Deck 13: Albert Bandura: Modeling Theory

Question 1

According to Bandura,deviant people:

A) were not reinforced sufficiently in childhood.
B) resisted attempts at modeling in childhood.
C) learned devious behavior through operant conditioning.
D) followed models the rest of society considers undesirable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Bandura believed that reinforcement:

A) is less important than physiological drives.
B) can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.
C) is more important than perception of the reinforcement.
D) causes abnormal behavior,rather than normal behavior.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is true about Bandura's academic pursuit of psychology?

A) His interest in psychology persisted despite problems in commuting to his university.
B) He chose psychology because it was scheduled at a convenient time,not because he was interested in it.
C) He was loyal to behaviorism early in his career but soon began to digress from it.
D) His interest in psychology waned soon after he found that the course material was drab.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the context of learning through observation,Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is:

A) an inefficient way to learn certain skills.
B) less important than respondent conditioning.
C) usually the safest method for learning behavior.
D) a way of learning by observing others.

Question 5

According to Albert Bandura's approach to psychology,_____.

A) learning can occur without direct reinforcement
B) animals of the same species are studied during mutual interaction
C) internal variables and processes are negligible
D) each person is unique as defined by his or her traits

Question 6

In modeling experiments,the degree of modeling increases as the _____.

A) similarity between the model and the subject increases
B) self-confidence and self-esteem of the observer increases
C) complexity of behavior displayed by the model increases
D) age of the model and the subject increases

Question 7

A child is more likely to model its behavior after:

A) a person of the opposite sex.
B) a person who is very different.
C) a person rather than a cartoon character.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 8

Bandura found that verbal modeling:

A) is as effective as actually observing a model.
B) works best when supplemented by behavioral demonstrations.
C) is incapable of changing behavior.
D) increased aggression in children in the Bobo doll study.

Question 9

According to Bandura,the observational learning approach:

A) is a less extreme form of behaviorism than Skinner's.
B) takes cognitive or thought processes into consideration.
C) studies normal human subjects in social interaction.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the life of Albert Bandura?

A) Bandura was born in Poland and later moved to Canada with his family.
B) Bandura's childhood was unhappy and was marked by isolation and depression.
C) Bandura chose psychology out of interest despite his friends' advice.
D) Bandura's parents understood the value of education and encouraged him to study.

Question 11

According to the studies on modeling conducted by Bandura,which of the following statements is true?

A) The disinhibition effect increases with age.
B) Verbal modeling can cause effective learning without explanation.
C) Children model their behavior on examples provided by their parents.
D) Modeling influences actions without changing perception.

Question 12

_____ is the weakening of constraints by observing the behavior of a model.

A) Disinhibition
B) Disinclination
C) Dissipation
D) Dissociation

Question 13

Albert Bandura differs from Skinner on all the following points except:

A) in the study of human subjects in interaction with others.
B) in the study of observational learning.
C) in emphasizing learning as a function of reinforcement.
D) in emphasizing learning without directly experiencing reinforcement.

Question 14

According to the Bobo doll studies conducted by Bandura,Ross,& Ross,1963,the group of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was:

A) not as aggressive as those who watched the attack on television.
B) half as aggressive as those who watched the behavior of a filmed cartoon character.
C) as aggressive as they were before.
D) twice as aggressive as those in the control group.

Question 15

In modeling,it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:

A) in the absence of other people.
B) that have never been performed or displayed before.
C) by the means of operant conditioning.
D) in the same way a rat learns to press the lever in the Skinner box.

Question 16

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of:

A) operant conditioning.
B) modeling.
C) direct reinforcement.
D) trial-and-error behavior.

Question 17

Bandura criticized Skinner for his:

A) focus on operant,rather than respondent behavior.
B) lack of attention to physiological processes.
C) emphasis on individual animal subjects.
D) belief in observational learning.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about disinhibition and its various forms?

A) Lack of anonymity online reduces disinhibition against offensive behavior.
B) Sexual behavior is unaffected by the phenomenon of disinhibition.
C) Disinhibition is usually higher in females and tends to increase with age.
D) Anonymity in large crowds increases tendencies of people to discard their inhibitions.

Question 19

All of the following factors affect the extent of modeling except:

A) the similarity between the model and the subject.
B) the age and sex of the model and the subject.
C) the status and prestige of the model.
D) the friendship between the model and the subject.

