Deck 12: Cognitive Development in Middle in Late Childhood

Question 1

Neo-Piagetians believe that

A)there should be at least seven stages of cognitive development,rather than only four.
B)further details should be sought about how children learn to solve conservation problems.
C)more emphasis should be placed on how children use attention,memory,and strategies.
D)Piaget's stage theory places too much importance on assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

With reference to Piaget's stages of development,a reversible mental operation applied to real objects is a(n)________ operation.

A)concrete
B)formal
C)inference
D)judgment

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions?

A)animism
B)transitivity
C)seriation
D)egocentrism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Lucienne watches as an experimenter takes one of two identical balls of clay and rolls it into a long, thin piece.Lucienne says that the two clay shapes are the same.Lucienne's reasoning indicates that Lucienne

A)has entered the sensorimotor stage of development.
B)is capable of reversing a mental action applied to a real,concrete object.
C)has entered the symbolic function substage of the preoperational stage of development.
D)is capable of understanding the falsity of animism.

Question 5

Piaget opposed teaching methods that

A)treat children as passive receptacles.
B)involve ongoing assessment.
C)facilitate rather than apply direct learning.
D)require children to be active and seek solutions for themselves.

Question 6

Dana presents a child with two identical balls of clay.She rolls one of the balls into a long,thin piece of clay.She then asks the child if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece.The child replies that both have same amount of clay.According to Piaget's stages of development,the child's reply indicates that the child is capable of ________ operations.

A)concrete
B)formal
C)inference
D)judgment

Question 7

Sondra has been asking questions about her extended family.In order to understand how all the relationships are interconnected,she needs to be able to use the skill of

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)classification.
D)animism.

Question 8

According to Piaget's stages of development,the ability to classify or divide things into different sets and subsets and to consider their interrelationships develops during the ________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 9

Which of the following is an educational implication of Piaget's theory?

A)Effective teachers facilitate rather than direct learning.
B)Children's distorted ideas about the world make it hard for them to learn.
C)A single curriculum will be effective for children across cultures.
D)Ongoing assessment should be avoided.

Question 10

Jane's teacher has haphazardly placed eight sticks of different lengths on the table.He asks Jane to put the sticks in order from shortest to longest.Through this test,Jane's teacher is testing her ability of

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)understanding object permanence.
D)transitivity.

Question 11

In a conservation problem,the difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought is that children in the preoperational stage

A)can reverse the image in their thought,whereas children in the concrete operational stage depend on real-life operation of reversing.
B)use abstract reasoning,while children in the concrete operational stage use imagination and symbolism.
C)utilize formal operations,while children in the concrete operational stage use judgment operations.
D)focus on only one dimension of a problem,while children in the concrete operational stage focus on more than one.

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of concrete operational thought?

A)an inability to classify
B)the presence of animistic thought
C)the presence of egocentric thought
D)reasoning limited to specific examples

Question 13

An experimenter presents a child with two identical balls of clay.The experimenter rolls one of the balls into a long,thin piece of clay.The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece.This Piagetian task is a test to see if the child is capable of ________ operations.

A)concrete
B)formal
C)inference
D)judgment

Question 14

According to Jean Piaget,children learn best when they

A)are in the sensorimotor stage of development.
B)memorize complex facts about the world.
C)actively seek solutions for themselves.
D)accommodate and assimilate more efficiently.

Question 15

A child in the preoperational stage cannot understand a family tree,but a child in the concrete operational stage can.Piaget claims that this is because a child in the concrete operational stage can

A)think abstractly.
B)classify things.
C)memorize better.
D)reason intuitively.

Question 16

Regarding children's education,Piaget suggested that

A)a child's genetic heritage plays a pivotal role in his or her cognitive development.
B)teachers should turn classrooms into a setting of exploration and discovery.
C)children must be able to trust adults before they will be willing to learn from them.
D)children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories.

Question 17

With reference to Piaget's stages of development,a reversible mental operation with real objects is a(n) ________ operation.

A)concrete
B)formal
C)inference
D)judgment

Question 18

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension?

A)animism
B)transitivity
C)seriation
D)egocentrism

Question 19

According to Piaget,which of the following is a characteristic of both the preoperational and the concrete operational stages?

A)animism and magical thinking
B)centration
C)egocentrism
D)reasoning or the beginning of reason

Question 20

Which of the following statements about children's cognitive development and concrete operational abilities is correct?

