Deck 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality

Question 1

Which of the following is one of the most important criticisms of the psychoanalytic theory?

A) it assumes that most families include more than four children
B) it is largely based on unobservable constructs
C) it assumes that most children come from two-parent homes
D) it is based on personality characteristics that are no longer commonly found

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Eysenck,which of the following qualities is associated with extraversion?

A) impulsivity
B) neurosis
C) hostility
D) anxiety

Answer 2

A

Question 3

"There is something psychologically wrong with offenders." Which of the following assumptions best describes explanations premised on that notion?

A) assumption of precipitating event
B) assumption of discriminating traits
C) assumption of unconscious determinants
D) assumption of offender deficit

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In Eysenck's typology,on which of the following does a cold,antisocial,unemotional person score high?

A) introversion
B) neuroticism
C) psychoticism
D) extraversion

Question 5

A chronic offender confesses to a counsellor that he committed crimes because the crimes helped provide the type of gratification for desires that were not met by his family while he was growing up.Which of the following theories best aligns with the offender's understanding of why he committed crimes?

A) moral development
B) social learning
C) psychoanalytic
D) personality

Question 6

Which of the following is a critique of psychological theories of criminality?

A) Little emphasis is placed on the positive characteristics (strengths)of offenders.
B) Insufficient emphasis is placed on personality traits of criminal offenders.
C) Psychological theories overstate the importance of situational and environmental factors on individual behaviour.
D) Psychological theories fail to look at individual differences when examining criminal behaviour.

Question 7

According to Warren and Hindelang,which of the following is an interpretation of criminal behaviour derived from psychoanalytic theory?

A) Criminal behaviour is an expression of displaced hostility.
B) Criminal behaviour results from an overwhelming need for affection.
C) Criminal behaviour is a calculated response to sibling rivalry.
D) Criminal behaviour is a form of self-gratification.

Question 8

Which of the following assumptions is being made by a psychological theory that emphasizes offenders' high rate of aggression relative to that of non-offenders?

A) environmental influence
B) offender strength
C) offender deficit
D) discriminating traits

Question 9

In describing his stages of moral development,which of the following did Kohlberg argue?

A) Individuals go through all of the stages and always in the same sequence though the pace may vary.
B) Individuals go through the same sequence,but the pace may vary,and some individuals may never progress beyond the first few stages.
C) Individuals go through some of the stages,but not necessarily in the same order,and the pace may vary.
D) Individuals go through all the stages,but not necessarily in the same order,and the pace may vary.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best represents the institutional level of analysis within community psychology?

A) Young offenders suffer from mental disorders.
B) Young offenders are often influenced by delinquent peers.
C) Young offenders are negatively socialized by neglectful families,poor schools,and the absence of jobs in the local labour market.
D) Young offenders are the product of biological factors experienced during adolescence.

Question 11

Which of the following best represents the psychoanalytic theory of criminal behaviour?

A) Crime results when ego,superego,and id are completely missing from an individual.
B) Crime results when the superego is deficient.
C) Crime results when the ego can no longer control the superego.
D) Crime results when the id can no longer control the ego and superego.

Question 12

On which of the following does Eysenck base his theory of crime and personality?

A) operant conditioning
B) social modelling
C) classical conditioning
D) psychoanalysis

Question 13

Which of the following statements about crime and criminality has evolutionary psychology been used to explain?

A) Criminals respond to swift and reasonable punishment.
B) Crime is not always reported by victims.
C) Men commit more crimes than women.
D) Some communities have more crime than others.

Question 14

What stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development centres on punishment and egocentrism?

A) conventional
B) preoperational
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 15

Which of the following statements is the basis of psychoanalytic theory?

A) People progress through five overlapping stages of development: oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.
B) Individuals are born with a blank slate only to be written on with life experiences.
C) Intermittent gratification is the foundation for learning across the lifespan.
D) Behaviour is governed by interaction,observation,and imitation.

Question 16

Which statement best expresses the relationship between moral development and delinquency?

A) Advanced levels of moral development cause delinquency.
B) Advanced levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.
C) Low levels of moral development are not associated with delinquency.
D) Low levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.

Question 17

Which of the following perspectives Bloom's Analyzes social problems,including crime,as largely a product of society's organizational and institutional characteristics?

A) community psychology
B) antisocial personality
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) moral development

Question 18

Which of the following factors is a principal focus of psychological theories of criminality?

