Deck 7: Ethics in Corrections: the Nature of Corrections

Question 1

The most pressing problem in corrections today is ______.

A)the rise of the restorative justice model
B)rapid decline in correctional populations
C)prison population explosions
D)the failure of drug treatment programs

Answer 1

C

Question 2

LFOs are ______.

A)legal financial obligations
B)lagging financial obligations
C)legal fundamental obligations
D)legal financial objections

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to the timeline of events,during which year did the Department of Justice continue its policy of playing a lead role in campaigning for more punitive crime control policies?

A)1967
B)1974
C)1986
D)1988

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In light of the costs of incarceration,what new class of prisoner has been created?

A)violent
B)property
C)vice
D)debtors

Question 5

According to the timeline of events,during which year did the war on drugs begin to severely impact the criminal justice system as prosecutions increased?

A)1967
B)1974
C)1986
D)1988

Question 6

According to the timeline of events,during which year did the Safe Streets Act enlarge the federal role in crime control?

A)1967
B)1974
C)1986
D)1988

Question 7

The female prison population has ______ since 1990.

A)more than doubled
B)more than tripled
C)decreased by 50%
D)decreased by 25%

Question 8

Females comprised ______ of the total national prison population by the end of 2016.

A)11%
B)13%
C)7%
D)3%

Question 9

In the federal prison system,______ of females have been convicted of a drug-related offense,while ______ of men in federal prison are serving time for drug-related offenses.

A)25% and 14%
B)14% and 25%
C)56% and 47%
D)47% and 56%

Question 10

Between 1982 and 1999,over ______ state and at least 51 federal correctional facilities were opened.

A)400
B)500
C)600
D)700

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the results of overcrowding?

A)The imposition of additional behavioral controls.
B)A decrease in treatment programs.
C)Additional treatment and re-entry programs.
D)Increase in recidivism.

Question 12

Which individual originally coined the term "total institution" later used to describe life in a maximum security institution?

A)Gresham Sykes
B)Irving Goffman
C)Max Weber
D)James Jacobs

Question 13

In 2009,the U.S.Supreme Court ordered that California prison populations must be reduced to ______% of design capacity within two years.

A)89.5
B)123.5
C)129.5
D)137.5

Question 14

By the end of 2015,about _______adults in the U.S.was under some type of correctional supervision.

A)1 in 100
B)1 in 37
C)1 in 63
D)1 in 233

Question 15

Which of the following states houses the largest women's prison in the world?

A)Arizona
B)California
C)New York
D)Wisconsin

Question 16

One of the outcomes of mass incarceration policies has been ______.

A)more death penalty cases
B)prison overcrowding
C)less minorities incarcerated
D)less Whites incarcerated

Question 17

As of December 31,2012,which of the following categories of crime was the highest percentage of women incarcerated for?

A)drug offenses
B)vice offenses
C)violent offenses
D)property offenses

Question 18

According to the timeline of events,during which decade did crime rates begin to rise for reasons that still remain unclear?

A)1940s
B)1950s
C)1960s
D)1980s

Question 19

The estimated number of state and federal prison inmates on December 31,2016 totaled ______.

A)1,462,589
B)1,505,400
C)1,685,978
D)2,854,635

Question 20

The ______ prison represents a social system in which as attempt is made to create and maintain total or almost total social control.

A)maximum security
B)supermax
C)medium security
D)minimum security

Question 21

Lombardo (1989)developed a typography of prison officer authority comprising personal authority and ______ authority.

A)referent
B)legalistic
C)compliant
D)rewards

Question 22

According to Kauffman (1988),guards who show hostility toward inmates but identify closely with fellow prison officers are known as ______.

A)pollyannas
B)white hats
C)hard asses
D)functionaries

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of Kauffman's (1988)five types of prison officer attitudes?

A)polyannas
B)black hats
C)hard asses
D)burnouts

Question 24

When prison officer recruits as a whole were asked to respond to hypothetical dilemmas involving inmates,most approved of a prison officer acting in a ______ manner toward inmates.

A)retributive
B)sympathetic
C)callous
D)empathetic

Question 25

Warden Joe Ragen sought to make Stateville the world's most ______ prison.

A)controlling
B)orderly
C)clean
D)punitive

Question 26

Minimum security inmates are generally ______.

A)nonviolent
B)first-time offenders
C)white-collar criminals
D)all of these

Question 27

According to Kauffman (1988),guards holding positive attitudes toward inmates but negative attitudes towards their fellow prison officers are known as ______.

A)pollyannas
B)white hats
C)hard asses
D)functionaries

Question 28

According to Hepburn (1985),which type of power involves prison officers who are invested with authority to command as a result of their position as a guard of prisoners?

A)legitimate
B)coercive
C)reward
D)expert

Question 29

As a result of ______ activism and the social activism of the late 1960s,many inmates,especially minorities,were provided with a political rhetoric and ideology that radicalized prisons.

A)judicial
B)prosecutorial
C)inmate
D)celebrity

Question 30

Prison officers have a myriad of ways of retaliating against troublesome inmates,short of writing tickets for rule violations.These are termed forms of ______ control.

A)governmental
B)social
C)informal
D)formal

Question 31

Valuable ______ such as drugs would engender more conflict.

A)personal
B)legalistic
C)compliance
D)rewards

Question 32

Jacobs' (1977)study of the Illinois Stateville Prison describes the early days that exhibited imposition of arbitrary and ad hoc discipline,which was followed by ______.

A)series of prison riots
B)a trend toward more severe penal sanctions
C)a restorative justice period with more lax sanctions
D)a bureaucratized system with rules and regulations

Question 33

Most ______ prisons have been built since 1925.

