Deck 10: Schemas: Piagets Cognitive Development

Question 1

Dr.Schmidt studies the factors that activate and direct behavior toward an individual's goals.Dr.Schmidt studies:

A) personality
B) intelligence
C) cognition
D) motivation

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

Which alternative best expresses the relationship between emotion and motivation

A) Emotion and motivation are unrelated.
B) Emotion and motivation are the same thing.
C) Emotion and motivation are opposing processes.
D) Emotion and motivation are closely related.

Answer 2

Emotion and motivation are closely related.

Question 3

The ___________ emotional pathway involves the _________; the _________ pathway does not.

A) slow; thalamus; fast
B) fast; amygdala; slow
C) slow; amygdala; fast
D) slow; frontal lobe; fast

Answer 3

slow; frontal lobe; fast

Question 4

Declan,a PhD candidate,tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation.Declan is investigating:

A) the ability to generate new solutions to problems
B) the way behavior changes as a result of experience
C) the factors that direct behavior toward goals
D) the processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 5

Which of the following describes the James-Lange theory of emotion

A) Arousal creates emotion
B) Emotion creates arousal
C) Arousal and emotion happen at the same time
D) A cognitive label allows us to interpret arousal

Question 6

When blood pH becomes overly acidic,respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4.What does this process best exemplify

A) drive reduction
B) positive feedback
C) homeostasis
D) the concept of appraisal

Question 7

Which of the following defines affect

A) The experience of feeling or emotion.
B) Our experiences of the responses created by the sympathetic division of the ANS
C) A mental and physiological feeling state
D) A driving force that directs behavior

Question 8

The secondary emotions can be displayed on a two-dimensional graph.Which pair of terms might be used to label the graph's axes

A) appraisal and valence
B) arousal and valence
C) arousal and appraisal
D) primary component and secondary component

Question 9

Which of the following defines motivation

A) The experience of feeling or emotion.
B) Our experiences of the responses created by the sympathetic division of the ANS
C) A mental and physiological feeling state
D) A driving force that directs behavior

Question 10

Motivational tension that activates behavior to satisfy a goal is termed a(n):

A) drive
B) reflex
C) incentive
D) instinct

Question 11

With respect to emotion,the fast pathway is to the slow pathway as __________ emotions are to _________ emotions.

A) basic; secondary
B) secondary; basic
C) primary; secondary
D) secondary; primary

Question 12

Which of the following defines arousal

A) The experience of feeling or emotion.
B) Our experiences of the responses created by the sympathetic division of the ANS
C) A mental and physiological feeling state
D) A driving force that directs behavior

Question 13

In comparison to the basic emotions,the secondary emotion have more

A) arousal.
B) motivation.
C) drive.
D) cognitive appraisal.

Question 14

What is homeostasis

A) a theory of drive reduction
B) a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions
C) the psychological representation of a drive
D) the diffusion of fluids in a cell

Question 15

Arousal reflects the release of the hormone(s):

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) both A and B

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a "basic" emotion

A) amusement
B) anger
C) happiness
D) fear

Question 17

The term affect is synonymous with:

A) emotion
B) perception
C) motivation
D) cognition

Question 18

According to your text,arousal involves activation mainly of the ________ nervous system(s).

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) somatic
D) secondary

Question 19

Fear and anger differ greatly in:

A) valence
B) arousal
C) neither valence, nor arousal
D) both arousal and valence

Question 20

Drs.Lemaire and McCullough are psychologists of emotion.Over coffee one day,Dr.Lemaire remarks that she is "experiencing a state of low arousal,with a negative valence." Dr.Mc Cullough replies that she is "experiencing a state of low arousal,with a positive valence." Which alternative best describes how the two psychologists are feeling in everyday terms

A) Dr. Lemaire is bored, while Dr. McCullough is excited.
B) Dr. Lemaire is depressed, while Dr. McCullough is distressed.
C) Dr. Lemaire is depressed, while Dr. McCullough is delighted.
D) Dr. Lemaire is bored, while Dr. McCullough is relaxed.