A) the offender's social environment
B) the offender's personality
C) the offender's biological and genetic make-up
D) the offender's physical health

Question 19

According to Farrington,from which of the following factors does the motivation to commit delinquent acts arise?

A) the need for material goods or excitement.
B) frustration due to deep-seated resentment toward a middle-class measuring rod
C) poverty and the inability to achieve society's goals through legitimate means
D) identity problems stemming from childhood issues

Question 20

"No system of criminology has any meaning that disregards this central feature of all criminology…" What "central feature of criminology" are Eysenck and Gudjonsson referring to?

A) a socially constructed definition of criminal behaviour
B) the individual offender
C) the environment in which crime takes place
D) the accountability toward victims of crime

Question 21

Which of the following statements about antisocial personality is true?

A) it is more prevalent in men than in women
B) it is lower in the prison population than in the general public
C) most who are diagnosed develop more severe symptoms with age
D) very few who are diagnosed live past the age of 30 years of age

Question 22

According to the textbook,Charles Manson showed evidence of which of the following?

A) charm
B) NCRMD
C) feelings of guilt
D) psychopathy

Question 23

According to Bandura,what are the most effective deterrents to criminal behaviour?

A) legal sanctions
B) self-sanctions
C) moral sanctions
D) social sanctions

Question 24

Which psychological theory has survived more "crucial tests" than any other?

A) social learning theory
B) moral development theory
C) operant conditioning theory
D) psychoanalytic theory

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the effect of the teaching family group home model (e.g.,Achievement Place)on delinquents' behaviour?

A) There are substantial short-term and long-term benefits.
B) There are no substantial short-term or long-term benefits.
C) There are positive short-term benefits,but the long-term benefits are in question.
D) There are substantial short-term benefits but not long-term benefits.

Question 26

Which occupations are psychopaths particularly suited for according to the book by Babiak and Hare called Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work?

A) brain surgeon
B) university professor
C) small business owner
D) investment banker

Question 27

Which of the following is most accurate when describing research findings on the relationship between watching TV by children and their levels of aggression?

A) Watching television has no impact on increasing children's aggressive behaviour.
B) Watching television has a significant impact on children's aggressive behaviour.
C) Watching violence on TV can desensitize children to violence in real life.
D) There is no relationship between watching violence on TV and children's aggressive behaviour.

Question 28

What is one of the main reasons it is difficult to determine the prevalence of mental health disorders in prisons?

A) Offender files do not make note of mental health diagnoses.
B) Most offenders know how to fake wellness when being examined.
C) Research is difficult to conduct in secure settings.
D) There is a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes a mental disorder.

Question 29

Why was Vincent Li not diagnosed as a psychopath?

A) There was no appropriate assessment done on him at the time.
B) He did not have the mental capacity to intentionally commit crime.
C) He was found to have an antisocial personality disorder instead.
D) He was remorseful for his actions.

Question 30

According to research by Bandura,which of the following best represents the source of vicarious learning of aggression at the community level?

A) family influences
B) symbolic modelling
C) operant conditioning influences
D) subcultural influences

Question 31

What is the current understanding of the link between mental illness and crime?

A) if mental illness is diagnosed in adolescence,crime will be reduced
B) all crime is a symptom of mental illness
C) not all offenders have symptoms of mental illness
D) as mental health concerns increase,so does crime

Question 32

Which of the following is true of Hare's Revised Psychopathy Checklist?

A) It provides very basic information about psychopathy but nothing conclusive.
B) It is no longer used for making decisions in the mental health and criminal justice systems.
C) It is able to reliably predict violence and recidivism in offenders and psychiatric patients.
D) It has been frequently used in Canada to determine if a defendant should be declared not criminally responsible due to a mental disorder in a criminal trial.

Question 33

Research by Widom indicates that,compared to institutionalized individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder,antisocial people who are not institutionalized are characterized by which of the following?

A) They are better educated but worse at avoiding conviction.
B) They are better educated and better at avoiding conviction.
C) They are less educated but better at avoiding conviction.
D) They are less educated and worse at avoiding conviction.

Question 34

Malamuth and Check studied the impact of viewing violent sexuality on university students' attitudes toward violence.Which of the following best summarizes the results of viewing violent sexuality?

A) Female viewers were more accepting of violence against women,but male viewers were not.
B) Male viewers were more accepting of violence against women,but female viewers were not.
C) Neither male nor female viewers were accepting of violence against women.
D) Both Male and female viewers were accepting of violence against women.

