Deck 4: Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology

Question 1

Adler used the term _____ to explain a person's need to move toward a goal to go forward in life.

A) observational learning
B) reaction formation
C) finalism
D) sublimation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Identify a true statement in the context of the relationship between Adler and Freud.

A) They remained close friends all their lives.
B) Freud was Adler's teacher,mentor,and well-wisher.
C) Adler was psychoanalyzed by Freud.
D) Their association ended in hostility.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

For Adler,if a person believes that all people are basically good,then:

A) the person will create unrealistic expectations of his or her environment.
B) this ideal will be a reality for the person.
C) the person will be concerned with instinctual satisfaction.
D) this ideal will reside in the collective unconscious.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following terms did Alfred Adler use for his approach to personality?

A) Individual psychology
B) Analytical psychology
C) Community psychology
D) Social psychology

Question 5

All motivation to strive and succeed comes from:

A) attempts to compensate for inferiorities.
B) the attempt to resolve sexual conflicts.
C) organic strengths.
D) the superiority complex.

Question 6

Which of the following provides the most obvious link between Adler's childhood and his theory?

A) Warmth and optimism
B) Wealth and security
C) Illness and sibling rivalry
D) Rationality and clear thinking

Question 7

Overcompensating for normal inferiority feelings can lead to a _____.

A) cognitive simplicity
B) superiority complex
C) conditional positive regard
D) detached personality

Question 8

The urge toward perfection that motivates each of us is what Adler meant by:

A) striving for superiority.
B) organismic valuing process.
C) the masculine protest.
D) the entropy principle.

Question 9

On which of the following themes was Adler's childhood largely based?

A) Inferiority feelings
B) The Oedipus complex
C) Castration anxiety
D) Anal conflicts

Question 10

The theory of individual psychology,which focused on the uniqueness of each person,was proposed by:

A) Charcot.
B) Maslow.
C) Adler.
D) Breuer.

Question 11

In Adler's view,fictional finalism:

A) is responsible for most social inequality.
B) guides our behavior as we strive to become complete.
C) involves an exaggerated opinion of one's abilities.
D) is found in only a very few superior persons.

Question 12

The style of life is not firmly crystallized until:

A) the age of 4 or 5.
B) adolescence.
C) middle age.
D) old age.

Question 13

Adler used all of the following terms as equivalents for "style of life" except:

A) personality.
B) self.
C) character.
D) complex.

Question 14

According to Adler,all of the following are possible causes of an inferiority complex except:

A) organic inferiority.
B) spoiling a child.
C) brain neurosis.
D) neglecting a child.

Question 15

In Adler's view,the process of overcoming inferiority feelings:

A) decreases in adulthood.
B) is genetically determined.
C) begins in infancy.
D) results in unsettled conflicts.

Question 16

Demosthenes overcame his stutter to become a great orator,and Theodore Roosevelt was sickly but later became a model of physical fitness.These are two good examples of:

A) famous but inferior leaders.
B) a depressive complex.
C) overcoming organic inferiority.
D) a superiority complex.

Question 17

Unlike Freud,which of the following did Adler emphasize?

A) The conscious
B) Minimizing the importance of sex
C) The uniqueness of the individual
D) All of these are correct.

Question 18

According to Adler,the inferiority complex:

A) is rooted in sexuality.
B) is a function of the environment.
C) primarily begins in adolescence.
D) hampers individuality.

Question 19

According to Adler,the development of an appropriate style of life is determined by:

A) our past experiences.
B) our environment.
C) the epigenetic principle of maturation.
D) the creative power of the self.

Question 20

Adler argued that a person having defective body parts:

A) becomes sexually defective.
B) lacks a high level of intelligence.
C) compensates by shaping his or her personality well.
D) avoids any technological support.

Question 21

According to Adler,a person interested in maintaining order and authority and being conscientious and scrupulous about detail is more likely to be a(n):

A) first-born child.
B) only child.
C) last-born child.
D) second-born child.

Question 22

In Adler's view,a mother's influence:

A) is responsible for a person's ability to strive for perfection.
B) is negligible because the child is guided more by the future than the past.
C) can lead to the development of an Oedipus complex.
D) can foster or thwart the development of social interest.

Question 23

To Adler,the most common style of life is the:

A) getting type.
B) avoiding type.
C) dependent type.
D) dominant type.

Question 24

In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth,the child most likely to develop at a remarkably fast rate is the:

A) only child.
B) first-born.
C) youngest child.
D) second-born.

Question 25

According to Adler,therapy:

A) is all about abnormal behavior.
B) reveals a stubborn and negative personality.
C) reveals an overdeveloped sense of social interest.
D) is like a chat between two friends.

