Deck 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

Piaget stressed that

A)children are passive recipients of information from the environment.
B)the sole determinant of a child's cognitive development is the culture in which he or she is born.
C)children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
D)the cognitive development of children has a purely biological basis.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Piaget,which of the following is TRUE about the life of a newborn?

A)There is no differentiation between the self and the world.
B)The ability to use primitive symbols is completely developed in newborns.
C)Newborns understand that objects have a separate and permanent existence.
D)The newborn is aware of the existence of its mother when she disappears.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Richard is a 5-month-old baby.His parents frequently sit by his side to cuddle him or to speak to him in loud and affectionate tones.Richard seems to enjoy this attention very much and makes cooing sounds to encourage his parents' warm interactions with him.Richard's act of cooing to obtain parental attention is a function of the ________ substage given by Piaget.

A)secondary circular reactions
B)simple reflexes
C)internalization of schemes
D)first habits and primary circular reactions

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Wayne's father hung a bright yellow tennis ball over Wayne's crib and dangled it whenever he stood by the crib.Within a day or two of doing this,Wayne was seen kicking his legs in the air to reach the ball successfully.Wayne's action is an example of the ________ substage given by Piaget.

A)simple reflexes
B)tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)internalization of schemes

Question 5

Ruella and Raymond are amazed at the range of new things their 6-month-old daughter,Anna,seems to be learning every day.Recently,while playing with a toy,Anna tossed it out of the crib.Immediately,Ruella picked it up and placed it in Anna's hand and talked to her for a bit.Ever since this incident,Anna keeps throwing her toys out of the crib,expecting one of her parents to give her toy back to her and to cuddle her a bit.From this scenario,we can say that Anna is in the sensorimotor substage of

A)internalization of schemes.
B)tertiary circular reactions.
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions.
D)secondary circular reactions.

Question 6

In Piaget's theory,________ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)evolution
D)externalization

Question 7

For Piaget,an internal search for equilibrium is MOST likely to result in the child

A)retaining old and dysfunctional schemes permanently.
B)displaying delays in learning language and social behavior.
C)failing to develop new schemes after a point.
D)experiencing renewed motivation to change and adapt.

Question 8

A baby's schemes are structured by ________ that can be performed on objects,such as sucking,looking,and grasping.

A)complex behaviors
B)diverse actions
C)mental strategies
D)simple actions

Question 9

The mechanism Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is known as

A)vocalization.
B)equilibration.
C)conceptualization.
D)causation.

Question 10

________ in Piaget's theory is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

A)Clustering
B)Screening
C)Organization
D)Natural selection

Question 11

Assimilation occurs when children

A)adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
B)develop one scheme that applies to all information and experiences they encounter.
C)prevent the incorporation of new environmental experiences and information.
D)use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Question 12

In Piaget's theory,________ are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

A)schemes
B)engrams
C)modes
D)morphemes

Question 13

In Piaget's theory,mental schemes first develop in

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)adulthood.

Question 14

In the context of Piaget's sensorimotor development,a ________ is a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance.

A)secondary circular reaction
B)simple reflex
C)tertiary circular reaction
D)primary circular reaction

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to Piaget's theory of infant development?

A)Piaget's theory represents a biologically based understanding of cognition in infants and toddlers.
B)Piaget's theory strengthens the view that one's genetic material is the primary determinant of one's cognitive abilities.
C)Piaget's theory posits the view that biology and experience sculpt cognitive development in children.
D)Piaget's theory takes a purely ecological approach to understand cognitive development in infants and children.

Question 16

________ is defined as the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,

A)Concept formation
B)Object orientation
C)Deferred imitation
D)Object permanence

Question 17

Samantha,a 2-week-old infant,sucks instinctively when her lips are touched or stroked.She achieves this by

A)moving beyond self-preoccupation.
B)coordinating schemes for vision and touch with intentionality.
C)coordinating sensation and action through reflexive behavior.
D)experimenting with new behavior.

Question 18

In trying to understand the world,the child is constantly faced with inconsistencies and counterexamples to his or her existing schemes.This phenomenon is known as

A)disequilibrium.
B)deconstruction.
C)reactance.
D)disruption.