A)Children's cognitive development follows the orderly stage model described by Piaget.
B)The development of concrete operational abilities depends on genetic inheritance,and it cannot be influenced by training.
C)Culture has no influence on children's overall cognitive development.
D)Some concrete operational abilities do not appear in synchrony during childhood.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding long-term memory?

A)It is a volatile memory.
B)It increases considerably during early childhood but after the age of 7 does not show as much increase.
C)It depends on the learning activities individuals engage in when learning and remembering information.
D)It is a limited type of memory

Question 22

Which of the following activities does NOT enhance mindfulness in children?

A)meditation
B)yoga
C)tai chi
D)extra screen time

Question 23

Which of the following strategies of information processing is based on the premise that thinking about personal associations with information makes the information more meaningful and helps children to remember it?

A)mental imagery
B)schematization
C)elaboration
D)diversification

Question 24

Recent research by Robert Roeser and his colleagues links executive function,focused attention, emotion regulation,and empathy to

A)genetics.
B)mindfulness.
C)weight lifting.
D)behavior medication.

Question 25

Which of the following is TRUE regarding executive function?

A)Parents who are self-regulators tend to have children with high executive function.
B)Physical exercise has no apparent link to executive function.
C)Flexibility and working memory are not related to executive function.
D)Children with low self-control tend to score high on measures of executive function.

Question 26

Aerobic exercise,mindfulness,and computerized training targeting working memory have all been used to improve children's

A)executive function.
B)theory of mind.
C)smiles.
D)profiles on social media.

Question 27

Which of the following is a memory strategy that improves the processing of information?

A)diversifying concrete memories
B)collaboration
C)creating mental images
D)schematization

Question 28

Gist refers to the central idea of the information.Which of the following theories considers gist in understanding memory?

A)elaboration theory
B)mental imagery theory
C)schema theory
D)fuzzy trace theory

Question 29

In terms of executive function,the ability to resist the impulse to do something new that one would later regret falls under the dimension of

A)self-control/inhibition.
B)working memory.
C)flexibility.
D)creativity.

Question 30

Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information?

A)Recoverable memory
B)Referenced memory
C)Schematic memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 31

________ narratives tend to be more detailed,longer,and more specific when related by American children as opposed to children from China.

A)Autobiographical
B)Declarative
C)Extended
D)Personal

Question 32

________ increases considerably during early childhood,but after the age of 7 does not show as much increase.

A)Metamemory
B)Analytical memory
C)Reconstructive memory
D)Short-term memory

Question 33

Self-control,working memory,and flexibility are all dimensions of

A)executive function.
B)peer groups.
C)creativity.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 34

During middle and late childhood,autobiographical memories become

A)less elaborate and less broad.
B)more elaborate but less broad.
C)more elaborate and broader.
D)briefer but more elaborate.

Question 35

Which of the following BEST exemplifies critical thinking?

A)being able to understand the goal of a scientific study
B)being able to remember the details of a scientific data
C)being able to recite the findings of a scientific study
D)being able to evaluate the practical usefulness of a scientific study

Question 36

A child's ability to consider different strategies and perspectives fall under which dimension of executive function?

A)self-control/inhibition
B)working memory
C)flexibility
D)creativity

Question 37

Long-term memory differs from short-term memory in that

A)long-term memory can store a limited amount.
B)after the age of 7,long-term memory does not show any increase.
C)long-term memory increases with age during middle and late childhood.
D)long-term memory increases most during early childhood.

Question 38

________ involves thinking reflectively and productively,as well as evaluating evidence.

A)Monitoring strategies
B)Schematization
C)Critical thinking
D)Referencing

Question 39

________ is an important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.

A)Diversification
B)Collaboration
C)Elaboration
D)Schematization

Question 40

Junko is 14 years old and is reading a book of essays on politics in various countries.Junko enjoys reading about different political views and comparing them.With the help of his newly acquired knowledge,Junko is evaluating the validity of his own political beliefs.Junko is demonstrating

A)mental imaging.
B)critical thinking.
C)referenced thinking.
D)memory schematization.

Question 41

________ thinking produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

A)Divergent
B)Referenced
C)Convergent
D)Schematic

Question 42

If a child's IQ is below 100,then his or her CA (chronological age)is ________ his or her MA (mental age).