Question 26

In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth,a person who is competitive and ambitious is most likely to be a(n):

A) second-born child.
B) first-born child.
C) only child.
D) youngest child.

Question 27

According to Adler's idea involving the order of birth,in which of the following ways is the first-born likely to react to the dethronement caused by the arrival of the second-born?

A) By developing a behavior problem
B) By hating the new baby
C) By trying to recapture their former position of privilege
D) All of these are correct.

Question 28

Adler did not develop his concept of social interest until after _____,when he changed and said that people are motivated more by social interest than by the needs for power and dominance.

A) the birth of his first child
B) the end of World War II
C) he broke with Freud
D) his older brother died

Question 29

Once our style of life has been created,it will:

A) remain constant throughout life.
B) guide behavior only through adolescence.
C) replace the goal of achieving superiority.
D) change only when the environment changes.

Question 30

In the _____ type of style of life,one escapes failure by not facing life's problems.

A) avoiding
B) getting
C) dominant
D) socially useful

Question 31

Adler proposed the concept of social interest to define:

A) strategies the ego uses to defend itself.
B) states of growth toward which self-actualizers evolve.
C) the innate potential to cooperate with others.
D) the dominant or ruling attitude in people.

Question 32

Which of the following is a true statement about Adler's theory of the order of birth?

A) The birth order is majorly influenced by the genetic makeup of an individual.
B) Siblings having the same parents and living in the same house have identical social environments.
C) Being exposed to differing parental attitudes does not determine different kinds of personalities.
D) One's birth order could be determined on the basis of one's behavior.

Question 33

Alcoholics and drug addicts are typical of the _____ type of style of life.

A) avoiding
B) dependent
C) getting
D) dominant

Question 34

Identify a true statement in the context of Adler's image of human nature.

A) Each person possesses the free will to shape the social forces influencing him or her.
B) Adler's system offered a depressing universality and sameness in human nature.
C) Each person strives to reduce conflict and attain a state free of any tension.
D) Adler stated that we are all victims of our childhood experiences,which define our future.

Question 35

Being a major social influence in childhood,birth order dictates that the _____ child will experience a sense of dethronement.

A) first-born
B) second-born
C) youngest or last-born
D) third-born

Question 36

Each of the following is one of Adler's four basic styles of life except the:

A) dominant type.
B) getting type.
C) hurting type.
D) avoiding type.

Question 37

According to Adler's concept of social interest,an individual must:

A) get along with others.
B) experience a deep sense of inferiority.
C) be independent of others.
D) strive for superiority.

Question 38

According to Adler,the child most likely to mature early and manifest adult behaviors is the:

A) only child.
B) first-born.
C) youngest child.
D) second-born.

Question 39

Adler's approach to his patients was:

A) more relaxed and informal than Freud's.
B) more formal than Freud's.
C) identical to Freud's.
D) like that of master and pupil.

Question 40

Adler used the term "social interest" to indicate:

A) coping behavior.
B) a fun-loving aspect of human nature.
C) community feeling.
D) a unique style of life of the upper classes.

Question 41

Adler believed that dreams:

A) express conscious desires.
B) manifest our psychotic compulsions.
C) fulfill wishes or reveal hidden conflicts.
D) involve feelings about current problems.

Question 42

Research has shown that children who are neglected by their parents score high on the _____ scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

A) paranoia
B) aggression
C) depression
D) hysteria

Question 43

Adler believed that psychology tests to assess personality were:

A) artificial and ambiguous.
B) useful in revealing unconscious desires.
C) excellent at diagnosing psychological types.
D) unnecessarily based on developing therapists' intuition.

Question 44

According to Adler,_____ involves the persistent parental gratification of a child's needs and desires,leading to feelings of entitlement as well as tyrannical and manipulative behavior.

A) overpermissiveness
B) overprotection
C) overdomination
D) overindulgence

Question 45

Identify an accurate statement in the context of the study conducted by Schachter (1963,1964)on the first-borns and later-borns.

A) First-borns tend to be lower in IQ than later-borns.
B) First-borns tend to be more dependent on other people than later-borns.
C) First-borns tend to be less obedient than later-borns.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 46

Adler used all of the following methods of assessment except:

A) birth order.
B) early recollections.
C) dream analysis.
D) personality tests.

Question 47

_____,a type of pampering,involves exclusive parental decision-making,leading to a child's lack of self-confidence and a tendency to become dependent on others in adulthood.

A) Overpermissiveness
B) Overdomination
C) Overindulgence
D) Overprotection

Question 48

On which of the following ideas proposed by Adler has research been conducted?

