If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation,Mike is probably:

A) an adolescent
B) an adult
C) a child
D) an older adult

Question 14

Which of the following phrases best approximates the proportion of fertilized eggs that fail to progress to the embryonic period of prenatal development

A) about one-tenth
B) just over one-quarter
C) approximately one-third
D) at least half

Question 15

According to Erikson,the first challenge in a child's development is that of:

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) autonomy versus shame

Question 16

A fertilized egg is termed a(n)__________.

A) embryo
B) ovum
C) amniote
D) zygote

Question 17

Bonnie is 3 months old and her parents inconsistently attend to her.Sometimes they are very attentive,feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset.Other times,Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Bonnie will develop:

A) feelings of isolation
B) a sense of inferiority
C) role confusion
D) a general sense of mistrust

Question 18

From two months after conception until birth,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n)_________.

A) fetus
B) embryo
C) zygote
D) amniote

Question 19

Eugene is 27 years old,and he feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices he has made so far.Consequently,he is reluctant at this point to undertake a serious,committed relationship with another person.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Eugene will:

A) develop a sense of isolation
B) develop feelings of inferiority
C) develop a sense of despair
D) become stagnated

Question 20

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to the physiological,behavioral,cognitive,and social changes that occur throughout life.

A) maturation
B) development
C) learning
D) personality

Question 21

In the United States,approximately 1 in _______ babies is born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

A) 100
B) 200
C) 500
D) 1000

Question 22

A teratogen is:

A) an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect
B) a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder
C) any physical defect in an unborn child
D) a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division

Question 23

Which alternative correctly pairs a prenatal structure with its description

A) amniotic sac - transfers material to the fetus
B) placenta - fluid-filled reservoir; acts as a cushion and temperature regulator
C) amniotic sac- fluid-filled reservoir; acts as a cushion and temperature regulato
D) umbilical cord - organ allowing exchange of nutrients with the mother

Question 24

Which alternative is the definition of the umbilical cord

A) A structure that transfers material to the fetus
B) A fluid-filled reservoir that acts as a cushion and temperature regulator
C) A fluid-filled reservoir that reduces the transfer of teratogens.
D) An organ that allows the exchange of nutrients with the mother

Question 25

Because it is an environmental agent potentially harmful to a developing fetus,cocaine is termed a(n)_________.

Question 26

The fetal period is the longest stage of prenatal development.

Question 27

Review prenatal development during the embryonic and fetal.Provide as much detail as you can

Question 28

Belinda is nine weeks into her pregnancy.Her developing baby is now called a(n)________.

Question 29

Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek.This is the ________ reflex; it helps an infant to _________.

A) rooting; develop hand-eye coordination
B) rooting; locate food
C) tonic neck; develop hand-eye coordination
D) tonic neck; locate food

Question 30

What is a safe level of alcohol consumption for a pregnant woman

A) About 1 cc per week
B) About 1 small drink a day
C) None
D) Pregnant women do not need to limit alcohol consumption

Question 31

In Erikson's theory,children in elementary school are generally facing the key challenge of __________

Question 32

The sexual organs are visible by the end of the ________ month of prenatal development.

A) 2ⁿᵈ
B) 3ʳᵈ
C) 4ᵗʰ
D) 5ᵗʰ

Question 33

Nearly half of all pregnancies end in a miscarriage.

Question 34

Which alternative is the definition of the placenta

A) A structure that transfers material to the fetus
B) A fluid-filled reservoir that acts as a cushion and temperature regulator
C) A fluid-filled reservoir that reduces the transfer of teratogens.
D) An organ that allows the exchange of nutrients with the mother

Question 35

Which alternative is the definition of the amniotic sac

A) A structure that transfers material to the fetus
B) A fluid-filled reservoir that acts as a cushion and temperature regulator
C) A fluid-filled reservoir that reduces the transfer of teratogens.
D) An organ that allows the exchange of nutrients with the mother

Question 36

Harriet is pregnant.Her developing baby is moving and sleeping.It is developing the ability to breathe and swallow.Harriet's baby is in the _________ period of prenatal development.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) neonatal

Question 37

Which of the following is the correct definition of the Moro reflex

A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Question 38

Which infant reflex is correctly matched with its description

A) Moro reflex; following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) grasping reflex; an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) withdrawal reflex; when an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) rooting reflex; an infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot
E) tonic neck reflex; an infant closes both its eyes when a light is flashed in its eyes

Question 39

Development is primarily a product of nurture.