Question 21

Which of the following describes the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A) Arousal creates emotion
B) Emotion creates arousal
C) Arousal and emotion happen at the same time
D) A cognitive label allows us to interpret arousal

Question 22

Which piece of evidence is correctly matched with its relevance to a particular theory of emotion

A) Without arousal, our emotional experiences are weaker - James-Lange theory
B) We experience emotion before we experience arousal -Cannon-Bard theory
C) Different patterns of arousal produce different emotions - Schachter-Singer theory
D) The situation influences how we interpret our body's reactions - Cannon-Bard theory

Question 23

According to the facial-feedback hypothesis,

A) we pay close attention to others' facial expressions.
B) our emotions activate specific facial-affect patterns.
C) our facial expressions may determine our emotional experience.
D) facial expressions are strongly influenced by our immediate environment and our larger cultures

Question 24

Which of the following describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A) Arousal creates emotion
B) Emotion creates arousal
C) Arousal and emotion happen at the same time
D) A cognitive label allows us to interpret arousal

Question 25

Which theory of emotion is CORRECTLY matched with its description

A) James-Lange-Emotions involve cognitive interpretation.
B) Cannon-Bard-Physiological reactions precede emotional experience.
C) Schachter-Singer-Stimuli produce physiological reactions and emotional experiences simultaneously.
D) None of these is correctly matched.

Question 26

The facial-feedback hypothesis:

A) seems consistent with the James-Lange view of emotion
B) has yet to be examined empirically
C) has been discounted on the basis of empirical research
D) derives from Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory of emotion

Question 27

In Schachter and Singer's classic experiment,participants who didn't have an explanation for their arousal took on the emotion expressed by the confederate.According to the interpretation of the results described in your text,we can say that these participants _____.

A) expressed their secondary emotions
B) misattributed their arousal
C) minimized their cognitive processing
D) underemphasized the role of the situation

Question 28

If Schachter and Singer's had run another study in which the same procedure was used but the confederate acted as if he or she was romantically attracted to the participant,what would Schachter and singer have predicted

A) The misinformed participants would have reported experiencing more love for the confederate
B) The informed participants would have reported experiencing more euphoria
C) The informed participants would have reported experiencing more love for the confederate
D) The misinformed participants would have reported experiencing more anger toward the confederate

Question 29

One's accent can reveal such components of one's identity as one's region of origin,one's level of education,and one's socioeconomic status.One's accent is an example of an aspect of nonverbal communication called:

A) phonemics
B) proxemics
C) vocalics
D) paralanguage

Question 30

The face contains nearly _______ muscles,enabling more than ________ different configurations.

A) 20; 10,000
B) 50; 1,000
C) 50; 10,000
D) 100; 10,000

Question 31

In the James-Lange theory of emotion,physiological responses _________ emotional experiences.

A) follow
B) precede
C) sometimes follow, and sometimes precede
D) occur simultaneously with

Question 32

In Stepper and Strack's (1993)experiment,people rated cartoons as funnier when they held a pen between their teeth than when they held a pen between their lips.Which alternative correctly names and identifies the variables in this study

A) independent variable - cartoon ratings ; dependent variable - pen position
B) independent variable - pen position ; dependent variable - cartoon ratings
C) independent variable - pen position ; outcome variable - cartoon ratings
D) predictor variable - pen position; dependent variable - cartoon ratings

Question 33

In Schachter and Singer's classic experiment,participants were injected with epinephrine and either informed or not informed about the drug's effects.Participants were later asked to rate their own emotional states.Which alternative below correctly names and identifies a variable in this experiment

A) independent variable-whether participants were informed about epinephrine's effects
B) dependent variable-whether participants were informed about epinephrine's effects
C) control variable-participants' own emotional state
D) experimental variable-whether participants were informed about epinephrine's effects

Question 34

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment indicate that:

A) emotional experience and visceral reaction are the same thing
B) emotions are actually the result of parasympathetic rebound
C) emotional experience is the cognitive interpretation of arousal
D) people can never experience "true" emotions

Question 35

Rules about the approximate use of personal space are called ________.Clues to emotion or identity contained in our voices are termed _______.

A) paralanguage; proxemics
B) paralanguage; paralanguage, too
C) gestures; paralanguage
D) proxemics; paralanguage

Question 36

Which alternative below correctly identifies one of the results in Schachter and Singer's experiment

A) The injection of epinephrine had no effect on participants.
B) The participants emotional state influenced the confederate's behavior.
C) The confederate's behavior influenced participants' emotional state.
D) The confederate's behavior did not influence participants' emotional state.

