Deck 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

________ is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and deduce their implications.

A)Idealistic scenario reasoning
B)Divergent thinking
C)Convergent thinking
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Paul feels extremely self-consciousness in public.He believes that everyone is watching him and that they all notice the pimple on the end of his nose.Paul's behavior is characteristic of

A)convergent thinking.
B)the imaginary audience phenomenon.
C)transitivity.
D)seriation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)Jean likes the challenge of dissecting frogs in his biology class.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.
C)Ashton sometimes takes LSD,yet she believes that she will never experience a "bad trip."
D)Bradley thinks that his parents have stupid political ideas,listen to horrible music,and are always doing annoying things.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Idealistic beliefs about future possibilities are characteristic of the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 5

John,an adolescent,was thinking about how animals think.Then he started thinking about why he was thinking about how animals think.Which of the following characteristics of the formal operational stage is John displaying in this example?

A)abstract thought
B)concrete thought
C)critical thought
D)egocentric thought

Question 6

Children are likely to solve problems ________,whereas adolescents begin to solve problems ________.

A)idealistically; through inductive reasoning
B)through trial and error; systematically
C)by thinking them through carefully; by guessing
D)using heuristics; using past experience

Question 7

Karl and Arlene are staring at an uprooted tree that fell in a storm.Karl can't imagine why it fell until he sees a major gust of wind come through; then he understands.Arlene is thinking about why she is sad that the tree fell and how that thought arose in her mind.In this example,Arlene is exhibiting ________ thought,while Karl is showing ________ thought.

A)abstract; concrete
B)concrete; abstract
C)abnormal; idealistic
D)deductive; inductive

Question 8

According to Jean Piaget,adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children will have significant difficulty in

A)solving problems through trial-and-error.
B)differentiating between thoughts and reality.
C)dealing with concrete experiences.
D)creating and testing hypotheses.

Question 9

Khloe has not been getting along with her best friend.She writes down all the difficulties they have been having and tries to generate possible reasons for them.She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems,weighing the pros and cons of each possibility.Khloe is using which of the following to solve her problem?

A)idealistic scenario reasoning
B)concrete operational reasoning
C)adolescent-egocentric reasoning
D)hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 10

During the formal operational stage,________ dominates.

A)trial-and-error problem solving
B)egocentrism
C)assimilation
D)pragmatism

Question 11

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning enables adolescents to

A)indulge in idealistic thinking.
B)plan and systematically test alternatives.
C)overcome adolescent egocentrism in their thinking.
D)speculate about ideal characteristics they desire in themselves and in others.

Question 12

According to Piaget,hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities develop in the ________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 13

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)sense of immortality
B)feeling of insignificance
C)sense of being "on stage"
D)sense of indestructibility

Question 14

Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescents?

A)They are typically limited to solving problems through trial and error.
B)They are limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.
C)They need to see the concrete elements A,B,and C to be able to make the logical inference that if A = B and B = C,then A = C.
D)They have an increased tendency to think about thought itself.

Question 15

In the ________ stage,individuals are no longer limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 16

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence,the belief that everyone is as interested in them as they are in themselves,and a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability are all parts of

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C)realistic reasoning.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Question 17

According to Jean Piaget's theory,people going into adolescence are entering which stage?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A)Andrew draws his family tree and is able to understand that his mother is also a daughter,a sister,and a wife at the same time.
B)Paula solves an algebraic problem by making plans to solve the problem and systematically testing each solution.
C)Ann resolves a fight with her friend by offering a compromise,an approach that had always worked in the past.
D)Viola learns how to play the piano by observing her mother closely while she plays the instrument,and then practicing by herself.

Question 19

The formal operational stage is characterized by

A)animistic reasoning.
B)coordination of perception and action.
C)logical reasoning about the world as reality.
D)abstract thinking.

Question 20

Which of the following abilities appears during Piaget's formal operational stage?

A)the ability to reason logically about specific or concrete examples
B)the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets
C)the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
D)the ability to create a hypothesis and deduce its implications

Question 21

Which of the following is a core component of executive functioning?

A)critical thinking
B)perception
C)attention
D)memory

Question 22

________ invulnerability captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 23

Controlling attention,reducing interfering thoughts,and being cognitively flexible are all elements of

A)working memory.
B)cognitive control.
C)egocentrism.
D)the imaginary audience.

Question 24

________ memory is a kind of "mental workbench" where information is manipulated and assembled to help make decisions,solve problems,and comprehend written and spoken language.

A)Intermediate
B)Long-term
C)Short-term
D)Working

Question 25

Which of Ethan's statements is an indicator of a personal fable?

A)"Nobody could possibly understand how I feel."
B)"My parents are so boring."
C)"I love listening to music."
D)"Why can't I stop worrying about my driving test?"

Question 26

According to recent research,social media sites such as Facebook may be promoting adolescent

A)self-interest.
B)sense of fair play.
C)animism.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Question 27

________ refers to adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are,as well as in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Adolescent egocentrism
D)Perspective thinking

Question 28

Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescent decision making?

