Deck 5: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of the proximodistal pattern of growth?

A)Abbey learning to sit first before learning to stand or crawl
B)Alex learning to move his eyes before learning his first words
C)Colin learning to stare at moving objects before trying to touch them with his hands
D)Polly learning to grab objects with her whole hands before learning to pick them up with her fingers

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a syndrome that affects a large number of babies in the United States,causes severe brain damage,and includes symptoms such as brain swelling and hemorrhaging?

A)Tay-Sachs syndrome
B)shaken baby syndrome
C)Shy Drager syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A(n)________ is a nerve cell that handles information processing.

A)tendon
B)neuron
C)axon
D)collagen

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following brain imaging techniques has been successfully used by researchers to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A)computed axial tomography
B)positron emission tomography
C)magnetic resonance imaging
D)electroencephalogram

Question 5

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom is known as the ________ pattern.

A)proximodistal
B)encephalic
C)cephalocaudal
D)lateralization

Question 6

The parietal lobes play an important role in

A)hearing,language processing,and memory.
B)vision.
C)voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.
D)registering spatial location,maintaining attention,and administering motor control.

Question 7

The newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight by birth; by the second birthday,the brain is about ________ percent of its adult weight.

A)75
B)25
C)30
D)50

Question 8

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called

A)lateralization.
B)dominance.
C)ambidexterity.
D)asymmetry.

Question 9

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex has an active role in hearing,language processing,and memory?

A)frontal lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)parietal lobe

Question 10

Natalie had random hand movements when she was 2 months old.When she was 6 months old,she would grab a block with her whole hand.Now at the age of 10 months,she can grasp the same block with her thumb and forefinger.This sequence of growth in her hand and finger movements is occurring according to the ________ pattern.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Question 11

In a newborn,the size of the head is approximately ________ the proportion of the total body length.

A)half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)three-fourths

Question 12

Which of the following areas of the brain is farthest from the spinal cord and includes the cerebral cortex?

A)hindbrain
B)midbrain
C)forebrain
D)hypothalamus

Question 13

Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to the sequence in which

A)growth and development occurs in a way that the parts that are being used more frequently grow faster than the parts being used less frequently.
B)the earliest growth always occurs at the top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
C)growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
D)growth and development occurs in a way that certain parts are more developed and highly specialized compared to other parts of the body.

Question 14

The electroencephalogram (EEG)is used to study

A)the levels of blood sugar in newborn infants.
B)hormonal fluctuations in new mothers.
C)the brain's electrical activity.
D)paternal responses to postpartum depression.

Question 15

Magnetoencephalography,or MEG,has been used to study brain development in infants.Researchers have used this technology to study

A)perceptual processes in infants.
B)maternal nutrition habits.
C)paternal influences on the home environment.
D)the effect of having a doula present during delivery.

Question 16

Scarlett learned to stare at mobile objects before trying to move her limbs to reach for the objects.This growth pattern in Scarlett is occurring according to which of the following principles?

A)lateralization
B)cephalocaudal
C)endarch
D)proximodistal

Question 17

The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 18

During pregnancy,the size of the head is half the size of the total body length when the fetus is ________ old.

A)two months
B)six months
C)eight months
D)nine months

Question 19

The sensory and motor developments in infants generally proceed according to the ________ principle.

A)lateralization
B)proximodistal
C)endarch
D)cephalocaudal

Question 20

The tissue that covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap and includes two halves or hemispheres is called the

A)myelin sheath.
B)prefrontal cortex.
C)cerebellum.
D)cerebral cortex.

Question 21

________ is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing,usually during the night,and die abruptly without an apparent cause.

A)Sudden infant death syndrome
B)Shaken baby syndrome
C)Marfan syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 22

Infants of 0 to 2 years of age sleep an average of ________ hours a day.

A)7)9
B)9)4
C)11.6
D)12.8

Question 23

Which of the following is a component of the increasingly popular neuroconstructivist view?

A)The infant brain has less plasticity than previously believed.
B)Environmental experiences,not biological processes,chiefly influence brain development.
C)Brain development is closely linked to cognitive development.
D)There is little interaction between experience and gene expression.

Question 24

Myelination for visual pathways is

A)completed in the first six months after birth.
B)completed after eight months of birth.
C)not completed until the first year.
D)not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.

Question 25

The process of encasing axons with fat cells,which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions,is known as

A)lateralization.
B)neurotransmission.
C)myelination.
D)metacognition.

Question 26

Unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear.In the language of neuroscience,these connections are said to be

A)bloomed.
B)strengthened.
C)pruned.
D)cropped.

Question 27

________ is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon in neurons.

A)Adipose tissue
B)The myelin sheath
C)The hypodermis
D)The subcutaneous layer

Question 28

Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first years of life?

