Deck 7: Social Psychology: Stereotypes

Question 1

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

A) Thorndike
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Watson

Answer 1

Pavlov

Question 2

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

A) Extinction
B) Habituation
C) Adaptation
D) Deconditioning

Answer 2

Extinction

Question 3

In Pavlov's study,the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and,finally,the CS was _________.

A) meat; the bell; meat
B) the bell; the bell; meat
C) the bell; meat; meat
D) meat; the bell; the bell

Answer 3

meat; the bell; the bell

Question 4

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last

A) acquisition --> spontaneous recovery --> extinction
B) extinction --> spontaneous recovery --> acquisition
C) spontaneous recovery --> acquisition --> extinction
D) extinction --> acquisition --> spontaneous recovery
E) acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery

A) Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B) Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C) Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D) Alexis uses cocaine. Her heart pounds and her hands shake not only when she sees her dealer's car pull into her drive, but also when she sees a similar car pull into her drive.

Question 6

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction

A) Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B) Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C) Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D) Alexis uses cocaine. To feel the effects of the drug, she needs a larger amount of the drug than she did in the past.

Question 7

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.

A) maturation
B) development
C) learning
D) perception

Question 8

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food.This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

A) a stimulus and either another stimulus or a response
B) a stimulus and a response
C) two responses
D) two stimuli

Question 9

Stimulus is to response as _________ is to __________.

A) mind; body
B) conditioning; learning
C) environment; behavior
D) behavior; environment

Question 10

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________.

A) conditioning
B) learning
C) perception
D) cognition

Question 11

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between learning on the one hand,and conditioning on the other

A) Conditioning and learning are the same thing.
B) Conditioning is part of learning.
C) Learning is part of conditioning.
D) Learning and conditioning are unrelated.

Question 12

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related

A) They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B) They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
C) The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.
D) The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.

Question 13

How are conditioning,insight,and modeling related,if they are at all

A) Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning.
B) Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all similar to learning.
C) Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all the same type of learning.
D) The three processes are unrelated.

Question 14

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Instrumental conditioning

Question 15

Broadly speaking,nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________.

A) CS; US
B) CR; UR
C) neutral stimulus; CS
D) UR; CR

Question 16

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n)_________.

A) CS
B) US
C) neutral stimulus
D) CR

Question 17

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.

A) psychodynamic
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive
D) behaviorist

Question 18

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

A) They are unrelated.
B) They are opposites.
C) They are the same thing.
D) Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Question 19

According to your text,the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection.In this instance,the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists.

A) structuralist
B) functionalist
C) psychodynamic
D) Gestalt

Question 20

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the US

A) neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; US-cocaine
B) neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-pounding heart
C) neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine
D) neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine

Question 21

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)

A) Something that naturally creates a response
B) Something that creates a response only after conditioning
C) A naturally-occurring behavior
D) A behavior that is acquired

Question 22

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)

A) Something that naturally creates a response
B) Something that creates a response only after conditioning
C) A naturally-occurring behavior
D) A behavior that is acquired

Question 23

In a Pavlovian experiment,a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

Question 24

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,but not when a blender is used.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

A) control
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) discrimination

Question 25

The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

Question 26

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 27

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.

A) panic attack
B) phobia
C) psychosis
D) neurosis

Question 28

Often,a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS,but by a similar one as well.This is known as stimulus:

A) control
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) diffusion

Question 29

Based on your text's discussion,how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances

A) PTSD reflects especially strong CS-US associations.
B) In PTSD, the CS-US associations are slow to extinguish.
C) PTSD reflects especially extensive stimulus generalization.
D) PTSD reflects a particularly high degree of stimulus discrimination.
E) both A and B

Question 30

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.This example illustrates ________ conditioning.When May's cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening,the sound is a(n)________ stimulus.

A) second-order; unconditioned
B) second-order; neutral
C) second-order; conditioned
D) sequential; unconditioned

Question 31

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________.