A)equal to
B)lower than
C)higher than
D)unrelated to

Question 43

Alfred Binet was asked by the French Ministry of Education in 1904 to design a

A)generalized test of intelligence and comprehension.
B)test that would identify students who were unable to learn in school.
C)test that would measure intelligence and creativity in schoolchildren.
D)test that would analyze the learning needs of adults.

Question 44

Amber was given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test.Her mental age was determined to be 27; her chronological age is 18.Amber's IQ is

A)well below average.
B)about average.
C)below average.
D)well above average.

Question 45

Which of the following questions requires divergent thinking?

A)What is 45 times 37?
B)Do you like chocolate ice cream?
C)How do you interpret the book Moby Dick?
D)How many dimes can you get for $10?

Question 46

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,children with high analytical intelligence are most likely to do well in

A)jobs that require common sense.
B)tasks requiring the application of ideas.
C)creative tasks.
D)conventional schooling.

Question 47

Interest in intelligence has often focused on individual differences and assessment.In this context,the term individual differences refers to

A)differences between individuals that are culture dependent.
B)the relative strengths and weaknesses within an individual.
C)day-to-day changes in an individual's knowledge and skills.
D)stable,consistent differences between individuals.

Question 48

If a person's mental age is the same as his or her chronological age,then the person's IQ is ________.

A)100
B)10
C)1
D)0)1

Question 49

Metacognition is

A)learning about mindfulness.
B)learning about memory strategies.
C)knowing about knowing.
D)thinking about abstract concepts.

Question 50

Dr.Ruiz is a theoretical physicist who is a renowned researcher,but she has difficulty figuring out how to turn on the air conditioner in her car.According to Robert Sternberg,Dr.Ruiz has

A)high analytical intelligence and low practical intelligence.
B)high creative intelligence and low analytical intelligence.
C)high analytical intelligence and low creative intelligence.
D)high practical intelligence and low creative intelligence.

Question 51

Maria regularly uses her common sense in dealing with the world and she has excellent social skills. But she performs poorly in the objective tests conducted by her school.According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,Maria exhibits ________ intelligence.

A)creative
B)analytical
C)general
D)practical

Question 52

Who has suggested that there are eight different types of intelligences or "frames of mind"?

A)Alfred Binet
B)David Wechsler
C)Robert Sternberg
D)Howard Gardner

Question 53

Which of the following individuals suggested that it is more appropriate to think of a child's intelligence as a combination of different forms than as a single,general ability?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Alfred Binet
C)Robert Sternberg
D)Michael Pressley

Question 54

Miko is asked to come up with as many uses of a paper clip as possible.This exercise requires the use of

A)memory strategies.
B)reconstructive memory.
C)schematic thinking.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 55

Which of the following theories,proposed by Robert J.Sternberg,describes three types of intelligence: analytical,creative,and practical?

A)triarchic theory of intelligence
B)sociocultural theory of intelligence
C)psychosocial theory of intelligence
D)developmental theory of intelligence

Question 56

Robert Sternberg's and Howard Gardner's theories of intelligence are similar in that both

A)emphasize the ability to adapt to novel situations.
B)hypothesize several different types of intelligence.
C)hypothesize a single-factor theory of intelligence.
D)emphasize the ability to identify and remember patterns quickly.

Question 57

According to Jacqueline and Martin Brooks,teachers can help cultivate critical thinking in their students by

A)asking them to describe the concepts covered the previous day.
B)spending more class time rehearsing topics.
C)asking them to list all the points they studied the previous day.
D)motivating them to analyze,criticize,and create.

Question 58

Which of the following types of intelligence test yields several composite scores such as the Verbal Comprehension Index,the Working Memory Index,and the Processing Speed Index?

A)Binet test
B)Myers-Briggs test
C)Wechsler scales
D)Rorschach inkblot test

Question 59

Rita,who is in fifth grade,has just found out that her history exam is all fill-in-the-blank questions. She is discouraged because she knows that she does not usually do well on this type of exam.In recognizing this,Rita has engaged in a form of

A)referenced thinking.
B)reconstructive analysis.
C)mental imaging.
D)metacognition.

Question 60

Which of the following terms refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group,play off each other's ideas,and say practically whatever comes to mind?