Question 35

What term is used to describe a system to prevent or treat antisocial behaviour by providing individuals rewards for appropriate behaviour and punishing them for inappropriate behaviour?

A) social learning
B) psycho-therapy
C) operant conditioning
D) cognitive behavioural conditioning

Question 36

Eysenck suggests that parenting practices can have an impact on criminal behaviour.Which of the following explains this?

A) crime is more likely to occur in single-parent families
B) crime increases with family size
C) crime is impacted by teaching and conditioning
D) crime is reduced when children are severely punished

Question 37

Who is associated with research on operant conditioning?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Piaget
D) Eysenck

Question 38

Which of the following is the essential feature of the American Psychiatric Association's definition of the antisocial personality disorder?

A) the inability to maintain close friendships with age-appropriate peers
B) a facade of charm masking emotional coolness
C) violence perpetrated against others
D) pervasive disregard for the rights of others

Question 39

What is meant by the statement that antisocial personality disorder is used as a "wastebasket" category?

A) as a diagnosis it receives little respect in courts
B) it is used to describe all sorts of antisocial individuals
C) it is highly prevalent among the homeless
D) it belongs in the trash can with other outdated diagnoses

Question 40

What is the basis of social learning theory?

A) deviant behaviour is a function of temperament and is present from birth
B) deviant behaviour can be impacted by modelling the behaviour of others
C) deviant behaviour is impacted by levels of empathy and guilt.
D) deviant behaviour is hereditary

Question 41

Evolutionary theories look for adaptive explanations for differences in offending behaviour between men and women.

Question 42

In psychoanalytic theory,the part of the personality that mediates between the other two parts,or forces,is the superego.

Question 43

The "institutional" level of analysis in community psychology suggests that social problems that contribute to criminality were created by the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill.

Question 44

One major focus of psychological theories of criminality is the personality of the offender.

Question 45

A token economy set up in a youth detention centre to reward positive behaviour by inmates can be considered a form of operant conditioning.

Question 46

Which of the following is the most prevalent metal health problem affecting inmates in Canadian jails and prisons?

A) major depression
B) psychopathy
C) substance abuse disorders
D) schizophrenia

Question 47

Social learning theory argues that criminal behaviour is acquired through environmental experiences rather than through psychological factors.

Question 48

Surprisingly,no instruments have been developed to reliably measure psychopathy in people.

Question 49

Research indicates that,compared to matched non-delinquents,juvenile delinquents' moral judgment is less advanced.

Question 50

One of the two main assumptions of psychological theories of criminal behaviour is that offenders really do not differ that much from non-offenders.

Question 51

The most effective deterrent to antisocial behaviour,according to Bandura,is the provision of more attractive prosocial alternatives.

Question 52

Anyone who has a diagnosed mental disorder and commits a crime is eligible to be deemed not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder by a criminal court.

Question 53

Eysenck's theory of crime and personality is based on operant conditioning.

Question 54

Research has established clear linkages between childhood abuse and criminal behaviour.

Question 55

A main focus of psychoanalytic theory and its explanations for criminal behaviour is on ineffective parenting.

Question 56

Eysenck's theory of crime and personality argues that individuals who may have a psychological propensity to commit crime may be socialized effectively if they grow up in an environment that provides effective conditioning.

Question 57

Eysenck's theory of crime and personality shows how psychological and social variables can be interrelated.

Question 58

One dominant critique of psychological theories is that they place too much focus on factors within the social environment that can contribute to the onset of criminal behaviour.

Question 59

According to research,what term describes the number of inmates in Canadian jails that have a substantial mental health needs,including a substance abuse problem?

A) few
B) most
C) a little less than half
D) unknown

Question 60

According to Bandura,watching television is a form of subcultural influence.

Question 61

Substance use disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders to inmates in Canadian prisons.

Question 62

Research suggests that the likelihood a psychopath will engage in violent behaviour is impacted by the individual's intelligence.

Question 63

Individuals with an antisocial personality fail to learn from negative experiences because they do not become anxious in circumstances that should elicit anxiety.

Question 64

In general,people who are mentally ill are arrested more frequently than others without a mental illness.

Question 65

Once arrested,mentally ill persons as a group are more likely to recidivate than offenders who do not have a history of mental illness.

Question 66

According to Babiak and Hare (2006),those individuals characterized by psychopathy fit well in the corporate world.

Question 67

The prevalence of mental disorder among those in the criminal justice system is around the same as that of the general population.

Question 68

As measured by the DSM-V,more individuals in the community meet the criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder than those in correctional facilities.