A) extinction
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) association

Question 32

In ________ conditioning,an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

A) generalized
B) superordinate
C) higher-level
D) second-order

Question 33

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

A) neutral
B) unconditioned
C) second-order
D) conditioned

Question 34

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n)___________ approach to psychology.

A) nurture; evolutionary
B) nurture; cognitive
C) nature; cognitive
D) nature; evolutionary

Question 35

An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

Question 36

In its discussion of second-order conditioning,your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday,the day one receives one's paycheck.The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy.With respect to this example,which of the following statements is true

A) Friday is a US for the response of feeling good.
B) The paycheck is a US for the response of feeling good.
C) Feeling good on a Friday is a UR.
D) Friday is a CS in its association with the check.

Question 37

Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

Question 38

In classical conditioning,which of the following pairs are most similar

A) CS; US
B) US; UR
C) CS: CR
D) UR; CR

Question 39

May's cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener,but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener.Which alternative identifies the CS(s)for the cat's behavior of running

A) the sound of the can opener
B) the sound of the cabinet door
C) the smell of the food
D) both A and B

Question 40

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning

A) Garcia's work extends Pavlov's theory.
B) Garcia's work supports Pavlov's theory.
C) Garcia's work constrains Pavlov's theory.
D) Garcia's work refutes Pavlov's theory.

Question 41

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

A) Skinner
B) Thorndike
C) Watson
D) Pavlov

Question 42

Classical conditioning applies mainly to __________ behaviors.Operant conditioning applies primarily to __________.

A) existing; new behaviors
B) existing; existing behaviors as well
C) voluntary; reflexive behaviors
D) new; new behaviors as well

Question 43

In Pavlov's study,the bell is both a(n)_______ stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

Question 44

Which of the following alternatives illustrates operant conditioning

A) Your mouth waters at the sight of a display of fresh chili peppers in the supermarket.
B) You no longer use a vending machine in the foyer of the computer science building on campus because it has sometimes failed to deliver your soda.
C) You don't know how best to organize the points you wish to make in one section of a political science term paper. The solution suddenly comes to you, though, after you work on your statistics homework for a while.
D) You squirm at the sight of an addict shooting up in a television movie.

Question 45

Which of the following alternatives illustrates classical conditioning

A) Your mouth waters at the sight of a display of fresh chili peppers in the supermarket.
B) You no longer use a vending machine in the foyer of the computer science building on campus because it has sometimes failed to deliver your soda.
C) You don't know how best to organize the points you wish to make in one section of a political science term paper. The solution suddenly comes to you, though, after you work on your statistics homework for a while.
D) You squirm at the sight of an addict shooting up in a television movie.

Question 46

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between:

A) neutral and unconditioned stimuli
B) stimuli and behavior
C) two or more behaviors
D) behavior and consequences

Question 47

Brittany is intensely and irrationally afraid of dogs.Brittany has a(n)_______.

Question 48

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of positive reinforcement

A) Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
B) Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents confiscated his iPod.
C) Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.
D) Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

Question 49

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

A) reward
B) reinforcement
C) conditioning
D) latent learning

Question 50

Making specific reference to such terms as UCS,CS,UCR,CR,and stimulus generalization,explain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia

Question 51

Thorndike's notion that successful responses are stamped in by experience may be seen as an early statement of Skinner's concept of:

A) negative punishment
B) positive punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 52

Making explicit reference to neutral,unconditioned,and conditioned stimuli and to unconditioned and conditioned responses,distinguish succinctly between (a)extinction and spontaneous recovery and (b)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.Supply an original example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery,and of either stimulus generalization or stimulus discrimination

Question 53

A bright flash automatically causes us to blink.It is a(n)________ stimulus.

Question 54

Garcia's taste conditioning work suggests that nature plays little role in classical conditioning.

Question 55

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

A) consequences
B) reward
C) effect
D) reinforcement

Question 56

Adam was badly stung by a bee once.Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects.This example illustrates ____________.

