Deck 2: Learning Styles

Question 1

Arif is conducting an investigation of the effect of a word's length on the time it takes to recognize it.Brandy is examining the extent to which several broad personality traits are related.Which of the following alternatives best describes the type of research each of these individuals in conducting

A) Both Arif and Brandy are conducting basic research.
B) Both Arif and Brandy are conducting applied research.
C) Arif is conducting basic research. Brandy is conducting applied research.
D) Arif is conducting applied research. Brandy is conducting basic research.

Answer 1

Both Arif and Brandy are conducting basic research.

Question 2

The physical sciences contain some principles that are so general that they apply to all situations.These are termed _________.

A) laws
B) theories
C) axioms
D) precepts

Answer 2

laws

Question 3

A reviewer believes that a researcher's theory is unnecessarily complicated.She believes that the theory is not __________.

A) objective
B) parsimonious
C) empirical
D) general

Answer 3

parsimonious

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of a good theory

A) A good theory is general.
B) A good theory is complex.
C) A good theory can be falsified.
D) A good theory inspires future research.

Question 5

In the _______ review process,research is screened and critiqued by scientists in the field before it is published.

A) panel
B) scientific
C) expert
D) peer

Question 6

A professor admonishes his graduate student on the basis that her research may have failed to control her own expectations regarding the outcome of the study.The professor is suggesting that the student's research may not be ____________.

A) empirical
B) objective
C) scientific
D) rational

Question 7

Psychologists use the term ___________ research to refer to research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.The term _________ research refers to research that provides solutions to everyday problems.

A) academic; applied
B) practical; experimental
C) experimental; practical
D) basic; applied

Question 8

One of the most frequent criticisms of psychodynamic theory is that it cannot be disproved; that is,the theory is not __________.

A) parsimonious
B) general
C) replicable
D) falsifiable

Question 9

Which of the following best defines empirical

A) Providing assumptions about how to conduct research
B) Turning conceptual variables into measured variables
C) Free from the personal bias of the scientist
D) Based on systematic collection and analysis of data

Question 10

Which of the following best defines applied research

A) Research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life
B) Research that is not as empirical as basic research
C) Research that is not based on prior theory
D) Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior

Question 11

Which statement best describes the relationship between basic and applied research

A) Applied research inspires basic research.
B) Applied and basic research influence each other.
C) Basic research drives applied research.
D) Applied and basic research are the same.

Question 12

Which of the following alternatives correctly pairs a concept with its definition

A) empirical; procedures are free from the biases of the scientist
B) objective; statements are based on systematic data collection
C) scientific method; the procedures used to conduct empirical research
D) data; information collected through formal observation or measurement

Question 13

Which of the following best defines an operational definition

A) An integrated set of principles for understanding data
B) An integrated set of principles predicting many observations
C) A method of turning conceptual variables into measured variables
D) A method of understanding research hypotheses

Question 14

Andrea is reading a general,comprehensive explanation of the causes of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology.Andrea is reading a(n):

A) theory
B) hypothesis
C) operational definition
D) explanation

Question 15

Which of the following sequence correctly orders scientific concepts from the most specific to the most general

A) empirical → data → scientific method
B) data → scientific method → empirical
C) data → empirical → scientific method
D) empirical → scientific method → data

Question 16

Redoing and expanding previous research is termed ___________.

A) reproduction
B) replication
C) repetition
D) restoration

Question 17

Which of the following is the best example of basic research

A) A comparison of the relative effectiveness of two safe-sex campaigns
B) A study of the effect of a bilingual education program on academic performance
C) A laboratory investigation of the effect of rehearsal on list memory
D) An assessment of a program designed to reduce binge drinking among college students

Question 18

An integrated set of principles predicting many of the observations in a given domain is termed a(n)__________.

A) operational definition
B) theory
C) law
D) hypothesis

Question 19

Which of the following best defines basic research

A) Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior
B) Research that is empirical
C) Research that is based on theory
D) Research that is objective

Question 20

As compared to the physical sciences,psychology has:

A) an equal number of laws
B) fewer theories
C) more laws
D) fewer laws

Question 21

"Opposites attract." "Birds of a feather flock together." These aphorisms are:

A) hypotheses
B) variables
C) theories
D) laws

Question 22

Which of the following sequences correctly orders types of scientific predictions or explanations in order of increasing generality

A) hypothesis → theory → law
B) theory → hypothesis → law
C) law → hypothesis → theory
D) theory → law→ hypothesis

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of ethical research on human participants

A) Participants must be protected from physical and mental harm.
B) Participants must be assured that their participation is voluntary.
C) Participants must be aware of the general procedures involved before the study begins.
D) Participants must be fully informed of the purpose of the research before it begins.

Question 24

Ethical codes regulating the conduct of research have been developed by:

A) the federal government
B) scientific organizations
C) individual colleges and universities
D) both A and B

Question 25

Informed consent includes which of the following

A) a detailed explanation of the study and its procedures
B) a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study
C) an assurance that participation is completely voluntary
D) A, B, and C

Question 26

Which of the following is an operational definition of "happiness"

A) A feeling of joy or contentment
B) The number of times an individual smiles in an hour
C) An individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale
D) Both B and C are operational definitions of happiness.

Question 27

Psychologists operationalize the ________ in a _________.

A) groups; experiment
B) variables; hypothesis
C) samples; population
D) hypotheses; theory

Question 28

A hypothesis is best defined as a(n):

A) specific prediction concerning the relationship between variables
B) specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it
C) broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest
D) behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values

Question 29

Dr.O'Connor is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.O'Connor is:

A) debriefing his participants
B) obtaining informed consent
C) explaining the research hypothesis
D) deceiving his participants

Question 30

Regarding operational definitions,which of the following statements is MOST accurate

A) For a given conceptual variable, there is usually just one operational definition.
B) For a given conceptual variable, there is a single best operational definition.
C) For a given conceptual variable, many operational definitions are usually possible.
D) Some conceptual variables cannot be translated into operational definitions.

Question 31

When a researcher debriefs her participants,she

A) provides a detailed explanation of the hypotheses and goals of the study.
B) tells them they can stop taking part at any time.
C) assures them that their data will remain confidential.
D) outlines what is going to occur in the study.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of deception in psychological research

A) It is used in all scientifically valid research.
B) It may be permissible, as long as alternatives are considered.
C) It is only used in research on biological explanations of behavior
D) It is no longer permissible in psychological research.

Question 33

When asked to define 'popularity,' Brianna says,"It's when everyone likes you." When asked the same question,Chrissy says,"It's the number of friends you have." How do the two girls' definitions differ

A) Brianna's is an operational definition; Chrissy's is not.
B) Brianna's is a procedural definition; Chrissy's is not.
C) Chrissy's is an operational definition; Brianna's is not.
D) Chrissy's is a conceptual definition; Brianna's is not.

Question 34

Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between theory and data

A) Theory and data are unrelated
B) Theory and data are the same
C) Theory and data inform each other
D) Data cannot explain theory

Question 35

Helena proposes that the more impulsive a student is,the more likely he or she will be to change answers on a multiple-choice test.The variable(s)in this statement is/are:

A) student and impulsivity
B) student and answer-changing
C) impulsivity and answer-changing
D) student, impulsivity, and answer-changing

Question 36

Which of the following best defines falsifiable

A) Empirically incorrect
B) Inconsistent with prior data
C) Measureable and able to be shown to be incorrect
D) Specific and objective

Question 37

Abstract ideas forming the basis of research hypotheses are termed:

A) empirical variables
B) conceptual variables
C) measured variables
D) operational definitions

Question 38

Psychologists disagree on whether _________ is ever permissible in the conduct of psychological research.

A) deception
B) informed consent
C) debriefing
D) free choice

Question 39

A behavior,event,or other characteristic that can take on different values is termed a(n)____________.

A) law
B) variable
C) theory
D) operational definition

Question 40

Which of the following concepts is correctly matched with its definition

A) hypothesis - a statement translating a conceptual definition into a measured definition
B) law - an attribute that can assume different values
C) variable - a general, overarching principle
D) theory - an integrated framework explaining the data in a given domain

Question 41

The more complicated a theory,the better it is.

Question 42

Informed consent is obtained at the beginning of a research session

Question 43

Applied research answers fundamental questions about behavior.

Question 44

A person who argues that animals should never be used in psychological research may be forgetting which of the following

A) The fact that no research is now conducted on animals in psychology
B) That animals are never harmed in psychological research
C) That animals are more important than human beings
D) That research with animals provides benefits that improve human lives.

Question 45

Sometimes,to prevent participants' expectations from influencing research results,investigators must engage in _______.

Question 46

Debriefing involves a full explanation of the purposes and procedures of the research.

Question 47

"Drug use." "Depression." These abstract constructs are called __________ variables.

Question 48

A(n)___________ states how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable.

Question 49

Research can be empirical without necessarily being objective.

Question 50

Alyssa predicts that caffeine will improve her participants' performance on a visual tracking task.Alyssa has formed a(n)_________.

Question 51

Statements based on systematic data collection and analysis are termed _________.

Question 52

___________ are more specific than laws,but more general than hypotheses.

Question 53

Deception is no longer permitted in psychological research.

Question 54

Before a study begins,participants must give _________,indicating that they know the potential risks of the study and are aware that their participation is voluntary.

Question 55

Trent,a doctoral student in psychology,is preparing his dissertation proposal.The institutional review board (IRB)at his university will approve his research if they determine that

A) participants will experience no risk or discomfort during the research.
B) the scientific benefit of the research outweighs the risk to the participants.
C) participants are fully informed of the research hypotheses of the study before it begins.
D) participants are deceived about the goals of the study.

Question 56

"Solve for x," states an eighth-grade mathematics text.Because x can assume different values,it is termed a(n)__________.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of animal subjects in psychological research

A) Most psychologists believe that it is wrong to conduct research on animals.
B) The use of animal subjects has fewer ethical considerations than does the use of human participants.
C) Psychologists attempt to minimize the pain and discomfort of research animals.
D) Animal research is no longer allowed in psychology.

Question 58

The statement,"Frustration produces aggression" is a hypothesis.

Question 59

An abstract notion such as "prejudice" is called a measured variable.

Question 60

Dr.O'Malley is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.Quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study.Which of the following statements is TRUE

A) Dr. O'Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants. Dr. Quick is debriefing her participants.
B) Dr. O'Malley is debriefing his participants. Dr. Quick is obtaining informed consent from her participants.
C) Both Dr. O'Malley and Dr. Quick are obtaining informed consent from their participants.
D) Both Dr. O'Malley and Dr. Quick are debriefing their participants.

Question 61

At the conclusion of an experimental session,Nia tells her participants the purpose of the study and explains the procedures she used.Nia is _________ her participants.

Question 62

Case studies,naturalistic observation,and surveys are all examples of ___________ research methods.

A) observational
B) descriptive
C) experimental
D) correlational

Question 63

Dr.Girard is conducting a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder.Dr.Girard is undertaking:

A) a survey
B) experimental research
C) a case study
D) naturalistic observation

Question 64

Which of the following alternatives correctly matches a research design with its goal

A) descriptive research - assesses the causal influence of one or more manipulations
B) experimental research - assesses the relationships among variables
C) correlational research - provides an assessment of the current state of affairs
D) experimental research - assesses the causal influence of one or more manipulations

Question 65

Which of the following is the goal of experimental research

A) To assess the validity of a measurement
B) To assess the relationships among variables
C) To assess the current state of affairs
D) To assess the causal influence of one or more manipulations

Question 66

Survey is to case study as _______ is to __________.

A) experimental; descriptive
B) descriptive; experimental
C) one participant; many participants
D) many participants; one participant

Question 67

Which of the following prominent psychologists developed his theories primarily through using case studies

A) James
B) Watson
C) Skinner
D) Freud

Question 68

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between a sample and a population

A) A sample includes a population.
B) A population includes a sample.
C) A population is similar to a sample.
D) A sample is completely separate from a population.

Question 69

Which of the following is the goal of descriptive research

A) To assess the validity of a measurement
B) To assess the relationships among variables
C) To assess the current state of affairs
D) To assess the causal influence of one or more manipulations

Question 70

Dr.Allen's research examines the relationships among variables.Dr.Berg's research measures the influence of the manipulation of several variables.Dr.Allen is conducting _________ research,whereas Dr.Berg is conducting _________ research.

A) descriptive; correlational
B) experimental; descriptive
C) descriptive; experimental
D) correlational; experimental

Question 71

Which alternative correctly pairs a research design with a disadvantage

A) experimental - may be unethical if participants do not know they are being observed
B) correlational - may be expensive and time-intensive
C) descriptive - does not assess the relationships among variables
D) correlational - many important variables cannot be manipulated

Question 72

Dr.Evans prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol.Dr.Evans is undertaking:

A) A survey
B) Experimental research
C) Naturalistic observation
D) A case study

Question 73

Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study

A) Dr. Henriette, who is measuring how fast a group of students can respond to a stimulus.
B) Dr. Innis, who is examining the tactile perception of a blind woman
C) Dr. Jenner, who is observing children on a playground
D) Dr. Kulik, who is combing through newspaper stories on serial killers

Question 74

Select two of the following aphorisms: (1)Birds of a feather flock together; (2)Opposites attract; (3)The more the merrier; (4)Two heads are better the one; (5)Two's company; three's a crowd.Translate each aphorism that you select into a testable hypothesis.Provide operational definitions of each of the variables in each hypothesis

Question 75

At a DUI checkpoint,some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped.Using the terminology of psychological research,the cars that are stopped may be considered a __________ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint.

A) sample
B) population
C) segment
D) subgroup

Question 76

Which of the following is the goal of correlational research

A) To assess the validity of a measurement
B) To assess the relationships among variables
C) To assess the current state of affairs
D) To assess the causal influence of one or more manipulations

Question 77

Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.Provide an example of a hypothesis,along with operational definitions of the variables included in your hypothesis

Question 78

Discuss three ethical concerns that psychologists must consider in the design and conduct of research with human participants

Question 79

Why do you think that psychology has fewer laws than some of the physical sciences such as physics In your answer,make explicit reference to some of the challenges of studying psychology described in Chapter 1 of your text

Question 80

Fidelma is undertaking survey research.Which of the following is she probably doing

A) Recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat
B) Observing the problem solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle-school girl
C) Comparing students' performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems
D) Asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors