Deck 14: Facets of Personality: Taking Control, Taking Chances, and Finding Happiness

Question 1

According to Heckhausen & Schulz,1995,people apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older,reaching a peak in:

A) old age.
B) middle age.
C) their mid-20s.
D) their mid-80s.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the context of mental health differences due to locus of control,people higher in internal locus of control experience less:

A) benefit from therapy for addiction.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) job satisfaction.
D) philanthropism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A comparison of adolescent Caucasian,Hispanic,Asian,and African-American teenagers in 2015 found that having a more internal locus of control was considered to be more important for the _____ than for the other groups.

A) Caucasians
B) Hispanics
C) African-Americans
D) Asians

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of people who have an internal locus of control?

A) They believe that other people,fate,or luck control the rewards they receive.
B) They are less susceptible to attempts to influence them.
C) They see little value in exerting any effort to improve their situation.
D) They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to outside forces.

Question 5

When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State,_____ was the director of the clinical psychology program.

A) B.F.Skinner
B) George Kelly
C) Albert Bandura
D) Karen Horney

Question 6

According to Uba,1994,Chinese residents of Hong Kong were _____ externally oriented than Americans of Chinese heritage,and Americans of Chinese heritage were _____ externally oriented than Americans of European heritage.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 7

In the context of behavioral differences due to locus of control,research in Korea shows that people who scored _____ were more likely to persist in online college programs than those who scored _____.

A) high in external academic locus of control; low in internal academic locus of control
B) low in internal academic locus of control; high in external academic locus of control
C) low in internal academic locus of control; high in internal academic locus of control
D) high in internal academic locus of control; low in internal academic locus of control

Question 8

Evidence from the study of Ahlin & Lobo Antunes,2016,suggests that locus of control is directly related to:

A) successive approximation.
B) peer pressure.
C) parental behavior.
D) genetic traits.

Question 9

In the context of physical health differences due to health locus of control,_____ people may be physically healthier than _____ people.

A) negatively oriented; positively oriented
B) outward oriented; self- oriented
C) internally oriented; externally oriented
D) past- oriented; future- oriented

Question 10

In the context of studies on cultural differences,students from more collectivist cultures scored _____,while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____.

A) high in external locus of control; low in internal locus of control
B) high in external locus of control; high in internal locus of control
C) equally in external locus of control; high in external locus of control
D) low in external locus of control; equally in external locus of control

Question 11

According to Schneewind,1995,those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)_____ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) reinforced
D) rational

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an external locus of control?

A) They enjoy greater mental and physical health than those who are high in internal control.
B) They see little value in exerting any effort to change or improve their situation.
C) Their behavior is independent of the internal cues.
D) They report lower anxiety,higher elf-esteem,and greater happiness because of their accepting nature.

Question 13

Rotter assessed the locus of control of research participants with the use of:

A) physiological observations.
B) achievement tests.
C) projective tests.
D) self-report inventories.

Question 14

In the context of locus of control,college students generally have been found to have an _____ rather than an _____ orientation.

A) internal; external
B) external; internal
C) emotional; experiential
D) experiential; emotional

Question 15

Julian Rotter's relationship with his brothers was a good example of:

A) Freud's concept of life instincts.
B) Adler's concept of birth order.
C) Erikson's concept of the identity crisis.
D) Rogers's concept of self-insight.

Question 16

In the context of collectivist versus individualistic cultural differences,for Asians,success is viewed:

A) more as a direct result of their own behavior.
B) less as a result of chance.
C) less as a consequence of divine blessings.
D) more as a product of external than internal factors.

Question 17

According to studies conducted in Africa on ethnic group comparisons of locus of control,native Africans,like American-born Blacks in general,scored higher in external locus of control than did American-born _____.

A) Arabs
B) Whites
C) Asians
D) Hispanics

Question 18

According to physical health differences studies,internals are more likely to:

A) wear seat belts and exercise regularly.
B) have high blood pressure.
C) be more at risk for HIV.
D) have more eating disorders.

Question 19

Rotter developed the Internal-External (I-E)Scale to measure his concept of locus of control.Another scale to assess locus of control is the:

A) Children's Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale.
B) Inventory of Internal-External Scale for Children.
C) Functional Analysis Scale of Internal-External Measures.
D) Personal Construct Locus of Control Scale.

Question 20

At Ohio State University,Julian Rotter advanced his:

A) social-learning approach to psychology.
B) behaviorist approach to psychology.
C) psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
D) cognitive approach to psychology.

Question 21

According to Freed & Tompson,2011,children whose mothers were depressed and had little education or income were likely to:

A) have an extraverted personality.
B) have a high level of self-efficacy.
C) develop an internal locus of control.
D) develop an external locus of control.

Question 22

Pro-social risk takers,such as police officers and firefighters,had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers,such as drug addicts and criminals.

A) higher
B) better
C) lower
D) equal

Question 23

According to Zuckerman,the need to seek release in unrestrained social activities such as risky sex,impulsiveness,aggressiveness,and antisocial behaviors comprise the _____ component of sensation seeking.

A) disinhibition
B) experience seeking
C) boredom susceptibility
D) thrill and adventure seeking

Question 24

In general,_____ people are more inclined to seek adventure,risk,and novel experiences than _____ people.

A) older; younger
B) depressed; cheerful
C) cheerful; depressed
D) younger; older

Question 25

Which of the following is true about high sensation seekers?

A) They seek newer experiences while willing to be settled in a particular geographical location.
B) They are most likely to be found among educated college-going population than those who never went to college.
C) They have a high tendency of engaging in risky heterosexual behavior than homosexual behavior.
D) They are less likely to establish social relationships at their workplace.

Question 26

According to the test scores on subjects ranging from adolescents to 60-year-olds,sensation seeking begins to _____ during the middle school years and then _____ in one's 20s.

A) stall; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) increase; stall

Question 27

On the Sensation Seeking Scale,college students scored _____ in comparison with those who did not attend college.

A) poorly
B) significantly lower
C) significantly higher
D) similarly

Question 28

Zuckerman conducted research on a limited-domain aspect of personality called:

A) learned helplessness.
B) sensation seeking.
C) self-efficacy.
D) superstitious behavior.

Question 29

Zuckerman used the _____,a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire as his method of research.

A) Correlation Coefficient Measure
B) Scientific Correspondence Scale
C) Sensation Seeking Scale
D) Group Analysis Survey

Question 30

According to Zuckerman,a person who has a job as a police officer or a race-car driver is:

A) self-actualized
B) ego dystonic.
C) sensation seeking.
D) light headed.

Question 31

Zuckerman assessed sensation seeking in his subjects with the use of:

A) questionnaires.
B) multiple observations.
C) projective techniques.
D) case studies.

Question 32

Which of the following is true according to research on the effect of the locus of control on mental and physical health?

A) Internally oriented people have higher blood pressure and greater probability of heart attack than externally oriented people.
B) People who are low in external control are more likely to attempt suicide due to anxiety and depression.
C) People with greater internal locus of control do not find therapy particularly beneficial when they suffer from addiction.
D) In cases of cardiac problems,internally oriented people tend to get back to work sooner than those with external locus of control.

Question 33

In the context of racial differences in sensation seekers,Asians scored _____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale than did people in Western countries.

A) lower
B) higher than Arabs
C) higher
D) lower than Arabs

Question 34

According to Martin Seligman,a condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment is called:

A) basic anxiety.
B) the Jonah complex.
C) learned helplessness.
D) depression.

Question 35

Zuckerman used the method of _____ to identify sensation seeking.

A) ANOVA
B) factor analysis
C) standard deviation
D) z-test

Question 36

The concepts of Bandura's _____ and of Rotter's _____ have a strong relationship according to the large-scale research program using both college students and sales representatives as subjects.

A) self-esteem; self-concept
B) logical forms; reinforcement
C) self-control; parental control
D) self-efficacy; locus of control

Question 37

According to Zuckerman,those who have a desire for intense experience and have the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experience are people who are:

A) self-absorbed.
B) safe players.
C) sensitive.
D) sensation seeking.

Question 38

High sensation-seeking scores correlate positively with _____,as described by Jung and measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

A) neuroticism
B) composure
C) introversion
D) extraversion

Question 39

In the context of personality differences in sensation seeking,high scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate with a high degree of _____.

A) autonomy
B) variability
C) neuroticism
D) basic anxiety

Question 40

In the context of differences in color choices due to difference in sensation seeking,high sensation seekers show a preference for:

A) light blue.
B) yellow.
C) red.
D) green.

Question 41

In the context of Seligman's study of learned helplessness in dogs,which of the following statements is true?

A) The first part of the experiment was based on a Freudian conditioning situation.
B) In the second part,the dogs displayed the required operant behavior by jumping over the low barrier in the box.
C) The learned reaction of the dogs in the first part generalized to the second part,even though a means of escape was available.
D) The dogs were being conditioned to associate a high-pitched sound with the smell of food.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about the life of Martin Seligman?

A) He has admitted that he has a happy and joyful life.
B) His early school days was marked by a feeling of isolation.
C) He is an intelligent but laid-back person who sees work as a necessary evil.
D) He resigned to psychology in the absence of other viable alternatives.

Question 43

According to a study among older Germans who were hospitalized with various disabilities,it was found that their _____ rather than their _____ decreased their subjective well-being

A) attitude toward the infirmity; physical impairments
B) age; social support
C) social support; age
D) physical impairments; attitude toward the infirmity

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of the effect of optimism on cognitive functioning?

A) Optimism alone influences cognitive functioning.
B) Pessimists are more likely to pay attention to both positive and negative stimuli equally.
C) Pessimists are more often inflexible,rigid,and likely to give up pursuing their goals.
D) Optimists are more likely to pay attention to only positive stimuli and to ignore negative stimuli.

Question 45

According to Seligman,learned helplessness has been found to be related to:

A) restlessness.
B) depression.
C) excessive risk taking.
D) unrealistic goals.

Question 46

Julian Rotter was first interested in Skinner's ideas and went on to become a behavioral theorist.

Question 47

According to a study of young adults by Peterson,Maier,& Seligman in 1993,when optimists did get sick,they were more likely to:

A) recover slowly compared with a pessimist.
B) be active and not take enough rest.
C) be unable to cope with pain.
D) consult a physician.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of the findings of studies on explanatory styles?

A) Contrary to pessimists,optimists pay attention to positive stimuli only.
B) People under age 35 tend to have a more optimistic explanatory style than those who are over 65.
C) Stressful life experiences can decrease the level of optimism in an individual.
D) Younger optimists also tended to underreport their weight,whereas elderly optimists claimed the opposite.

Question 49

In context of the cultural differences in explanatory styles,Japanese college students were found to be more _____ than American students.

A) optimistic
B) pessimistic
C) radical
D) sensation seeking

Question 50

According to a research in Germany in 2010,it was found the most important choices among life goals relating directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner,a healthy lifestyle:

A) a wonderful career,a great house,and a large bank account.
B) a modest amount of exercise,positive thinking,and loving pets.
C) a proper balance of work and leisure,and social involvement.
D) a lot of kids,contentment,and good hobbies.

Question 51

According to Munsey,2010,people who do not have children report _____ happiness than people with children; those with _____ children are the least happy group.

A) greater; very young
B) less; introvert
C) more; hyperactive
D) lesser; older

Question 52

People who have a more _____ explanatory style recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures.

A) optimistic
B) exciting
C) depressed
D) pessimistic

Question 53

Which of the following phrases is most likely to be made by a person demonstrating learned helplessness?

A) "The Lord willing and the creek don't rise,we'll have crops this year!"
B) "If they can't do anything about this,then neither can I!"
C) "I just hate going back to the same place and meeting the same people all over again!"
D) "A wise person does not go back to a wishing well that has no luck!"

Question 54

If you expect good things to happen to you,then you are a(n):

A) pessimist.
B) realist.
C) idealist.
D) optimist.

Question 55

According to Seligman,learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n):

A) secondary-process thought.
B) internal locus of control.
C) primary-process thought.
D) pessimistic explanatory style.

Question 56

According to Gibson & Sanbonmatsu,2004,among college students gambling at a casino near their university,_____ were far more likely to continue gambling in the face of consistent losses.

A) optimists
B) pessimists
C) introverts
D) cynics

Question 57

According to Seligman,people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to:

A) take responsibility for their care when they are experiencing health problems.
B) believe their own actions will make no difference when they experience health problems.
C) be found more among Americans with Chinese heritage than those with European heritage.
D) have an outlook on their health similar to those who have a pessimistic explanatory style.

Question 58

According to Seligman,a(n)_____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness from spreading to other aspects of life.

A) optimistic
B) pessimistic
C) radical
D) cynical

Question 59

According to studies by Peterson & Seligman,1987,et al.,_____ were shown to develop stronger immune systems and to be more likely to recover from heart attacks.

A) realists
B) pessimists
C) optimists
D) wealthy adults

Question 60

According to research on causes and characteristics of subjective well-being,which of the following has been found to be true?

A) Happiness leads to the kinds of behavior which bring about success.
B) External locus of control has a strong positive correlation with life satisfaction.
C) In multicultural societies,subjective well-being is high for people with a strong ethnic identity.
D) The relationship between life satisfaction and future orientation was decreased with age for American managers.

Question 61

In the context of gender differences in sensation seeking,women scored higher on boredom susceptibility,whereas men scored higher on experience seeking.

Question 62

In general,Asians were shown to be more internally oriented than Americans.

Question 63

People with an external locus of control think that other people,fate,or luck controls the rewards they receive.

Question 64

Describe the findings of three research studies on how the locus of control varies with mental health differences.

Question 65

In Roberti's 2004 study,high scores on the SSS were positively correlated with the openness to experience and the agreeableness dimensions of the five-factor model of personality.

Question 66

According to Seligman,people who are optimistic tend to be healthier that those who are pessimistic.

Question 67

Zuckerman's studies found that high sensation seekers are egocentrically introverted.

Question 68

Disinhibition is an aversion to repetitive experiences,routine work,and predictable people,and a reaction of restless discontent when exposed to such situations.

Question 69

According to a study of 14- and 15-year-olds in Norway,boys scored significantly higher than girls did on internal locus of control.

Question 70

Describe the effect of geography on subjective well-being as found by at least three different research studies.

Question 71

People who score higher on the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)are more likely to engage in daydreams.

Question 72

Research has showed that in the face of adversity,pessimism,irrespective of how unrealistic it may be,is more desirable than unrealistic optimism.

Question 73

Zuckerman asserted that experience seeking does not decline with age.

Question 74

Mention and describe in a sentence the components of sensation seeking.Differentiate between good and bad sensation seeking.

Question 75

Positive psychology was advanced in the late 1990s by Zuckerman during his term as president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 76

According to Levenson,the motives of the pro-social group of risk takers are related to factors other than thrill or adventure seeking.

Question 77

Correlations between sensation seeking and intelligence test scores are generally highly positive.

Question 78

Describe Martin Seligman's experiment with dogs that demonstrated learned helplessness.What was Seligman's reaction on seeing the findings?