Question 37

Which of the following theories of emotion most explicitly recognizes the importance of the cognitive component of emotion

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Cannon-Lange
D) Schachter-Singer

Question 38

In an argument,you back away from your conversational partner to indicate submission; you get "in their face" to communicate dominance.This example illustrates:

A) noverbal communication
B) proxemics
C) paralanguage
D) both A and B

Question 39

According to Schachter and Singer,our emotions are based on:

A) physical behavior
B) a physiological response and cognitive evaluation
C) attribution and social perception
D) reasoning and decision making

Question 40

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,physiological reactions _________ emotional experiences.

A) follow
B) precede
C) occur simultaneously with
D) sometimes follow, and sometimes precede
E) have little to do with

Question 41

Stand up straight: Not only will you look better,but you'll probably feel better too.

Question 42

At which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome are individuals the most likely to show negative consequences of stress

A) exhaustion
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) mobilization

Question 43

Which of the following describes the resistance stage of the General Adaptation model

A) Intially perceiving a threat or a stressor
B) Trying to adapt to a stressor
C) Failing to successfully respond to a stressor
D) Successfully coping with a stressor

Question 44

Of the theories of emotion described in your text,the account that places the most emphasis on cognition is the __________ theory.

Question 45

Which of the following describes the exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation model

A) Intially perceiving a threat or a stressor
B) Trying to adapt to a stressor
C) Failing to successfully respond to a stressor
D) Successfully coping with a stressor

Question 46

According to the James-Lange theory,our emotional experiences drive our physiological responses.

Question 47

In the psychology of health and stress,Hans Selye is associated with the study of:

A) the hardy personality
B) coping strategies
C) the general adaptation syndrome
D) emotion regulation

Question 48

Which stage of the General Adaptation model is correctly matched with an example

A) alarm-drinking coffee and energy drinks to stay up late at night to write a paper.
B) resistance-realizing that a major term paper is due in 2 weeks.
C) exhaustion-coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in a big paper.
D) None of these is correctly matched.

Question 49

Marilee is so angry she could spit: She is experiencing a secondary emotion.

Question 50

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the stages of the general adaptation syndrome,from first to last

A) alarm → exhaustion → resistance
B) alarm → resistance → exhaustion
C) resistance → alarm → exhaustion
D) resistance → exhaustion → alarm

Question 51

Which of the following correctly describes the parts of the HPA axis

A) Hippocampus - Pineal - Activating Hormone
B) Hypothalamus- Pineal - Adrenal
C) Hippocampus- Pituitary- Activating Hormone
D) Hypothalamus- Pituitary - Adrenal

Question 52

The facial-feedback hypothesis is reminiscent of the ________ theory of emotion in that it suggests that the feeling of an emotion follows the body's behavior.

Question 53

"Smile,even though your heart is breaking," suggests a standard in the American songbook.Good advice Make reference to the James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial-feedback hypothesis in your answerThe term __________ refers to the physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats.

A) homeostasis
B) trauma
C) alarm
D) stress

Question 54

Consider the HPA axis.Which alternative pairs a letter in the acronym HPA with the correct term

A) H - hippocampus
B) A - amygdala
C) P - pineal gland
D) H - hypothalamus

Question 55

Which stage of the General Adaptation model is correctly matched with a description

A) alarm-perceiving a threat, or a stressor
B) resistance-attempting to cope with the stressor
C) exhaustion-experiencing the negative physical and psychological consequences of stress
D) Each of the above are correctly matched.

Question 56

The slow emotional pathway includes the frontal lobes.

Question 57

The prominent early American psychologist __________ argued that rather than crying because we feel hurt,"we feel sorry because we cry."

Question 58

Which of the following describes the alarm stage of the General Adaptation model

A) Intially perceiving a threat or a stressor
B) Trying to adapt to a stressor
C) Failing to successfully respond to a stressor
D) Successfully coping with a stressor

Question 59

Many emotional experiences entail interpretation,a process known as cognitive ________.