A)demyelination
B)dendritic connectivity
C)slowing of neural transmissions
D)increase in density of synapses

Question 29

The ________ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region,with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood.

A)orbital
B)auditory
C)prefrontal
D)lateral

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is TRUE?

A)Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.
B)In adults,REM sleep usually appears after non-REM sleep.
C)REM sleep begins the sleep cycle of infants after 3 months of age.
D)The amount of time taken up by REM sleep is much less in infancy than at any other point in the entire life span.

Question 31

In adulthood,individuals spend about ________ of their night in REM sleep.

A)half
B)one-eighth
C)one-third
D)one-fifth

Question 32

The chemicals released by the terminal buttons that connect axons and dendrites of successive neurons and help in the passing of information from neuron to neuron across the synapse are called

A)neurotransmitters.
B)pheromones.
C)cytokines.
D)synomones.

Question 33

Which of the following functions is an outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain in normal people?

A)use of metaphors
B)speech and grammar
C)performing music
D)humor

Question 34

Which of the following functions is lateralized to the left hemisphere of the cortex in most human brains?

A)humor
B)speech and grammar
C)use of metaphors
D)facial perception

Question 35

Within a 24-hour cycle,approximately how much time do infants of 0 to 2 years of age spend sleeping?

A)5)9 hours
B)8)3 hours
C)12.8 hours
D)16.7 hours

Question 36

In which of the following areas of an infant's brain does the peak of synaptic overproduction occur before the first postnatal year of life?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)neocortex
C)auditory cortex
D)visual cortex

Question 37

The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement,thinking,personality,emotion,memory,sustained attention,and intentionality or purpose.

A)occipital
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)parietal

Question 38

According to your text,infants from which ethnic groups are MOST likely to die from SIDS?

A)non-Latino White and Asian
B)non-Latino White and Latino
C)Eskimo and African American
D)Native American and Latino

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a protective buffer against SIDS?

A)the infant sleeping in a room with a fan
B)breast feeding
C)the infant sleeping in the same bed as the parents
D)firm bedding

Question 40

Which of the following parts of a neuron is/are involved in carrying signals toward the cell body?

A)terminal buttons
B)myelin sheath
C)axons
D)dendrites

Question 41

Bottle feeding is recommended for mothers who

A)are HIV positive.
B)have active tuberculosis.
C)are taking drugs that might harm the infant.
D)All these answers are correct.

Question 42

Fewer gastrointestinal infections,lower respiratory tract infections,and fewer middle ear infections are all associated with

A)breast feeding.
B)bottle feeding.
C)bottle feeding,but only with specialized formulas.
D)bottle feeding,but only if both parents share feeding duties.

Question 43

Dynamic systems theory was proposed by

A)Esther Thelen.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Eleanor Gibson.
D)Richard Walk.

Question 44

Nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately ________ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A)25
B)100
C)75
D)50

Question 45

Which of the following vaccinations is given to infants at birth?

A)diphtheria
B)measles
C)rubella
D)hepatitis B

Question 46

Which of the following conditions resulting from malnutrition can cause a child's vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them?

A)marasmus
B)kwashiorkor
C)otitis media
D)anemia

Question 47

The evidence obtained from studies conducted on maternal benefits of breast feeding for mothers indicates that breast feeding

A)reduces the occurrence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
B)helps women to return to their prepregnancy weight.
C)reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
D)helps mothers overcome postpartum depression.

Question 48

According to dynamic systems theory,the first step for infants in developing their motor skills is

A)being motivated by a challenge.
B)beginning the movement.
C)fine-tuning the movement.
D)moving on to the next milestone.

Question 49

________ is a condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Otitis media
C)Marasmus
D)Kwashiorkor

Question 50

Infants who spent more time sleeping at night as opposed to the day showed

A)higher executive function at age 4.
B)greater tolerance for pain at age 3.
C)higher levels of distress in the presence of strangers at 18 months.
D)higher than average levels of separation anxiety at 8 months.

Question 51

Which of the following is a high-risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A)early introduction of solid foods
B)breastfeeding
C)prone sleeping
D)use of a pacifier

Question 52

The immunization for polio is given until the age of

A)15 months.
B)4 to 6 years.
C)8 to 10 years.
D)11 to 14 years.

Question 53

According to ________ theory,to develop motor skills,infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

A)psychosocial
B)cognitive developmental
C)dynamic systems
D)sociocultural cognitive

Question 54

Infant Devon rarely sleeps through the night.Instead,she sleeps in rather short intervals throughout the day and night.Compared to infants who sleep through the night and rarely sleep in the day,recent research suggests that Devon

A)will likely become obese in her early childhood years.
B)may show slower language development in early childhood.
C)may be more alert and cognitively aware in early childhood.
D)will be slightly above her peers in information processing capabilities.

