Deck 11: Schemas: Memory

Question 1

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses each of the four dimensions EXCEPT:

A) thinking vs. feeling
B) judging vs. perceiving
C) sensing vs. intuiting
D) individualism vs. collectivism

Answer 1

individualism vs. collectivism

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT among the early trait theorists mentioned in your text

A) Cattell
B) Sheldon
C) Allport
D) Eysenck

Answer 2

Sheldon

Question 3

Relatively enduring characteristics that influence behavior in many situations are termed _________.

A) traits
B) factors
C) dimensions
D) elements

Answer 3

traits

Question 4

Which of the following early personality theorists is associated with the use of the terms endomorph and ectomorph

A) Gall
B) Sheldon
C) Cattell
D) Eysenck

Question 5

There are nearly _________ English words that can be used to describe people.

A) 5,000
B) 10,000
C) 20,000
D) 35,000

Question 6

Endomorph is to ectomorph as ____ is to ____.

A) tall; short
B) fat; thin
C) male; female
D) sad; happy

Question 7

Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to the pattern of enduring characteristics that lend stability and consistency to an individual's behavior and serve to differentiate one individual from another.

A) personality
B) temperament
C) character
D) cognition

Question 8

Which of the following defines phrenology

A) Personality is expressed in the color of the eyes
B) Personality is expressed in physical appearance
C) Personality is expressed in the shape of the skull
D) Personality is expressed in facial characteristics

Question 9

The _______ is the most widely administered personality test in the world.

A) Eysenck Personality Inventory
B) Five Factor Inventory
C) Rorschach Inkblot Test
D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 10

Early personality theories assumed that personality was expressed in people's physical appearance.Which alternative correctly matches an early theorist with an approach

A) Gall - physiognomy
B) Sheldon - phrenology
C) Gall - somatology
D) None of these is correctly matched.

Question 11

Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of conscientiousness

A) A general appreciation for art, adventure, and experience
B) A tendency to show discipline and aim for achievement
C) A tendency to experience positive emotions
D) A tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 12

Belva invests a portion of her paycheck in high-risk stocks.She believes that an aggressive investment strategy will yield the highest returns in the long run.Mortie invests his money in more conservative government bonds to minimize his chances of losing money.Belva displays a __________.Mortie reflects a __________.

A) prevention orientation; promotion orientation
B) promotion orientation; prevention orientation
C) need for achievement; need for cognition
D) need for cognition; need for achievement

Question 13

According to your text,scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator change over time and scores do not relate to other measures of personality .The clauses in this quotation question the MBTI's ________ and its __________ respectively.

A) validity; objectivity
B) objectivity; validity
C) reliability; objectivity
D) reliability; validity

Question 14

Which of the following early approaches to personality has enjoyed at least some empirical support

A) phrenology
B) somatology
C) physiognomy
D) None of these have any empirical support.

Question 15

Self-esteem and self-consciousness are examples of personality ___________.

A) components
B) dimensions
C) factors
D) traits

Question 16

____________ act in ways to stand out from others.By contrast,_________ acts in ways to emphasize their similarity to others.

A) Individualists; collectivists
B) People with an internal locus of control; people with an external locus of control
C) Collectivists; individualists
D) People with an external locus of control; people with an internal locus of control

Question 17

Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of openness to experience

A) A general appreciation for art, adventure, and experience
B) A tendency to show discipline and aim for achievement
C) A tendency to experience positive emotions
D) A tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 18

Which of the following defines somatology

A) Personality is expressed in the color of the eyes
B) Personality is expressed in body type
C) Personality is expressed in the shape of the skull
D) Personality is expressed in facial characteristics

Question 19

Which of the following defines physiognomy

A) Personality is expressed in the color of the eyes
B) Personality is expressed in physical appearance
C) Personality is expressed in the shape of the skull
D) Personality is expressed in facial characteristics

Question 20

Early personality theories assumed that personality was expressed in people's physical appearance.Which alternative correctly matches an early approach with a definition

A) physiognomy -- personality is expressed in the shape of the skull
B) phrenology - personality is expressed in body type
C) somatology - personality is expressed in the shape of the skull
D) physiognomy - personality is expressed in facial characteristics

Question 21

Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of extroversion

A) A general appreciation for art, adventure, and experience
B) A tendency to show discipline and aim for achievement
C) A tendency to experience positive emotions
D) A tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 22

Which of the following describes the Five-Factor model dimension of neuroticism

A) A general appreciation for art, adventure, and experience
B) A tendency to show discipline and aim for achievement
C) A tendency to experience positive emotions
D) A tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 23

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of self-efficacy

A) Conventional, superstitious, and concerned with sex
B) Believing that one can control his or her own outcomes
C) Examining one's own self and feelings
D) Enjoying thinking about things

Question 24

Recall the discussion of theories in your text's research methods section.The Big Five model of personality is a good theory because it is