A)Adolescence is a time of decreased decision making.
B)Adolescents make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused than when they are calm.
C)Young adolescents are less likely to generate different options than are children.
D)Adolescents need more opportunities to practice and discuss realistic decision making.

Question 29

Deanna Kuhn argues that the MOST important cognitive change in adolescence is

A)problem solving through trial-and-error.
B)increased concrete thinking.
C)reduced egocentrism.
D)improvement in executive functioning.

Question 30

Cognitive control is also referred to as inhibitory control or ________ control.

A)effortful
B)focused
C)dedicated
D)strenuous

Question 31

Which of the following statements made by Barbara is an indicator of the imagined audience phenomenon?

A)"Why am I always thinking that bad things will happen to me?"
B)"My parents are so frustrating."
C)"I love arguing politics and religion."
D)"Everyone is going to notice that I'm wearing braces."

Question 32

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the personal fable?

A)Self-criticism
B)An awareness of others
C)A sense of uniqueness
D)A sense of being ordinary

Question 33

________ invulnerability captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 34

Emma often shoplifts,as well as other petty crimes,with her group of friends.Even though she has heard that people eventually get caught while shoplifting,she feels that it will never happen to her.Emma's belief is characteristic of

A)a personal fable.
B)social comparison.
C)the imaginary audience phenomenon.
D)perspective thinking.

Question 35

Driving recklessly at high speeds is an example of ________ invulnerability.

A)psychological
B)natural
C)danger
D)induced

Question 36

________ involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.

A)Mindfulness
B)Lower-order cognitive processes
C)Executive functioning
D)Mnemonic strategies

Question 37

Gladys demonstrated high levels of inhibitory control early in her development.We can predict that she will

A)make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.
B)drop out of high school.
C)engage in risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.
D)struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

Question 38

Making decisions and thinking critically are part of

A)mindfulness.
B)lower-order cognitive processes.
C)executive functioning.
D)mnemonic strategies.

Question 39

________ refers to adolescents' sense of invincibility that may also lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Imaginary audience
D)Perspective thinking

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of the personal fable?

A)Jake enjoys creative activities such as making Christmas decorations.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will notice that she has a pimple on her face.
C)Ashton drives fast and recklessly but believes she will never get in an accident because it could never happen to her.
D)Bradley constantly compares himself with his friends and feels that he is inferior to them.

Question 41

Researchers found that students who participated in service learning were more likely to

A)become self-centered.
B)have higher self-esteem.
C)participate in religious activities.
D)have lower grades.

Question 42

Brady's friends are all going bungee jumping off the old bridge in town.If Brady has low inhibitory control,he will be more likely to

A)go along with his friends and make the jump.
B)refuse to go on moral principles.
C)refuse to go because his parents said no.
D)go along just to watch,but will not engage in the risky behavior.

Question 43

In the fuzzy-trace dual-process model,it is the ________ component that is seen to benefit adolescent decision making the most.

A)gist-based
B)analytical
C)deductive
D)inductive

Question 44

Sophia demonstrated low levels of inhibitory control early in her development.There is a higher chance she will

A)make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.
B)graduate high school on time.
C)avoid risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.
D)struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

Question 45

Over the past four decades,traditional-aged college students have shown a(n)

A)increased concern for personal well-being.
B)decreased concern for the well-being of others.
C)increased concern for the disadvantaged.
D)decreased concern for being well-off financially.

Question 46

In terms of decision making,who is most likely to generate different options,examine a situation from a variety of perspectives,and consider the credibility of sources?

A)toddlers
B)children in early childhood
C)children in late childhood
D)young adolescents

Question 47

Which of the following strategies can be used to improve adolescent decision making in an atmosphere of stress?

A)visual matrix
B)role playing
C)mnemonics
D)imaginary audience

Question 48

Which of the following cognitive changes that occur during adolescence allow(s)for improved critical thinking?

A)increased breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains
B)improvement in concrete thinking
C)decreased interest in idealistic thinking
D)engaging in imaginary audience and personal story processes

Question 49

At Boston Sacred Heart School,all the students in grades 9 to 12 are asked to participate in community-building programs.Students are asked to choose from a wide range of initiatives,such as helping older adults,conducting activities in orphanages,assisting animal-welfare workers,etc.The school also conducts group discussions in which children are encouraged to reflect upon their experiences.This program is aimed at enabling the students to become less self-centered and promote prosocial behavior.In this example,Boston Sacred Heart School uses

A)life skills-based training.
B)service learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 50

________ states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: "verbatim" analytical and gist-based intuitional that operate in parallel.

A)The executive function approach
B)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C)The fuzzy-trace dual-process model
D)The social constructivist approach

Question 51

Adolescents who ________ display the greatest tendency toward risk-taking behaviors.

A)are in the presence of same-age peers
B)are in the presence of older peers
C)have permissive parents
D)are considered "popular" by their peers

Question 52

Implementation of ________ in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades,increase their goal setting,achieve higher self-esteem,and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future.

A)etiquette training
B)service learning
C)moral science
D)religious learning

Question 53

One important goal of service learning is to help students

A)become less self-centered.
B)improve their grades.
C)develop their academic skills.
D)become more competitive and ambitious.