A) Inferiority feelings
B) Pampering and neglect during childhood
C) Early recollections
D) All of these are correct.

Question 49

According to Adler,first-borns are:

A) concerned with power and authority.
B) primarily of the getting type.
C) less anxious than other children in stressful situations.
D) lower in achievement than other children.

Question 50

On the Social Interest Index,women who scored high in social interest were also significantly higher in:

A) superiority feelings.
B) self-actualization.
C) social conflicts.
D) criminal behavior.

Question 51

If pampered excessively,last-borns tend to_____ than first-borns and second-borns.

A) have more difficulty adjusting
B) be more intelligent
C) be more depressed
D) find themselves more competitive

Question 52

According to Adler,restless sleepers:

A) are those who sleep on their stomach.
B) sleep with their arms stretched out.
C) are those who curl up in a fetal position.
D) sleep flat on their back.

Question 53

Persons who reach high levels of intellectual achievement in school tend to be:

A) high in social interest.
B) first-borns.
C) second-borns.
D) characterized by a superiority complex.

Question 54

Research on Adler's ideas revealed that early memories of depressed persons were concerned with:

A) abandonment.
B) anger.
C) illness.
D) threatening events.

Question 55

Adler's primary research method was the:

A) Style of Life Inventory.
B) word-association test.
C) case study.
D) IQ test.

Question 56

Adler believed that early recollections can be clues to a person's:

A) superego feelings.
B) Electra complex.
C) style of life.
D) ego-ideal.

Question 57

Research on second-borns shows that they are:

A) higher than first-borns in self-esteem.
B) more influenced by their older siblings than by parents.
C) less easy-going than first-borns.
D) more affected by abandonment than last-borns.

Question 58

Adler's own early recollections reveal his:

A) feelings of inferiority.
B) preference for his mother instead of his father.
C) fear of other people.
D) sexual longings.

Question 59

A study by Hankoff (1987)using Adler's personality analysis methods showed that the early memories of adult criminals dealt with:

A) disturbing or aggressive interactions.
B) envy of rich people.
C) feelings of social deprivation.
D) striving for material goods.

Question 60

Contrary to Adler's theory,which of the following did research on only-born adults present?

A) They are lower in self-esteem than adults reared with siblings.
B) They are more selfish than adults reared with siblings.
C) They are more cooperative than adults reared with siblings.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 61

Second-borns do not suffer the sense of dethronement felt by first-borns when another child is added to the family.

Question 62

Adler's thinking and theory have been criticized as:

A) inconsistent and unsystematic with many gaps and unanswered questions.
B) rigid and exclusive,requiring total allegiance or complete rejection.
C) overly complicated and difficult to understand.
D) so close to Freud's that no significant differences are apparent.

Question 63

Who among the following personality theorists was influenced by Adler?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Karen Horney
D) All of these are correct.

Question 64

Adler's image of people is pessimistic in his belief that people are driven by unconscious forces.

Question 65

Adler believed that neurotics,perverts,and criminals were often first-borns.

Question 66

Adler believed the "only child" has not learned to share or to compete.

Question 67

To Adler,the unconscious,not the conscious,was at the core of personality.

Question 68

Adler preferred the terms "objective goals" or "unguided self-discovery" for the concept of fictional finalism as it is known today.

Question 69

Adler is considered a forerunner of:

A) laughter therapy.
B) group therapy.
C) drug therapy.
D) shock therapy.

Question 70

According to Adler,everything we do is shaped and defined by our unique style of life.

Question 71

Adler believed that inferiority feelings are a constant motivating force in all behavior.

Question 72

First-born children are likely to experience difficulties when they find that in areas of life outside the home,such as school,they are not the center of attention.

Question 73

Adler disagreed with Freud about the value of dreams by being of the opinion that dreams fulfill wishes or reveal hidden conflicts.

Question 74

The concept of social interest is described as the individual's innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals.

Question 75

As supported by research,in which of the following ways did "only" children differ from children with siblings?

A) In having higher levels of intelligence
B) In being highly industriousness
C) In having high aspirations
D) All of these are correct.

Question 76

Adler believed that developing emotional maturity is the first task we encounter in life.

Question 77

Adler believed the father's role was vital in developing the child's social interest as well as other aspects of the personality.

Question 78

Adler described his notion of the superiority complex as an exaggerated opinion of one's abilities and accomplishments.

Question 79

Youngest children have an inferiority complex and therefore often develop at a slower rate than their older siblings.

Question 80

All of the following are criticisms of Adler's system except that:

A) it is overly simple.
B) it relies too much on commonsense observations.
C) it emphasizes past behavior and excludes goals and aspirations.
D) it eliminates the complicated nature of the unconscious.