A) complex
B) parsimonious
C) proven
D) popular

Question 25

Carlos is emotionally unstable,insecure,anxious,and moody.Quinn is disorganized,spontaneous,and impulsive.Johann is quiet,serious,and somewhat timid.Finally,Kristy is imaginative,independent,and fond of variety.Which of these individuals is CORRECTLY matched with a Big Five personality description

A) Quinn - low conscientiousness
B) Carlos - low openness
C) Kristy - high extraversion
D) Johann - high agreeableness

Question 26

Which of the Big Five personality dimensions also appeared in Eysenck's theory

A) extraversion
B) agreeableness
C) neuroticism
D) openness

Question 27

The "Big Five": what am I talking about

A) a current promotion by a national pizza chain
B) the world's five biggest carmakers
C) five key personality factors: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
D) the five most common defense mechanisms: repression, denial, sublimation, reaction formation, and projection

Question 28

Which of the following specific traits is CORRECTLY paired with a description in terms of the Big Five dimensions

A) kind - high extraversion
B) curious - high conscientiousness
C) calm - high agreeableness
D) imaginative - high openness

Question 29

The "Big Five" personality dimensions demonstrate:

A) predictive validity
B) cross-cultural generality
C) clinical significance
D) A, B, and C

Question 30

Garner is imaginative,curious,and interested in new ideas.Brandy is conventional,down-to-earth,and has limited interests.It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimension of ________.

A) neuroticism
B) openness
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness

Question 31

Pearl is gentle,cooperative,trusting,and helpful.Ruby is outgoing,talkative,fun-loving,and affectionate.Pearl probably scores high on the Big Five dimension of _____,whereas Ruby likely scores high on _____.

A) openness; agreeableness
B) eagerness; cheerfulness
C) agreeableness; extraversion
D) extraversion; openness

Question 32

An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism.Because the trait is named in his honor,it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a ________ trait for the Italian prince.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) central
D) cardinal

Question 33

A graduate student is using a statistical software package to identify the relationships among many personality traits and to isolate the basic dimensions.She is performing _________ analysis.

A) trend
B) matrix
C) factor
D) regression

Question 34

________ trait is to source trait as Allport is to _________.

A) Central; Sheldon
B) Cardinal; Cattell
C) Central; Eysenck
D) Central; Cattell

Question 35

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of Authoritarianism

A) Conventional, superstitious, and concerned with sex
B) Believing that one can control his or her own outcomes
C) Examining one's own self and feelings
D) Enjoying thinking about things

Question 36

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges Allport's trait categories from the MOST SPECIFIC to the BROADEST

A) secondary → central → cardinal
B) secondary → cardinal → central
C) cardinal → secondary → central
D) cardinal → central → secondary

Question 37

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of self-consciousness

A) Conventional, superstitious, and concerned with sex
B) Believing that one can control his or her own outcomes
C) Examining one's own self and feelings
D) Enjoying thinking about things

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions

A) extraversion
B) openness
C) neuroticism
D) psychoticism

Question 39

According to your text,"a pattern of high conscientiousness,low neuroticism,and high agreeableness predicts successful job performance." This statement supports the ________ of measures of the Big Five personality dimensions.

A) parsimony
B) reliability
C) objectivity
D) validity

Question 40

With respect to the Big five personality dimensions,presidential success is associated:

A) negatively with openness and positively with conscientiousness
B) negatively with openness and positively with agreeableness
C) positively with openness and positively with agreeableness
D) positively with openness and negatively with agreeableness

Question 41

Research has found which of the following

A) People overestimate traits in themselves
B) People overestimate traits in others
C) People overestimate traits in themselves and in others
D) People rarely use traits in describing others

Question 42

Which of the following is a definition of leadership

A) The ability to direct or inspire others
B) The ability to look forward
C) The ability to link self and other
D) Leadership is the same as intelligence

Question 43

The traits an individual expresses in one situation are strongly related to those they express in other situations.

Question 44

Dr.Abbott is an industrial/organizational psychologist.She is examining the relationships among scores on certain MMPI-2 scales and measures of job satisfaction in a particular industry.Dr.Abbott's work exemplifies _________ research.

A) experimental
B) correlational
C) archival
D) observational

Question 45

Authoritarianism is one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions.

Question 46

Which of the following psychologists is LEAST likely to endorse the view that behavior is determined largely by situations,rather than by internal traits

A) Bandura
B) Mischel
C) Skinner
D) Allport

Question 47

Eysenck made important contributions to understanding of introversion/extraversion.

Question 48

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a valid personality measure.

Question 49

Minnie is taking the TAT.Tammy is taking the Rorschach.Minnie is looking at _________.Tammy is examining ________.

A) inkblots; pictures
B) inkblots; inkblots, too
C) pictures; pictures, too
D) pictures; inkblots

Question 50

The MMPI is a projective test of personality.