Question 19

On Dora's first birthday,one of her aunts brought a set of Lego basic bricks that she absolutely loves.Dora spends hours building,breaking,and rebuilding towers from the bricks and smiles widely whenever she discovers something new she can do with them.Dora's preoccupation with manipulating the building bricks in different ways reflects a function of the sensorimotor substage of

A)secondary circular reactions.
B)tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity.
C)first habits and primary circular reactions.
D)simple reflexes.

Question 20

In the context of Piaget's theory,________ is the process of adjusting to new environmental demands.

A)adaptation
B)evolution
C)involution
D)attention

Question 21

________ is defined as the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A)Orientation
B)Investigation
C)Habituation
D)Imitation

Question 22

Attention plays an important role in memory as part of a process called ________,which is the process by which information gets into memory.

A)encoding
B)maintaining
C)filtering
D)inhibiting

Question 23

Infants' attention to objects is strongly governed by the ________ and habituation.

A)obscurity of the object
B)frequency of interactions with the object
C)familiarity with the object
D)novelty of the object

Question 24

Which of the following is a prerequisite condition for joint attention to occur?

A)reciprocal interaction
B)multiple caregivers
C)the infant's ability to use abstract thought
D)the infant's ability to use two-word utterances

Question 25

Which of the following states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems?

A)epigenetic approach
B)constructivist approach
C)generalized knowledge approach
D)core knowledge approach

Question 26

________ is defined as the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

A)Dishabituation
B)Generalization
C)Inhibition
D)Introspection

Question 27

In Piaget's theory,which of the following mistakes is an important feature of infants who are progressing into the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage?

A)Type I error
B)A-not-B error
C)equilibration
D)Type II error

Question 28

According to your text,a "short looker" is an infant

A)who is below average in height.
B)whose processing speed is highly efficient.
C)whose attention span is shorter than other infants.
D)who is likely to have cognitive problems during the preschool years.

Question 29

Research on habituation has shown that

A)continual stimulation over extended periods of time using the same object is the best way to elicit a child's attention.
B)the extent to which infants can see,hear,smell,taste,and experience touch cannot be empirically studied.
C)it is important for parents to do novel things and to repeat them often until the infant stops responding.
D)habituation is inadequate as a variable in studying an infant's maturity and well-being.

Question 30

Cognitive flexibility and better inhibitory control are both components of higher level

A)gross motor skills.
B)fine motor skills.
C)executive function.
D)sensory memory.

Question 31

Which of the following is a critique of the core knowledge approach according to Mark Johnson?

A)Infants come into the world with knowledge systems for space,number sense,object permanence,and language.
B)Infants come into the world with soft biases to perceive and attend to different aspects of the environment,and to learn about the world in particular ways.
C)Infants have an innate sense of the world when they are born that is independent of environmental experiences.
D)The core domains provide a foundation from which infants manifest their genetically hardwired manner of understanding the world and develop more mature cognitive functioning and learning.

Question 32

Research by Renée Baillargeon found that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be

A)substantial.
B)temporary.
C)intangible.
D)transient.

Question 33

________ attention occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event and are able to track each other's behavior; one individual directs another's attention,and reciprocal interaction is present.

A)Orienting
B)Joint
C)Investigative
D)Covert

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of an A-not-B error?

A)Dora had a fall while climbing a chair and complained to her mother that the chair is "bad" and began hitting it.
B)Dennis cannot comprehend that a ball made out of his clay modeling set can also be used to make a box or a tower.
C)Devon's mother taught him to say "Dad," and he now uses the term to refer to any male he comes across irrespective of age or familiarity.
D)Daniel always looks below the bed first when he cannot find his toy because that was the first place where his father had hidden his toy,even though his father now hides the toy in different locations.

Question 35

________ allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.

A)The investigative process
B)Orienting attention
C)Sustained attention
D)Divided attention

Question 36

On a test involving attention,infant Jillian was described as a "short looker." This suggests that Jillian

A)will demonstrate higher executive functioning during the preschool years.
B)will lag behind her peers in language development.
C)is not securely attached to her caregivers.
D)will remain physically behind her peers but ahead in emotional sensitivity.

Question 37

Which of the following situations testifies that the infant has developed a sense of object permanence?