Question 54

If an individual has not developed a solid basis of ________ during childhood,critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

A)fundamental skills
B)literacy and math skills
C)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D)personal fable

Question 55

________ are beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.

A)Perceptions
B)Ethics
C)Values
D)Thoughts

Question 56

Which decision is a teenager most likely to face?

A)whether to use blue or red to color a picture
B)whether to go to college or get a job
C)whether to buy an action figure or a new video game
D)whether to watch a cartoon or play outside

Question 57

Being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation requires cognitive

A)flexibility.
B)elasticity.
C)rigidity.
D)tutoring.

Question 58

________ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and helping others in the community.

A)Environmental science
B)Service learning
C)Hidden curriculum
D)Religious learning

Question 59

Recent research on moral reasoning and cohort effects have revealed that post-conventional moral reasoning among college students

A)is reaching post-conventional levels on most campuses.
B)is declining down to the conventional level.
C)is declining down to the lowest level,personal interests.
D)may be at an all-time high in recorded history.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a criticism directed toward Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A)gender bias
B)cultural bias
C)inadequate attention to parenting influences
D)too much emphasis on parenting influences

Question 61

Mark,an adolescent,attends a program in his school in which he is taught about basic moral concepts and behaviors that are in accordance with the school's moral code.Mark's instructor also warns him that any violation of the moral code would be bring sanctions.The program aims to teach students a basic moral code so that they do not engage in immoral behavior and cause harm to themselves or others.Which moral education program is Mark's school following?

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)cognitive moral education
D)values clarification

Question 62

In the ________ approach,every school is expected to have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.Any violations of the code will be met with sanctions.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 63

________ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

A)The hidden curriculum
B)Character education
C)The political orientation
D)Values clarification

Question 64

Clarence High School is a private school in Cincinnati.The school instructs its students based on a written moral code and uses class discussions and role playing to do so.Rather than warning students against immoral behaviors,students are encouraged to understand and engage in prosocial behaviors.Clarence High School uses which of the following methods of moral education?

A)hidden moral curriculum
B)general character education
C)care perspective character education
D)values clarification program

Question 65

A direct approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and harming themselves or others is called

A)the hidden curriculum.
B)character education.
C)service learning.
D)values clarification.

Question 66

Which of the following is a situational factor that increases the likelihood of cheating among adolescents?

A)A student perceives his or her teacher to be fair and competent.
B)A student knows his or her peers are not cheating.
C)A peer is caught and punished for cheating.
D)Student scores are made public.

Question 67

________ is an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.

A)Forgiveness
B)Kindness
C)Empathy
D)Gratitude

Question 68

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as an outcome associated with higher levels of gratitude?

A)fewer depressive symptoms
B)increased thoughts of suicide
C)lower level of negative emotions
D)stronger sense of the meaning of life

Question 69

The ________ approach to moral education encompasses the reflective moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach,along with an emphasis on developing a particular moral character as advocated in the character education approach.

A)integrative
B)normative
C)prescriptive
D)induced

Question 70

According to your text,which developmental factor contributes to adolescents' increasing sensitivity with members of abstract groups with which they have little experience?

A)physical development
B)cognitive development
C)emotional development
D)intuitive development

Question 71

The increase in ________ lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.

A)abstract thinking
B)trial-and-error learning
C)adolescent egocentrism
D)the imaginary audience phenomenon

Question 72

Darcia Narváez emphasizes the use of Lawrence Kohlberg's approach and also aspects of the ________ approach to advocate for a(n)________ approach.

A)character education; integrative
B)values clarification; character education
C)service learning; integrative
D)explicit curriculum; moral education

Question 73

The hidden curriculum differs from character education in that the hidden curriculum

A)may be conveyed through means that are not fully intentional.
B)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
C)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
D)is usually based on an explicit moral code articulated only by senior staff and management.

Question 74

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as a way to improve moral reasoning among adolescents and emerging adults?

A)expanding moral education
B)better childrearing strategies
C)better social supports
D)lowering moral expectations

Question 75

A 2006 survey of secondary school students indicated that ________ had cheated on a school test during the past year.

A)15 percent
B)42 percent
C)60 percent
D)30 percent

Question 76

After his grandmother drove him to the video store to buy a new game,Caleb stayed at his grandmother's home and raked her yard.Caleb was demonstrating

A)forgiveness.
B)kindness.
C)empathy.
D)gratitude.

Question 77

Kendall realizes that her sister did not mean to ruin the sweater that she borrowed and told her sister that she understood it was an accident.Kendall is exhibiting

A)forgiveness.
B)kindness.
C)empathy.
D)gratitude.

Question 78

Which of the following is a personality trait that correlates with a greater likelihood of cheating?

A)high level of self-talk
B)agreeableness
C)low conscientiousness
D)high levels of anxiety

Question 79

If Toby,a college freshman,is following the trend in post-conventional moral reasoning identified by Narvaez and Gleason,then he is probably most concerned about the welfare of

A)his fellow students.
B)his fellow citizens in the United States.
C)society in general.
D)himself.

Question 80

In ________,the moral atmosphere is created by school and classroom rules,the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators,and text materials.

A)the hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)the political orientation
D)values clarification