Question 51

Which of the following are two traits that have been used to describe effective leaders

A) conscientiousness and charismatic
B) forward-seeking and transformational
C) charismatic and transformational
D) charismatic and other-oriented

Question 52

Which correlation coefficient best reflects the relationship between the traits an individual displays in one situation and those she displays in other situations

A) r = .00
B) r =.15
C) r =.30
D) r =.50

Question 53

Which alternative correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of the Big Five model of personality

A) disadvantage - the theory does not predict behavior accurately
B) advantage - the theory captures virtually all the important aspects of personality
C) advantage - the theory is parsimonious
D) disadvantage - the theory lacks cross-cultural generality

Question 54

Pam's self-esteem is healthy,and she has a definite need for achievement.With respect to the Big Five personality factors,Pam is most likely:

A) high in both conscientiousness and agreeableness
B) high in openness and low in neuroticism
C) high in both openness and extraversion
D) high in conscientiousness and low in neuroticism

Question 55

Inkblot is to picture as ________ is to _______.

A) Rorschach; TAT
B) TAT; Rorschach
C) MMPI; TAT
D) Rorschach; MMPI

Question 56

Which of the following are valid criticisms of projective tests of personality

A) Projective tests are not valid.
B) Projective tests are not reliable.
C) Projective tests do not tap into the unconscious
D) A and B, but not C

Question 57

The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.

A) objective
B) reflective
C) projective
D) self-report

Question 58

Which of the following is most descriptive of research on traits

A) The concept of trait is the same as the concept of attitude
B) People rarely use traits in describing others
C) The situation that people are in influences which traits they express
D) People tend to see more traits in themselves than they do in others

Question 59

Bernie faithfully dials 1-866-PSYCHIC when he faces a big decision or when he simply feels uncertain.He believes the prognostications of the "gifted advisor," even though the predictions are so vague that virtually anyone's experiences would confirm them.Bernie's example illustrates the _______ effect.

A) Barnum
B) Mischel
C) Bandura
D) Allport

Question 60

Which of the following describes the individual difference measure of Need for cognition

A) Conventional, superstitious, and concerned with sex
B) Believing that one can control his or her own outcomes
C) Examining one's own self and feelings
D) Enjoying thinking about things

Question 61

The ________________,or MMPI,is one of the major questionnaire measures of personality.

Question 62

Anastasia is using a statistical procedure to detect the broader dimensions underlying a large number of more specific personality traits.She is performing __________.

Question 63

What makes you and me different: internal dispositions or external situations Consider this question in light of psychological research examining the consistency of personality traits across situations

Question 64

Describe trait approaches to personality.Briefly describe the contributions to the trait approach of one of the following: Allport,Cattell,or Eysenck.Identify the Big Five personality dimensions central to contemporary trait approaches.Outline several ways in which the validity of the Big Five theory is supported

Question 65

"Every time I take it,it comes up with something different!" remarks Rita,turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed.Rita is complaining about the test's __________.

Question 66

Barry is looking at an abstract collage of colors,lines,and shapes,trying to come up with an interpretation of it.Barry may be taking some sort of _________ personality test.

Question 67

Dr.Ashworth believes that one's personality largely reflects internal,unconscious forces.Dr.Ashworth appears to take a(n)___________ approach to personality.

A) humanistic
B) trait
C) psychodynamic
D) evolutionary

Question 68

The Rorschach and TAT are designed to measure unconscious processes.

Question 69

Facial characteristics are to body types as ___________ is to somatology.

Question 70

The psychologist Walter ________ argued that behavior may reflect the situation to a greater extent than it does the influence of personality traits.

Question 71

Describe the MMPI as well as several projective tests of personality.Review the advantages and disadvantages of the MMPI as well as of projective personality measures

Question 72

Projective tests suffer from low reliability.

Question 73

Very broadly,nature is to nurture as the ____ is to the _____ in Freud's theory of personality.

A) id; superego
B) superego; id
C) superego; ego
D) ego; superego

Question 74

Why do dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer important data in the view of psychoanalytic psychologists

A) Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the conscious mind.
B) Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the unconscious mind directly.
C) Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the conscious mind directly.
D) Dreams, fantasies, and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the unconscious mind.

Question 75

The TAT features sketches of ambiguous situations.

Question 76

Which of the following psychologists is NOT aligned with the psychodynamic perspective on personality

A) Jung
B) Adler
C) Horney
D) Eysenck

Question 77

Cardinal traits are ________ specific than are central traits.

Question 78

Your text offers the acronym OCEAN as way to help you remember the "Big Five" personality dimensions.The A stands for ____________.

Question 79

Suppose you develop a new questionnaire measure of the broad personality trait of extraversion.Distinguish between reliability and construct validity.Describe how you would establish the reliability and validity of your new test.Outline how you would establish norms for the test

Question 80

Frankie swears by his daily horoscope; its predictions,however,are so general they could apply to anyone.This example illustrates the ________ effect.