A)The infant assumes that an object that is out of sight does not exist.
B)The infant shows no reaction when an interesting object is taken away.
C)The infant searches for an interesting object when it disappears.
D)The infant tries to grab an interesting object with his whole hand.

Question 38

Dr.Wisenberg is studying the connections among the brain,cognition,and development.His specialty lies in the field of

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behavioral genetics.
C)developmental cognitive neuroscience.
D)evolutionary psychology.

Question 39

The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks is referred to as

A)sensation.
B)attention.
C)perception.
D)transduction.

Question 40

The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience focuses on connections among the brain,cognition,and

A)development.
B)feelings.
C)emotions.
D)weight.

Question 41

Recent research has suggested that joint attention skills at 12 months of age are related to

A)better fine motor skills at 3 years of age.
B)better self-regulation skills at 3 years of age.
C)reduced memory capacity at 3 years of age.
D)decreases in perceptual processing at 3 years of age.

Question 42

________ is a central feature of cognitive development,involving the retention of information over time.

A)Emotion
B)Memory
C)Consciousness
D)Intuition

Question 43

What does the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence focus on?

A)caregiver interactions with the infant
B)the infant's ability to process information
C)social interaction with the infant's siblings
D)fine and gross motor skills

Question 44

From about 6 to 12 months of age,the maturation of the ________ make the emergence of explicit memory possible.

A)hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex
B)olfactory bulb and the ventral areas of the frontal lobe
C)pons and the surrounding areas of the brainstem
D)medulla oblongata and the surrounding areas of the brainstem

Question 45

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are administered to

A)the infant.
B)the caregiver.
C)both the infant and the caregiver.
D)older siblings.

Question 46

In the context of testing and assessment of infant development,the most important early contributor was

A)A)S.Kaufman.
B)Patricia Kuhl.
C)Nancy Bayley.
D)Arnold Gesell.

Question 47

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were developed in order to

A)evaluate a child's heart and lung functioning at birth.
B)assess infant behavior and predict later development.
C)differentiate potentially normal babies from abnormal ones.
D)combine the height and weight of an infant into a singular metric.

Question 48

Which of the following would come under the domain of implicit memory?

A)ability to drive a car
B)ability to recite a poem
C)ability to name the president
D)ability to recall complex formulas

Question 49

________ are defined as cognitive groupings of similar objects,events,people,or ideas.

A)Data
B)Scripts
C)Concepts
D)Records

Question 50

Which of the following refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?

A)non-declarative memory
B)procedural memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 51

According to a recent study,problems in joint attention as early as eight months were linked with the diagnosis of what condition by age 7?

A)ADHD
B)anxiety disorder
C)autism
D)schizophrenia

Question 52

One reason older children and adults have difficulty recalling events from their infancy and early childhood years is that during these early years,the

A)primary somatosensory cortex is undeveloped.
B)occipital lobe of the brain is in the process of developing.
C)sensory and motor association areas are immature.
D)prefrontal lobes of the brain are immature.

Question 53

Most older children can remember little if anything from the first three years of their life.This reflects the operation of

A)infantile amnesia.
B)infantile psychosis.
C)juvenile dementia.
D)infantile neurosis.

Question 54

Which of the following would come under the domain of explicit memory?

A)ability to play a musical instrument
B)ability to type with high speed and accuracy
C)ability to play soccer
D)ability to name the people present at a recent party

Question 55

Infants who classify birds as animals and airplanes as vehicles,even though the objects are perceptually similar,are engaging in ________ categorization.

A)conceptual
B)perceptual
C)surface-level
D)superficial

Question 56

In the context of gender-based concept formation in a major study of 11-month-old to 6-year-old children,which of the following are likely to be the subject of more intense interest among girls?

A)dinosaurs
B)trucks
C)books/readings
D)balls

Question 57

According to a recent longitudinal study,intelligence in infancy

A)varies considerably from late infancy through the preschool years.
B)remains fairly stable from late infancy through the preschool years.
C)is strongly correlated to IQ scores in adulthood.
D)is too difficult to measure due to infants' lack of language skills.