Question 57

Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:

A) Freud
B) Tolman
C) Pavlov
D) Skinner

Question 58

_________ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

Question 59

In ___________ conditioning,an existing CS may serve as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Question 60

How have psychologists challenged Pavlov's traditional account of classical conditioning In your answer,make specific reference to potential biological constraints on classical conditioning

Question 61

Paychecks and grades are delivered on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) continuous
D) variable-ratio

Question 62

Which of the following defines positive reinforcement

A) Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus
B) Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus
C) Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus
D) Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Question 63

Which of the following is the best example of positive punishment

A) taking away a fun toy
B) providing a spanking
C) providing a desired treat
D) taking away a desired treat

Question 64

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative reinforcement

A) Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
B) Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents confiscated his iPod.
C) Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.
D) Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

Question 65

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative punishment

A) Astrid takes away her daughter's cell phone when she misbehaves.
B) Carly yells at her husband when he comes home late.
C) Jim makes his students run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class.
D) Kevin works as much overtime as he can for the extra pay.

Question 66

Vending machine is to slot machine as ____________ reinforcement is to __________ reinforcement.

A) continuous; intermittent
B) intermittent; continuous
C) partial; intermittent
D) positive; negative

Question 67

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos' paycheck is a _________ reinforcer.

A) positive
B) primary
C) secondary
D) both A and C

Question 68

On most occasions,drivers you let into your lane acknowledge the favor in some way; sometimes,though,they don't.The behavior of letting drivers in is maintained by __________ reinforcement.

A) secondary
B) positive
C) intermittent
D) A, B, and C

Question 69

Which of the following defines negative punishment

A) Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus
B) Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus
C) Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus
D) Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Question 70

Which of the following defines positive punishment

A) Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus
B) Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus
C) Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus
D) Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Question 71

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example

A) positive reinforcement - Harvey can't go to the senior class party
B) negative reinforcement - Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew
C) positive punishment - When Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse, her mother yells at her
D) negative punishment - Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance sofa

Question 72

You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you,just most of the time.Door-holding is reinforced on a(n)___________ schedule.

A) continuous
B) partial
C) intermittent
D) both B and C

Question 73

Which of the following statements is most true

A) Punishment is more effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior.
B) Punishment creates longer-lasting changes in behavior than does positive reinforcement.
C) Punishment may create negative, adversarial relationships.
D) Punishment is rarely effective in changing behavior

Question 74

Which of the following statements is correctly matched with the type of consequence it illustrates

A) Janie continues her drug use because it eliminates unpleasant cravings for the drug -- negative punishment
B) Janie reduces her drug use because it leaves her without money -- negative reinforcement
C) Janie reduces her drug use because of the drug's physical side effects -- negative punishment
D) Janie continues her drug use because it takes her mind off unpleasant thoughts - negative reinforcement

Question 75

Sometimes when we call a customer service center,we are put on hold; we do not know how long it will be before our holding behavior is reinforced by the response of an associate,and it doesn't matter what we do in the meantime.Holding is reinforced on a _______ schedule.

A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval

Question 76

Ava is wheeling her toddler,Jamie,through the supermarket after a long and tiring day.When Jamie begins to fuss,Ava scolds her sharply and Jamie's fussing subsides.Which of the following statements is most likely true

A) Ava's scolding negatively reinforces Jamie's fussing.
B) Ava's scolding punishes Jamie's fussing.
C) That Jamie stops fussing negatively reinforces Ava's scolding.
D) Both B and C.

Question 77

As compared to behaviors reinforced on continuous schedules,behaviors reinforced intermittently are _______ resistant to extinction.

A) more
B) slightly less
C) equally
D) much less

Question 78

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example

A) positive reinforcement - Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property
B) negative reinforcement - Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet
C) positive punishment - Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes
D) negative punishment - Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints

Question 79

Negative reinforcement:

A) is the same thing as punishment
B) leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior
C) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed
D) is the same thing as secondary reinforcement

Question 80

Which of the following defines negative reinforcement

A) Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus
B) Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus
C) Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus
D) Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus