Deck 11: Major Minerals and Bone Health

Question 1

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE?

A)They can be toxic.
B)Supplements of one mineral can decrease the bioavailability of other minerals.
C)Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs.
D)They should always be avoided.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption?

A)Ascorbic acid
B)Oxalates
C)Phytates
D)Tannins

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Calcium absorption is highest in:

A)infancy.
B)young adults.
C)older adults.
D)after menopause.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When blood calcium is low,parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A)increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.
B)activating vitamin D.
C)reducing calcium excretion by the kidney.
D)stimulating calcium release from bone.

Question 5

Which of the following is true about minerals?

A)Minerals are organic molecules.
B)Minerals can be structural components.
C)Minerals are destroyed by heat.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 6

The recommended intake of calcium for adults is __________ mgs/day.

A)500-700
B)800-1000
C)1000-1200
D)1300-1500

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

A)Muscle contraction
B)ATP stabilization
C)Blood pressure regulation
D)Neurotransmitter release

Question 8

The most abundant mineral in the body is:

A)calcium.
B)sodium.
C)potassium.
D)magnesium.

Question 9

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium?

A)If dietary calcium is low,both blood and bone levels will decline.
B)If dietary calcium is low,bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.
C)If dietary calcium is low,blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium.
D)Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.

Question 10

The absorption of some minerals is regulated by:

A)interaction with phospholipids.
B)starches.
C)transport proteins.
D)binding to amino acids.

Question 11

Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone?

A)Calcitonin
B)Parathyroid hormone
C)Calmodulin
D)Insulin

Question 12

As calcium intake increases:

A)the percentage absorbed declines.
B)active transport becomes more important.
C)more vitamin C is required.
D)more iron is absorbed.

Question 13

Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by:

A)the amounts needed daily by the body.
B)where they are absorbed in the digestive tract.
C)how critical they are for metabolic processes.
D)where they are found on the periodic table.

Question 14

Which statement about vitamin D is correct?

A)It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.
B)It is required for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine.
C)Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high.
D)Adequate consumption increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

Question 15

The consumption of soda:

A)provides necessary nutrients.
B)has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.
C)has remained constant for the last 20 years.
D)is not of nutritional concern.

Question 16

Which statement about tetany is FALSE?

A)It occurs when the extracellular calcium concentration is too low.
B)Tetany causes muscles to contract.
C)It can cause death.
D)Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

Question 17

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on where it is grown?

A)Calcium
B)Iodine
C)Magnesium
D)Pyridoxine

Question 18

Which food group provides the largest variety of minerals?

A)Vegetables
B)Fruits
C)Dairy
D)Meat and beans

Question 19

Which statement about the processing of foods is true?

A)Processing destroys minerals.
B)The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium,selenium and zinc.
C)Sodium is typically absent in processed foods.
D)Potassium is often added during food processing.

Question 20

The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption EXCEPT:

A)calcium.
B)sodium.
C)copper.
D)zinc.

Question 21

The matrix of bones is:

A)a protein framework.
B)made up primarily of collagen.
C)imbedded with hydroxyapatite.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 22

Which statement about age-related bone loss is true?

A)It occurs primarily in females.
B)It is not typically associated with any dietary changes.
C)Age related bone loss proceeds at ~0.3-0.5% per year.
D)It is usually related to over-activation of vitamin D in the kidney.

Question 23

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if needs are not met by diet?

A)Young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass.
B)Post-menopausal women.
C)Individuals with decreased bone density.
D)All these groups could benefit.

Question 24

Approximately what percentage of those affected by osteoporosis are women?

A)20
B)45
C)80
D)>90

Question 25

Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone:

A)aldosterone.
B)estrogen.
C)progesterone.
D)secretin.

Question 26

Which group contains the highest proportion of individuals who do not meet their calcium requirement?

A)Boys 9-17 years
B)Girls 9-17 years
C)Adult men
D)Adult women

Question 27

Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in:

A)infancy.
B)early childhood.
C)early adulthood.
D)the menopausal period.

Question 28

Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed:

A)osteopenia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)osteopropensia.

Question 29

The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __________ bone.

A)cortical
B)enameled
C)extrinsic
D)trabecular

Question 30

Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk?

A)Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it.
B)Smoking and drinking both increase risk.
C)Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it.
D)Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT likely to result from prolonged low calcium intake?

A)A lower peak bone mass in young adult females
B)Problems with cell signaling and regulation
C)Fractures in the elderly
D)Development of osteomalacia

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a typical reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis?

A)Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men.
B)Bone breakdown accelerates after menopause.
C)Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause.
D)The hormonal changes that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium-containing foods.

Question 33

Which statement regarding lactose intolerance is true?

A)It must be treated with calcium supplements to avoid osteoporosis.
B)It means a person can eat no dairy products.
C)The symptoms can be avoided by using products treated with lactase.
D)Lactose intolerance is common in individuals of all ethnic backgrounds.

Question 34

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE?

A)It relates to a decrease in bone density.
B)It has no early symptoms.
C)Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height.
D)It is primarily an American disease.

Question 35

The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is:

A)vitamin D.
B)calcium.
C)vitamin C.
D)protein.

Question 36

_________ are cells that build bone,while _________are cells that break down bone.

A)Osteocytes; corticulocytes
B)Corticulocytes; osteocytes
C)Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D)Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Question 37

All of the following decrease the risk of osteoporosis EXCEPT:

A)weight bearing exercise.
B)low body weight.
C)increased muscle mass.
D)high body weight and fat.

Question 38

The group with the highest bone density is:

A)African Americans.
B)Asians.
C)Hispanics.
D)Non-Hispanic whites.