Question 40

Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts,describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian perspective.Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative

Question 41

Melanie presents infants with the same red light repeatedly until the infants quit looking at it.She then presents a new,slightly different colored light and records whether the infants resume responding.This is an example of:

A) the novelty paradigm
B) the habituation procedure
C) the adaptation procedure
D) cross-sectional research

Question 42

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm,she closes her fist tightly around it if the object is lifted up,Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it.Geraldine is demonstrating:

A) preoperational thought
B) the rooting reflex
C) the Moro reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Question 43

The habituation technique for studying infant perception is based on the finding that infants will:

A) spend more time looking at familiar objects
B) repeat simple motor responses that have been rewarded in the past
C) spend more time looking at correctly drawn faces than at faces with features placed in incorrect positions
D) show a decline in responsiveness to repeated stimulation

Question 44

Which of the following best describes the Moro reflex

A) The baby withdraws to avoid pain
B)  The baby swallows to improve feeding
C)  The baby grunts to improve waste elimination
D)  The baby extends his or her arms to avoid falling

Question 45

Among adults,a fear of flying is thought to reflect a fear of falling,or loss of support.In infancy,the ________ reflex protects the infant from falling.

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) tonic neck
D) Moro

Question 46

As psychologists use the term,to "habituate" means:

A) to clothe
B) to inhabit
C) to notice
D) to become accustomed
E) to prefer

Question 47

In Piaget's theory,the mental models children use to interpret and guide their experiences are called _________.

A) constructs
B) complexes
C) schemas
D) structures

Question 48

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card over repeatedly until the infant stops watching the card.If the color of the card is now changed to green,and the infant starts watching again,researchers can infer that the infant:

A) can perceive the difference between the two cards
B) is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards
C) prefers the green card to the blue card
D) prefers the blue card to the green card

Question 49

"I am a prominent early American.I proposed that the newborn experiences the world as a 'blooming,buzzing confusion.' Who am I"

A) James
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Titchener

Question 50

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar ____________.

A) Jung
B) Freud
C) Vygotsky
D) Piaget

Question 51

Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a kitty-cat until she realized that it hopped instead of walked and it didn't purr.The change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's new pet illustrates the process that Piaget called:

A) assimilation
B) object permanence
C) conservation
D) accommodation

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct definition of the blink reflex

A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant closes both its eyes when a light is flashed in its eyes

Question 53

In its discussion of habituation,your text notes that when infants pay attention to a stimulus,their heart rate increases.Increased heart rate may therefore serve as a(n)_________ definition of "paying attention."

A) experimental
B) conceptual
C) operational
D) procedural

Question 54

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development from birth through adolescence

A) sensorimotor → concrete operational → preoperational → formal operational
B) preoperational → concrete operational → sensorimotor → formal operational
C) preoperational → sensorimotor → concrete operational → formal operational
D) sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational → formal operational

Question 55

Research examining the perceptual abilities of newborn and very young infants has:

A) generally supported the notion that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
B) tended to contradict the idea that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
C) provided little information regarding the notion that infants experience a "blooming, buzzing confusion"
D) revealed that babies are insensitive to color and shape

Question 56

According to Piaget,the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemata is called _________,whereas the process of changing or modifying existing schemata to make sense of new experiences is called ________.

A) accommodation; assimilation
B) conservation; accommodation
C) assimilation; conservation
D) assimilation; accommodation

Question 57

Which of the following is the correct definition of the tonic neck reflex.

A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Question 58

Which of the following is the correct definition of the withdrawal reflex

A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Question 59

Which of the following is the correct definition of the rooting reflex

A) Following a loud noise or sudden drop in height, an infant extends its arms and legs and quickly brings them in
B) An infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek
C) When an infant is laid on its back, it turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side
D) An infant flexes its leg when a soft pin prick is applied to the sole of its foot

Question 60

Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cabinet.They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all.Darlene's error illustrates the process that Piaget termed:

A) habituation
B) accommodation
C) object permanence
D) assimilation

Question 61

Which of the following is a description of Piaget's preoperational stage

A) The child learns to understand time, space, and numbers and to use deductive reasoning
B) The child is able to form mental images
C) The child perceives the environment only through the senses
D) The child can think in abstract terms

Question 62

Rhonda is currently 9 years old.Rhonda is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) locomotor
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 63