Question 55

Who among the following infants is MORE likely to experience SIDS?

A)Noah,who uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep
B)Ethan,who is suffering from sleep apnea
C)Austin,who does not share the bed with his parents
D)Kevin,who sleeps in a bedroom with a fan

Question 56

Researchers have found no ________ differences between breast-fed infants and bottle-fed infants.

A)physical
B)psychological
C)nutritional
D)medical

Question 57

Ana,a 2-year-old baby girl,appears to be well fed but is deficient in certain important proteins.Her hair is thin,colorless,and brittle.Based on these symptoms,the doctor examining Ana is likely to relate her condition to the disorder of

A)marasmus.
B)kwashiorkor.
C)otitis media.
D)anemia.

Question 58

Which of the following conclusions is TRUE based on the research conducted on benefits of breast feeding for the child?

A)Breast feeding prevents asthma in older children.
B)Breast feeding reduces the risk of allergies in children.
C)Breast feeding promotes cognitive development in children.
D)Breast feeding reduces gastrointestinal infections in infants.

Question 59

The first dose of vaccination for influenza is given to infants at the age of

A)1 year.
B)6 months.
C)4 months.
D)2 months.

Question 60

Benefits of breast feeding for the mother include all of the following EXCEPT

A)lower incidence of breast cancer.
B)reduction in ovarian cancer
C)reduction in type 2 diabetes.
D)lower incidence of osteoporosis.

Question 61

Nathan,who is 10 months old,picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger.The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the ________ grip.

A)pencil
B)tripod
C)palmer
D)pincer

Question 62

The dynamic systems view of motor development states that the developing of motor skills is a(n)________ process.

A)passive
B)active
C)rapid
D)taught

Question 63

The rays of light focused on the eyes are converted into electrical impulses by the

A)cochlea.
B)retina.
C)iris.
D)cornea.

Question 64

The ________ reflex occurs when the sole of the foot of an infant is stroked and the infant responds by fanning out the toes and twisting the foot in.

A)Moro
B)rooting
C)Babinski
D)swimming

Question 65

Which of the following reflexes has a survival value for newborns,as it enables them to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food?

A)Babinski reflex
B)sucking reflex
C)Moro reflex
D)rooting reflex

Question 66

According to the dynamic systems view,fine-tuning of a motor skill is accomplished through

A)brain maturation.
B)genetic programming.
C)repeated actions.
D)parental supervision.

Question 67

The perceptual system used by infants to coordinate grasping varies with age.Four-month-old infants rely greatly on ________ to determine how they will grip an object.

A)vision
B)color
C)touch
D)depth

Question 68

Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants?

A)climbing steps
B)walking alone easily
C)using arms for support
D)standing with support

Question 69

According to research,development of a preference for viewing attractive rather than unattractive faces begins

A)within hours of birth.
B)during the preschool years.
C)during the middle childhood years.
D)during adolescence.

Question 70

When an infant is placed on his or her back,the infant forms fists with both hands and usually turns his or her head to the right.This reflex is known as the ________ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)tonic neck
C)rooting
D)grasping

Question 71

The electrical impulses from the retina are transmitted to the visual centers of the brain by the ________ nerve.

A)auditory
B)spinal
C)optic
D)cochlear

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill in infants?

A)walking
B)grasping
C)crawling
D)creeping

Question 73

John,a 2-month-old boy,turns his head toward the side when his cheek is stroked in an effort to find something to suck.The type of reflex exhibited by John is known as the ________ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)rooting

Question 74

The method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is known as the ________ method.

A)stimulus generalization
B)orienting response
C)visual preference
D)high-amplitude sucking

Question 75

Which of the following methods uses a sound generating system to assess an infant's attention to sound?

A)magnetic resonance imaging method
B)orienting response method
C)visual preference method
D)high-amplitude sucking method

Question 76

A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden,intense noise or movement is called the ________ reflex.

A)Moro
B)grasping
C)stepping
D)sucking

Question 77

The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and conducted through the bones of the inner ear and the ________,where mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical impulses.

A)dura mater
B)cochlea
C)retina
D)pinna

Question 78

________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Generalization
B)Habituation
C)Operant conditioning
D)Cognitive discrimination

Question 79

Alex was shown a sequence of objects that were of the same size and all resembled a square.After some time,Alex lost interest in those objects.When he was shown a triangular object it suddenly caught his attention,and he started looking at the previous objects again.This change in response in Alex is referred to as

A)sustained attention.
B)orientation.
C)dishabituation.
D)visual preference.

Question 80

Which of the following views states that perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it?

A)ecological view
B)nativist view
C)dynamic systems view
D)constructivist view