Question 20

In the context of modeling,which of the following is more likely to be imitated?

A) Simple behaviors
B) Hostile behaviors
C) Behaviors that are rewarded
D) All of these are correct.

Question 21

Unrealistic performance standards:

A) result from behavior learned from unusually talented models.
B) are a result of alcoholism and drug use.
C) do not motivate or challenge us enough.
D) cause us to perform sustainably at our peak.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of observers that influence modeling?

A) Older children are reinforced primarily by physical stimuli such as food,affection,and punishment.
B) The set of behaviors we choose to imitate stay constant during our lifetime.
C) Because of immediate imitation during infancy,reiterations of modeled behavior are unnecessary.
D) The probability of imitation of a modeled behavior is inversely proportional to self-esteem of the observer.

Question 23

Incentive and motivational processes:

A) affect performance of an observed behavior but not attentional or retention processes.
B) affect attentional and retention processes but not performance of the desired behavior.
C) influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
D) are mandatory for observational learning to occur and the learned behavior to be replicated.

Question 24

Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:

A) is unaffected by past behavior as our limits are fixed.
B) is particularly effective for infants.
C) is achieved by setting personal standards of behavior and achievement.
D) is not as effective as reinforcement administered by others.

Question 25

_____ is our feeling of adequacy,efficiency,and competence in coping with life.

A) Self-reinforcement
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-sufficiency
D) Self-development

Question 26

Self-reinforcement:

A) has to be tangible to be effective.
B) can be guided by our past behavior as reference points.
C) ceases when we fail to reach a certain level of achievement.
D) has also been alternatively addressed as the superego by Bandura.

Question 27

Imaginal internal representational systems:

A) involve value judgments about the behavior being observed.
B) are both oral and verbal.
C) are largely unconscious.
D) help an observer in retaining the modeled behavior.

Question 28

Observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that:

A) produces neutral outcomes rather than positive or negative consequences.
B) produces positive consequences rather than negative consequences.
C) produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes.
D) produces negative consequences rather than positive consequences.

Question 29

In modeling and observational learning,reinforcement:

A) is required for any learning to occur.
B) is not always required for learning to occur.
C) must only occur vicariously.
D) must only be self-administered.

Question 30

People who are low in _____ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in the same attribute.

A) self-esteem
B) extraversion
C) neuroticism
D) psychoticism

Question 31

Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?

A) Aggressive
B) Complex
C) Artistic
D) Thoughtful

Question 32

In the production processes,what has been observed and retained is:

A) translated into overt behavior.
B) recreated as a rigid memory.
C) produced in the mind.
D) assigned a monetary value.

Question 33

According to Bandura,reinforcement:

A) is experienced vicariously during our observation of a model.
B) is vital to social learning through modeling.
C) needs to be given by another person to be effective.
D) cannot be administered by oneself.

Question 34

According to Bandura,attentional processes:

A) facilitate modeling but are not necessary for modeling to occur.
B) can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence.
C) provide direct reinforcement to the observer.
D) are less important than retention processes.

Question 35

In _____,we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.

A) a classical conditioning system
B) an operant conditioning system
C) a verbal system
D) an imaginal system

Question 36

To retain behavior that has been observed,a person must:

A) first perform the observed behavior.
B) reinforce the behavior directly.
C) encode and symbolically represent the model's behavior.
D) relate the behavior to his or her self-concept.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of self-administered reinforcement?

A) It is guided by our past behavior as reference.
B) It involves both reward and punishment.
C) It is more effective with older children and adults.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 38

In his approach to personality,Bandura saw "self" as the:

A) equilibrium between the conscious and the unconscious.
B) psychic agent that determines behavior.
C) set of cognitive processes and structures.
D) set of needs controlled through tension reduction.

Question 39

Self-reinforcement is:

A) incapable of influencing learning.
B) more important than reinforcement administered by others.
C) more effective with children than with adults.
D) apparently similar to conscience or superego.

Question 40

Each of the following is a process of observational learning except:

A) attentional processes.
B) retention processes.
C) extinction processes.
D) production processes.

Question 41

In guided participation,a snake phobia can be eliminated by:

A) positively reinforcing subjects for touching snakes.
B) encouraging subjects to handle the snake in the absence of an observable model.
C) having subjects observe a live model,then actually handle the snake.
D) instructing subjects to imagine a model coping with a feared or threatening situation.

Question 42

According to Bandura,which of the following statements is true about the development of self-efficacy during adulthood?

A) Adulthood can be divided into three stages: young,middle,and late on the basis of development of self-efficacy.
B) Compared with other stages,self-efficacy reassessments are difficult in adulthood.
C) Women who feel high in self-efficacy about their parenting skills are likely to promote self-efficacy in their children.
D) The success of this stage depends directly on the level of self-efficacy developed during the childhood years.

Question 43

People high in self-efficacy:

A) are self-confident,but give up too quickly.
B) believe they deal effectively with life events.
C) have more rigid superegos than persons low in self-efficacy.
D) tend to be introverted loners.

Question 44

All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except:

A) performance attainment.
B) vicarious experiences.
C) verbal persuasion.
D) future achievements.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of modeling?

A) It has been shown to reduce anxiety about surgery.
B) It has been shown to reduce anxiety about tests.
C) It has been shown to work even when subjects only imagine a model.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 46

Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the belief that:

A) socially undesirable or abnormal behaviors are learned.
B) maladaptive traits must be uncovered.
C) unconscious conflicts must be resolved.
D) one's style of life has to be assessed first.

Question 47

Bandura stated,"People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives.By exerting influence in spheres over which they can command some control,they are better able to realize desired futures and to forestall undesired ones.The striving for control over life circumstances permeates almost everything people do." This is a description of:

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-reinforcement.
C) self-development.
D) self-sufficiency.

Question 48

According to Bandura's views,which of the following statements is true about the development of self-efficacy during childhood?

A) Self-efficacy develops completely by the time children cross their infancy.
B) Men with high self-efficacy are likely to have had more demanding mothers than fathers when they were children.
C) Children base the judgment of their abilities similarly irrespective of whether they have siblings or not.
D) Grouping children according to their abilities promotes the development of self-efficacy and self-confidence by arranging reachable goals.

Question 49

Arguing in favor of behavior modification,Bandura said it:

A) is the only effective way to resolve unconscious conflicts.
B) actually increases personal freedom.
C) enables a person to live with behavior problems.
D) is only effective when a client awareness is limited.

Question 50

Bandura did not attempt to deal with:

A) underlying unconscious conflicts.
B) behaviors or symptoms.
C) modifying or changing learned behaviors.
D) fears or phobias which restrict daily life.

Question 51

Bandura applied modeling techniques:

A) with live models but not with filmed models.
B) more effectively on animals rather than people.
C) to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions.
D) to uncover the internal neurosis responsible for socially undesirable behavior.

Question 52

All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except:

A) providing realistic verbal persuasion.
B) arranging reachable goals to expose people to success experiences.
C) increasing the level of physiological and emotional arousal.
D) enhancing vicarious success experiences.

Question 53

Seeing other people fail at some activity:

A) can increase self-efficacy.
B) can lower self-efficacy.
C) affects self-efficacy only in children.
D) affects self-efficacy only in adults.

Question 54

Bandura's research:

A) was limited to children.
B) relied only on the correlational method.
C) compared the average performance of large groups.
D) was mostly limited to directly reinforced learning.

Question 55

In the context of the developmental stages of self-efficacy,in old age:

A) self-efficacy reassessments are convenient compared to other stages.
B) peers provide comparative reference points for assessing one's level of achievement.
C) goals are redefined as careers,family,and social lives are reassessed.
D) low self-efficacy can further affect physical and mental functioning.

Question 56

According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism,people:

A) choose what they want to become and are free agents.
B) control behavior through the cognitive processes.
C) are powerless objects controlled by environmental forces alone.
D) are ultimately helpless and hopeless in a chaotic universe.

Question 57

Which of the following is an advantage of modeling therapy?

A) It can break down unconscious resistances.
B) It can be used with groups.
C) It can decrease self-efficacy.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 58

In the context of ethical issues,which of the following statements is true of behavior modification techniques?

A) They occur without the client's awareness and regulation.
B) They will be unsuccessful unless the client understands what behaviors are being reinforced.
C) They manipulate and control people against their will.
D) They put constraints on socially acceptable behaviors,which can sometimes interfere with personal growth.

Question 59

Bandura's assessment techniques include:

A) self-report inventories.
B) projective techniques.
C) free association.
D) dream analysis.