Which age below is INCORRECTLY labeled with a developmental stage,in Piaget's theory

A) 12 months; sensorimotor stage
B) 18 months; oral-sensory stage
C) 4 years; preoperational stage
D) 9 years; concrete operational stage

Question 64

Which of the following is a description of Piaget's concrete operational stage

A) The child learns to understand time, space, and numbers and to use deductive reasoning
B) The child is able to form mental images
C) The child perceives the environment only through the senses
D) The child can think in abstract terms

Question 65

During the sensorimotor period

A) children begin developing a theory of mind
B) children form schemas based on their senses
C) children learn to transform objects mentally
D) children develop the ability of conservation

Question 66

A four-year-old child is shown a row of seven red checkers.He is asked to place a black checker immediately above each red one.On doing so,the child agrees that there are as many red as black checkers.The experimenter then spreads out the black checkers so that the line they form is longer than that formed by the red checkers.The experimenter asks whether there are more red checkers or more black checkers in order to determine whether the child:

A) has attained object permanence
B) demonstrates conservation
C) can perform formal operations
D) has a theory of mind

Question 67

Which of the following is a description of Piaget's sensorimotor stage

A) The child learns to understand time, space, and numbers and to use deductive reasoning
B) The child is able to form mental images
C) The child perceives the environment only through the senses
D) The child can think in abstract terms

Question 68

A four-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather.If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct,the child is likely to:

A) describe the dragon picture to her grandfather
B) ignore her grandfather when he asks her about her day
C) tell her grandfather to look at the dragon
D) ask her grandfather if he would like to see the picture the next time they are together

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a criticism that has been leveled at Piaget's theory of cognitive development

A) Piaget underestimated the contribution of environmental factors to social development.
B) Cognitive development may proceed more gradually and in a more ongoing fashion than a stage theory such as Piaget's would suggest.
C) Children are generally less sophisticated in their cognitive development than Piaget proposed; that is, Piaget tended to overestimate children's level of cognitive development.
D) Piaget's theory may not generalize well across cultures.

Question 70

Mr.Eseston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece,or cut into two pieces.Colin asks him to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces.Colin's answer suggests that he

A) has not achieved object permanence.
B) does not have a theory of mind.
C) does not yet understand conservation.
D) has mastered the concept of conservation.

Question 71

Which of the following statements best expresses preoperational children's degree of cognitive sophistication

A) They understand that objects exist when they are not visible.
B) They can readily take another person's viewpoint.
C) They can perform such mental operations as conservation.
D) They can use language to represent objects.

Question 72

Which of the following is a description of Piaget's formal operational stage

A) The child learns to understand time, space, and numbers and to use deductive reasoning
B) The child is able to form mental images
C) The child perceives the environment only through the senses
D) The child can think in abstract terms

Question 73

Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice.His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass.Jay is now content that he has more juice.Jay has apparently failed to develop:

A) object permanence
B) a theory of mind
C) formal operations
D) conservation

Question 74

When an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight,the infant has attained what Piaget termed:

A) theory of mind
B) conservation
C) formal operations
D) object permanence

Question 75

Edward is currently in the second grade.According to Piaget,Edward is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 76

To stop baby Rudy from fussing for a sharp knife on the kitchen table,Rudy's mother put it in her apron."Out of sight,out of mind," she said,and it worked.Rudy's mother capitalized on Rudy's lack of:

A) conservation
B) egocentric thought
C) object permanence
D) a theory of mind

Question 77

In one elementary school curriculum,mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade.Why are they not introduced in the fourth or fifth grade

A) Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables.
B) According to Piaget, concrete operational children should be able to reason with variables.
C) Children are incapable of conservation and reversibility until the beginning of the formal operational period.
D) Dealing with variables requires post-conventional thought, which does not usually appear until adolescence.

Question 78

Dawn is 1 year old.Ellis is 5 years old.Fritzi is 9 years old.Girard is 15 years old.Which child is correctly matched with the stage that she is likely in

A) Dawn -- sensorimotor
B) Ellis - concrete operational
C) Fritzi - formal operational
D) Girard - preoperational

Question 79

A child demonstrates object permanence,egocentrism,and a failure to conserve.She is most likely in which Piagetian stage

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 80

Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains the ability to reason.Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint

A) Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
B) No. Children have no reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
C) No. At this point, children have only a very rudimentary theory of mind.
D) No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.