Question 58

According to Andrew Meltzoff,the infant's imitative abilities are

A)indiscriminate and generalized.
B)inflexible and rigid.
C)biologically based.
D)unseen till two years after birth.

Question 59

An overall score that combines the subscores in the four domains of the Gesell test assessment of infants is known as the ________ quotient.

A)deviation
B)developmental
C)clinical
D)intelligence

Question 60

Carol was about a year and a half old when her father,who was caring for her for the day,noticed that she was using a rattle to brush her hair just the way his wife had brushed her hair before she left about three hours earlier.Carol's father was sure this was something new she had learned.This is an example of

A)concept formation.
B)deferred imitation.
C)centration
D)perceptual organization.

Question 61

A link between measures of habituation and dishabituation and later intelligence has been documented in infants as young as

A)3-6 months.
B)7-9 months.
C)12-15 months.
D)33-36 months.

Question 62

Lillian gave her class of 12 students a sentence-making exercise in her English class.She provided the students with 7 words and instructed them to create as many sentences as they could with this set of words only.Lillian's exercise tests

A)infinite generativity.
B)perceptual organization.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)postconventional reasoning.

Question 63

________ involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

A)Semiotics
B)Syllable
C)Syntax
D)Haptics

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a studied information processing domain in the assessment of intelligence?

A)attention
B)processing speed
C)object permanence
D)memory

Question 65

________ involves the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

A)Semiotics
B)Semantics
C)Pragmatics
D)Haptics

Question 66

Patricia Kuhl's research has demonstrated that from birth up to about 6 months of age,infants are "citizens of the world." In the context of Kuhl's research,what does this expression convey?

A)Infants recognize when sounds change most of the time,irrespective of the language being spoken.
B)Infants are exclusively sensitive to the language their parents speak between birth and 6 months of age.
C)Long before infants speak recognizable words,they produce a number of vocalizations in order to specifically imitate the language their parents speak.
D)Infants respond quickly to polite speech in their native language between birth and 6 months of age.

Question 67

________ is a form of communication that is based on a system of spoken,written,or signed symbols.

A)Proprioception
B)Haptics
C)Telepathy
D)Language

Question 68

________ is defined as the use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles,auxiliary verbs,and other connectives.

A)Gesture
B)Elaborative speech
C)Receptive speech
D)Telegraphic speech

Question 69

Which of the following represents a rapid increase in the number of words children know that begins at approximately 18 months?

A)overextension
B)spontaneous vocalization
C)first words
D)vocabulary spurt

Question 70

Which of the following is defined as the sound system of the language?

A)morphology
B)phonology
C)semiotics
D)grammar

Question 71

The gurgling sound made in the back of the throat by babies,usually to express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver,is known as

A)cooing.
B)crying.
C)babbling.
D)murmuring.

Question 72

Rachel looks at their neighbor walking their dog and exclaims "not monkey" in a loud and urgent tone.This is an example of

A)two-word utterances.
B)word of mouth.
C)babbling.
D)pragmatics.

Question 73

When compared to intelligence tests of older children,tests for infants are characterized by a

A)greater emphasis on measures of verbal intelligence.
B)lesser emphasis on perceptual-motor development.
C)greater emphasis on social interaction in infants.
D)lesser emphasis on the relationship with the infant's caregiver(s).

Question 74

________ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

A)Morphology
B)Phonology
C)Graphology
D)Philology

Question 75

________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words.

A)Zona incerta
B)Broca's area
C)Reticular formation
D)Wernicke's area

Question 76

In English,the sound represented by the letter p,as in the words pot and spot,is a

A)scheme.
B)word.
C)morpheme.
D)phoneme.

Question 77

Receptive vocabulary comprises the

A)words that a child speaks but does not understand.
B)first words a child uses to speak as a sentence.
C)words that a child understands but cannot speak.
D)first words that a child babbles to his or her caregivers.

Question 78

Which of the following is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a fixed set of words and rules?

A)parsing
B)chunking
C)universal language acquisition
D)infinite generativity

Question 79

The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of the first year is called

A)crying.
B)labeling.
C)cooing.
D)babbling.

Question 80

The ________ is/are correlated with measures of intelligence in older children.

A)Apgar Scale
B)Gesell Test
C)Fagan Test
D)Bayley Scales