Question 60

The modeling approach to behavior modification:

A) is effective only with internal neurosis.
B) can improve self-efficacy and make people deal with fear.
C) manipulates and controls people against their will.
D) can only be used for seeing and learning simple behaviors.

Question 61

In the Bobo doll experiments by Bandura,the experimental group was found to be less aggressive than the control group.

Question 62

According to critics of Bandura's approach,which of the following is a limitation of the social learning theory?

A) It is subjective and unsuitable to laboratory methods of investigation.
B) With recent changes in society,its usefulness and validity are being questioned.
C) It is incompatible with the functional,pragmatic spirit of American psychology.
D) It ignores the distinctly human inner aspects of the personality.

Question 63

According to research conducted on Bandura's theory,which of the following statements is true of the factors influenced by self-efficacy?

A) There is a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance.
B) Gender differences in self-efficacy can influence our choice of career.
C) Self-efficacy affects several aspects of physical well-being,including pain tolerance and living a healthy lifestyle.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 64

According to Bandura,a child who becomes fearful during thunderstorms or is nervous around strangers may have acquired such fears from his or her parents.

Question 65

In the context of career choice and job performance,research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy only:

A) when they have traditional "female" occupations.
B) when they have traditional "male" occupations.
C) if their marriages are successful.
D) if their spouses are high in self-efficacy.

Question 66

Skinner proposed that our cognitive processes act as mediators between stimulus and response.

Question 67

In the context of collective efficacy,which of the following statements is true?

A) The level of collective efficacy in sports teams is directly proportional to their previous performance.
B) Violence and criminal behavior increases the feeling of collective efficacy in neighborhoods to combat violence.
C) Collective efficacy in families occur where children are raised with strict guidance from parents.
D) Office departments which are high in collective efficacy have been shown to increase on-the-job stress.

Question 68

People high in self-efficacy:

A) set higher goals for themselves on the job.
B) focus on personal deficiencies and fear of failure.
C) tend to be women over age 60.
D) consistently perform poorly at school.

Question 69

Modeling determines not only what the subjects did but also what they looked at and perceived.

Question 70

Bandura believed that violent behavior is learned by imitating aggressive behavior seen in television,movies,and video games.

Question 71

Adults who appear to successfully solve problems they face are more likely to be imitated by children.

Question 72

Bandura believed that only positive behaviors such as strength,courage,and optimism will be reinforced when children learn these behaviors from parents or other models.

Question 73

A distinctive feature of Bandura's theory is vicarious reinforcement,which involves observing the behavior of other people.

Question 74

According to research,which of the following statements is true about the relationship between self-efficacy and physical appearance?

A) For men,self-esteem had a greater effect on their feelings of being in control of their lives than did their physical appearance.
B) Older baby-faced adults reported lower levels of self-efficacy because of their inability to create a perception of maturity.
C) People who were rated less attractive reported lower feelings of control in both job and social situations.
D) Height was found to be unrelated to the extent to which people felt in control of their lives.

Question 75

Research on self-efficacy shows that it:

A) differs as a function of gender and age.
B) is unrelated to physical appearance.
C) is higher in women than men.
D) decreases with age until maturity.

Question 76

The attentional process in observational learning involves retaining or remembering a model's behavior so that we can imitate or repeat it at a later time.

Question 77

Modeling is observing the behavior of a model and repeating the behavior ourselves.

Question 78

In a study of adults in Germany,those who scored high in personal self-efficacy:

A) posted more formal and professional photos on Instagram.
B) presented themselves as relaxed,funny,and cool on their Facebook pages.
C) demonstrated a higher tendency of participating in cyberbullying.
D) were far less likely to become addicted to Internet use.

Question 79

Bandura believes that we have trouble regulating our own behavior when it comes to visualizing or imagining consequences if we have not experienced them ourselves.

Question 80

According to research on self-efficacy by Holzberger,Philipp,& Kunter,2013,which of the following statements is true about how self-efficacy affects academic performance?

A) In high-achieving schools,policies and regulations are implemented strictly to enforce discipline.
B) Students in the East German collectivist culture scored higher in self-efficacy than those in the West German individualist culture.
C) Levels of self-efficacy of classroom teachers and ratings of the teachers by students mutually affect each other.
D) In low-achieving schools,teachers tend to cultivate self-efficacy among students by giving them achievable goals.