Question 39

After 35 to 45 years of age:

A)bone formation exceeds bone breakdown.
B)bone formation is equal to bone breakdown.
C)bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.
D)the skeleton is typically weak and fractures easily.

Question 40

Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)excessive use of calcium containing antacids.
B)high blood calcium.
C)increased secretion of PTH.
D)calcification of the kidney.

Question 41

Which of the following has NOT been associated with loss of bone mass in women?

A)Alcohol consumption
B)Excessive walking
C)High sodium intake
D)Smoking

Question 42

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorus deficiency?

A)Healthy adults
B)Vegans
C)Elderly
D)Alcoholics

Question 43

The RDA for phosphorus is ______ mg/d for adults.

A)500
B)700
C)1000
D)1200

Question 44

When phosphorus intake is high,the most likely consequence is that:

A)blood levels rise drastically.
B)less is absorbed across the intestine.
C)more is lost in the urine.
D)it is stored in additional creatine phosphate.

Question 45

The typical magnesium intake in the US is:

A)below the RDA.
B)at risk of providing toxic levels.
C)slightly above the RDA.
D)right at the RDA.

Question 46

Good sources of magnesium include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)leafy green vegetables.
B)processed foods.
C)nuts.
D)whole grains.

Question 47

Which statement concerning magnesium deficiency is FALSE?

A)Deficiency is common in the general population.
B)Symptoms include changes in heartbeat and blood pressure.
C)It can be caused by diuretics.
D)All of these statements are false.

Question 48

Which of the following is a good source of phosphorus?

A)Dairy
B)Whole grains
C)Nuts
D)All of these

Question 49

Which is the least plentiful source of calcium?

A)Carrots
B)Eggs
C)Sardines
D)Yogurt

Question 50

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss?

A)Fluoride treatment
B)Hormone replacement therapy
C)Supplemental vitamin C
D)Aerobic exercise plus multi-vitamins

Question 51

Which statement about phosphorus is correct?

A)Toxicity is common in the U.S.because of increased use of phosphorus-containing food additives.
B)Toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions.
C)Toxicity may cause bone resorption.
D)High intake increases the energy available to cells,eventually leading to exhaustion.

Question 52

Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of:

A)ATP.
B)NADH.
C)FADH₂.
D)DNA.

Question 53

Most of the magnesium in the body is in:

A)bones.
B)extracellular fluid.
C)intracellular fluid.
D)the blood.

Question 54

Which statement concerning magnesium toxicity is FALSE?

A)It may occur with consumption of Mg-containing laxatives or antacids.
B)It is characterized by high blood pressure.
C)It is more common in the elderly with impaired kidney function.
D)Magnesium toxicity would most likely occur from supplements.

Question 55

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by/through:

A)their hormone action.
B)inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.
C)encouraging weight gain.
D)providing more energy for exercise.

Question 56

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)blood clotting.
B)being a cofactor for many enzymes.
C)stabilizing ATP.
D)maintenance of bones.

Question 57

Blood levels of magnesium are regulated primarily by:

A)the liver.
B)the amount consumed in the diet.
C)absorption across the small intestine.
D)the kidneys.

Question 58

In the body,sulfur plays an important part in the structure of:

A)adipose tissue.
B)bones and teeth.
C)enzymes.
D)some amino acids and vitamins.

Question 59

Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; ________ raises blood calcium and __________ lowers blood calcium levels.

A)calcitonin; aldosterone
B)calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
C)parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
D)thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a major function of phosphorus in the body?

A)Contributor to bone and teeth structure
B)Constituent of DNA
C)pH balance
D)Regulating blood pressure

Question 61

How does gender affect bone mass at different stages of the life cycle?

Question 62

How do the phosphorus content of oranges,yogurt,and chicken compare? Which is the BEST source of phosphorus?

Question 63

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin maintain blood calcium levels?

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true?

A)Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.
B)Diets high in phytates increase calcium absorption.
C)Pregnant women need more calcium to supply the needs of the growing fetus.
D)Women who breast feed need more calcium in their diets.

Question 65

At what point in one's lifetime is peak bone mass achieved?

Question 66

Describe the role of magnesium as a cofactor,use specific examples.

Question 67

How do phytates,tannins and oxalates affect the absorption of minerals?

Question 68

What functions does phosphorus have in the body?

Question 69

Helen is 53 years old,her daughter Sharon is 27 years old and her granddaughter,Mikayla,is 5.

A)What is the probable status of bone density in each of these three females?
B)What lifestyle risk factors are associated with osteoporosis?
C)What can each of the three females do to decrease the risk of osteoporosis in their lifetimes?

Question 70

The recommended intake of sulfur for adults is _____ mg/d.

A)500
B)700
C)1000
D)There is no recommended intake.

Question 71

Explain the process of bone remodeling.

Question 72

What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone? What are the specific actions of this hormone?

Question 73

If Sharon were to become pregnant and have another baby,how would her calcium needs change throughout pregnancy and lactation?

Question 74

How does menopause affect bone density?

Question 75

What are good dietary sources of calcium? Phosphorus? Magnesium?

Question 76

How is sulfur different from the other major minerals? Why is there no recommended intake?

Question 77

What are lifestyle factors that affect bone mass?

Question 78

Calcium in the blood can be measured.Is this a good indicator of bone health? Why or why not?

Question 79

Which is the FALSE statement about absorption of calcium?

A)Calcium absorption decreases during pregnancy.
B)Calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron.
C)Lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption.
D)Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption.

Question 80

Which cells are responsible for bone formation?