Question 60

Review the Cannon-Bard,James-Lange,and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.Support each theory with reference to empirical research

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT among the physiological responses to stress

A) an increase in heart rate and blood pressure
B) an increase in the secretion of adrenal hormones
C) suppression of the sympathetic nervous system
D) suppression of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 62

Psychologists have investigated the effects of daily hassles on stress and health.Which alternative best summarizes the results of such research

A) Daily hassles have little effect on either the amount of stress participants report experiencing or the functioning of participants' immune systems.
B) Daily hassles influence the amount of stress participants report experiencing, but have little effect on the functioning of participants' immune systems.
C) Daily hassles have little effect on the amount of stress participants report experiencing, but they do influence the functioning of participants' immune systems.
D) Daily hassles influence both the amount of stress participants report experiencing and the functioning of participants' immune systems.

Question 63

The emotional response to stress most strongly associated with negative health outcomes is that of:

A) surprise
B) anger
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 64

Which of the following phrases best describes the short- and long-term effects of stress

A) Stress is adaptive in both the short and the long term.
B) Stress is adaptive in the short term but detrimental over the longer term.
C) Stress is adaptive in the short term but has unpredictable effects over the longer term.
D) Stress is detrimental both in the short term and over the longer term.

Question 65

The tend-and-befriend stress response is associated with the hormone ________,which promotes _________.

A) oxytocin; affiliation
B) oxytocin; action
C) oxytocin; aggression
D) cortisol; affiliation

Question 66

The longer-term physiological consequences of stress include:

A) the deterioration of blood vessels and the heart
B) lowered immune system functioning
C) genetic damage
D) A, B, and C

Question 67

Which term best describes the relationship a researcher might find between participants' scores on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale and scores on a measure of physical illness

A) positive
B) perfect
C) curvilinear
D) negligible

Question 68

Which of the following is a stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood,preparing the body for action

A) cortisol
B) ACTH
C) leptin
D) testosterone

Question 69

Holmes and Rahe are noted for their development of a scale measuring:

A) emotional regulation
B) optimism
C) life stressors
D) hardiness

Question 70

Pennebaker and Beall (1986)assigned some students to write about the most traumatic event of their lives.What happened

A) The students had higher blood pressure and more negative moods immediately after they wrote their essays and they were more likely to fall ill during the next six months.
B) The students had higher blood pressure and more negative moods immediately after they wrote their essays, but they were less likely to fall ill during the next six months.
C) The students had higher blood pressure and more negative moods immediately after writing their essays, but there were no longer-term effects.
D) Writing about the traumatic event seemed to little effect.

Question 71

According to your text,Williams et al.(2001)found that individuals scoring high on measures of anger were ________ more likely to suffer from heart attacks than were lower-scoring individuals.

A) no
B) one-and-a-half times
C) two times
D) three times

Question 72

Stress ________ activity in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.Stress also _________ activity in the parasympathetic division.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 73

One's score on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale offers a(n)___________ definition of the amount of stress one is experiencing.

A) methodological
B) conceptual
C) procedural
D) operational

Question 74

Sometimes we try to deal with stress by ignoring it or pushing it out of our minds.Which of the following does your text mention as a drawback of such a strategy

A) It is not really possible to push negative thoughts out of our minds.
B) It takes mental energy to suppress negative thoughts.
C) Suppressing negative thoughts stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.
D) Both A and B are mentioned.

Question 75

With respect to its cardiovascular effects,stress:

A) decreases cardiac output
B) increases cardiac output
C) reduces the ability of blood vessels to conduct blood
D) both B and C

Question 76

Childhood emotion regulation ability is related to which of the following in young adulthood

A) social skills
B) coping skills
C) SAT scores
D) A, B, and C

Question 77

ADDIN ENRfu Muraven,Tice,and Baumeister (1998)asked some of their participants to suppress their emotions while they watched a movie and other participants to increase their emotions while they watched a movie.Compared to a control condition,the people who either suppressed or increased their emotions

A) had less energy to perform a physical task.
B) had more energy to perform a physical task.
C) were more angry.
D) were more afraid.

Question 78

The ability to influence which emotions one experiences and when or how one expresses them is termed emotion ___________.

A) control
B) management
C) regulation
D) reappraisal

Question 79

Consider the fight-or-flight and the tend-and-befriend responses to stress.Of the two,the __________ is healthier,because it is not associated with the release of the stress hormone _______.

A) fight-or-flight; oxytocin
B) fight-or-flight; cortisol
C) tend-and-befriend; leptin
D) tend-and-befriend; cortisol

Question 80

The primary purpose of the fight-or-flight response is to:

A) prepare the body for rest
B) regulate heart rate and respiration
C) prepare the body for action
D) aid digestion