A)brainstorming
B)mental imagery
C)memory schematization
D)constructive theorizing

Question 61

Children with above-average intelligence-an IQ of 130 or higher-and/or a superior talent for something are called

A)genius.
B)creative.
C)mastery oriented.
D)gifted.

Question 62

According to Gardner's eight frames of mind,which of the following persons is MOST likely to possess a high level of "interpersonal intelligence"?

A)a surgeon
B)an architect
C)a botanist
D)a mental health professional

Question 63

Basketball superstar Michael Jordan is MOST likely to score high on which of Gardner's types of intelligence?

A)verbal
B)spatial
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)naturalist

Question 64

Paul has an IQ of 72.He lives in his own apartment,has a job,and supports himself.He has an active social life with many friends,with whom he goes bowling and goes out to eat frequently.According to the definition of intellectual disability,Paul is ________ intellectually disabled.

A)mildly
B)not
C)severely
D)moderately

Question 65

Which individual is MOST likely to end up in a gifted program in the United States?

A)Bob,a non-Latino White
B)Pablo,a Latino
C)James,an African American
D)John,a Native American

Question 66

The Flynn effect refers to the

A)worldwide increase in intelligence test scores.
B)worldwide acceptance of the Stanford-Binet IQ test.
C)effect that education has on intelligence test scores.
D)effect that culture has on Stanford-Binet IQ test scores.

Question 67

When teaching reading,the whole-language approach stresses that

A)reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
B)phonetics is the most important component in learning to read a language.
C)children should be able to write a language before they are able to read it.
D)learning a foreign language helps students learn their own language.

Question 68

Which of the following is a characteristic of gifted people?

A)They tend to be less mature than an average person.
B)They tend to have fewer emotional problems than others.
C)They are socially maladjusted.
D)They have some type of mild mental disorder.

Question 69

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called the ________ effect.

A)Sternberg
B)Gardner
C)Brody
D)Flynn

Question 70

Which of the following would most intelligence researchers agree with?

A)Changes in environment can alter IQ scores significantly.
B)Genetics are the dominant influence on IQ scores.
C)Genetic endowment has largely been debunked as an influence on intelligence.
D)A handful of specific genes can be identified as the core determinants of IQ.

Question 71

Individuals who are gifted tend to

A)be gifted in many domains.
B)be gifted in a specific domain.
C)reveal their talents during young adulthood.
D)reveal their talents within the first six months of life.

Question 72

Which of the following terms refers to knowledge about language,such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language?

A)whole-language awareness
B)superlinguistic awareness
C)metalinguistic awareness
D)critical language awareness

Question 73

A painter is MOST likely to score high on which of Gardner's types of intelligence?

A)verbal
B)spatial
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)intrapersonal

Question 74

Jerry and Kathy are told that their child has ________.After doing some research,they discover that this type of retardation involves no brain damage and results from the normal variation of intelligence in people combined with growing up in a below-average intellectual environment.

A)organic intellectual disability
B)cultural-familial intellectual disability
C)physical intellectual disability
D)environmental intellectual disability

Question 75

Organic intellectual disability is caused by

A)an impoverished intellectual environment.
B)undernourishment during childhood.
C)a genetic disorder or brain damage.
D)traumatic experiences in early childhood.

Question 76

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below ________ on a traditional intelligence test,and who has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

A)100
B)90
C)80
D)70

Question 77

"Hannah has an IQ of 135.With that level of intelligence,I'm sure she'll be quite successful no matter what career she chooses." The speaker is

A)misusing the results of an intelligence test.
B)giving an appropriate interpretation of an intelligence test.
C)assuming that intelligence is composed of several different factors.
D)not placing enough emphasis on intelligence as a predictor of success.

Question 78

Amy is 6 years old and is playing the violin at a level equal to that of 15-year-olds.She enjoys learning but does not like to be told what to do.She has an ability to concentrate intensely on her craft. Amy is most likely

A)autistic.
B)an average six-year-old.
C)gifted.
D)idiosyncratic.

Question 79

James is 17 years old and has an IQ of 60.He often requires assistance with simple tasks such as cooking,shopping,and commuting.James

A)has an intellectual disability.
B)does not have an intellectual disability.
C)has a cultural-familial intellectual disability.
D)may be gifted.

Question 80

The ________ approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

A)metalinguistic
B)phonics
C)whole-language
D)language schematization