A)maximum security
B)supermax
C)medium security
D)minimum security

Question 34

Those professing a belief in ______ authority as well as those favoring legalistic authority agreed that full enforcement of institutional regulations would effectively cause the institution to cease operating because all inmates would be forever locked down for rule violations.

A)personal
B)legalistic
C)compliance
D)rewards

Question 35

In the prison environment,prison officers are often forced to tolerate minor rule violations,petty stealing,and making concessions to inmate leaders in order to ______.

A)gain respect of inmates
B)retain their discretion
C)treat inmates ethically
D)maintain power

Question 36

According to Kauffman (1988),prison officers who cope with prison by closing their minds to it,including both inmates and guards are known as ______.

A)white hats
B)hard asses
C)functionaries
D)burnouts

Question 37

As is the case with police officer and many occupations,prison officers have ______.

A)an occupational subculture.
B)a strong interest in weeding out unethical officers.
C)a strong interest seeing that external oversight is strong.
D)a strong interest in creating and enforcing a strict disciplinary system.

Question 38

According to Hepburn (1985),which type of power derives from the prisoners' perception that prison officers have some special skill or expertise?

A)legitimate
B)reward
C)expert
D)referent

Question 39

According to Hepburn (1985),which type of power is based on inmate perceptions that prison officers have the capacity to punish prisoner disobedience?

A)legitimate
B)coercive
C)reward
D)expert

Question 40

______ prisons adopt many of the practices found in maximum security,such as head counts and a high level of supervision and guarding.

A)Maximum security
B)Supermax
C)Medium security
D)Minimum security

Question 41

The ______ role calls for impersonal relationships,a controlling demeanor,and complete enforcement of prison rules.

A)treatment
B)custody
C)corruption
D)discretion

Question 42

Which of the following is not an ethical issue arising from privatization of prisons?

A)Will the state receive the benefits for which it paid when retaining a private correctional company?
B)How will private prisons deal with the issue of use of deadly force?
C)Is it appropriate for anyone but the state to meet out punishment?
D)Will private prisons increase the demand for a constant flow of inmates?

Question 43

Expert power may be undermined by the unwillingness of prisoners to acknowledge the competence of prison officers.

Question 44

As compared to earlier years,inmate control in prisons today is largely vested in younger inmates and gangs.

Question 45

Correctional officers often engage in "corruption of authority," meaning they ______.

A)deliberately refrain from enforcing prison rules
B)engage in many corrupts acts when exercising their authority
C)strictly enforce prison rules,but do so unethically
D)are prompted to act unethically due to the authority they are given

Question 46

The U.S.rate of incarceration for females is increasing faster than the rate for males.

Question 47

The justification for the creation of the costly supermax prison is clear.They were constructed to house "the worst of the worst".

Question 48

Recruits unable to adapt to prison values and compete the process of socialization were subject to ostracism.

Question 49

By 2008,all states other than ______ and ______ prohibited inmates from casting a vote while incarcerated for a felony.

A)Alaska; California
B)Maine; Idaho
C)Maine; Vermont
D)Vermont; Michigan

Question 50

Public opinion surveys now show that 8 in 10 Americans support ______.

A)voting rights for those who have completed their sentence
B)voting rights for those on death row,once they are released
C)continued denial of voting rights for those who have completed their sentence
D)none of these

Question 51

About 33% of all inmates are serving sentences in medium-security prisons.True
False

Question 52

According to Weber (1964),opposed to classical liberal philosophy is the view that the state has the sole right to use ______ power.

A)legitimate
B)coercive
C)reward
D)expert

Question 53

The most common occasion for such ______ violence was within an inmate's cell block at a time when he was about to be removed from segregation.

A)power
B)provoked
C)compliant
D)rewarded

Question 54

According to Aviram (2015),the biggest private prison provider is ______.

A)Management Training Corporation
B)Correctional Treatment Facilities
C)Corrections Corporation of America
D)Correctional Institutions of America

Question 55

Opponents of ______ raise the issue of the symbolism surrounding punishment in the form of the uniform and insignia of correctional staff and the judiciary that express the public nature of punishment.

A)retribution
B)mass incarceration
C)probation
D)privatization

Question 56

As compared to most European nations,the U.S.has ______.

A)extremely high rates of imprisonment
B)extremely low rates of imprisonment
C)about average rates of imprisonment
D)slightly lower than average rates of imprisonment

Question 57

Because formal controls are effective at most prisons,prison officers rarely have to ignore minor rule violations in order to gain compliance with other rules.

Question 58

Prison officers and prison officials often experience ethical problems because of the conflict between their obligations to rehabilitate on the one hand and punish and control on the other.

Question 59

Public opinion surveys show that ______ out of every 10 Americans support voting rights for those offenders who have completed their sentence.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 60

In many institutions,prison officers have engaged in "corruption of authority." This means that the prison officers,for a variety of reasons,have ______.

A)begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners
B)refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations
C)begun directly disobeying orders from superiors
D)become members of prison gangs

Question 61

Name one outcome of mass incarceration policies.

Question 62

Give an example of a supermax prison.

Question 63

What is the nickname of the article that was published in 1974 and led to the downfall of rehabilitation?

Question 64

Prison personnel face ethical issues because of a conflict between their ______ and custody roles.

Question 65

Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

Question 66

Sykes (1958)does not think that the use of ______ offers an adequate basis for prison officers to enforce controls.

Question 67

The notion that an inmate subculture exists was first proposed by:

Question 68

What is a major argument in favor of the supermax model?)

Question 69

What new form of incarceration has been a pathway through civil contempt proceedings against court debtors?

Question 70

The most common occasion for unprovoked violence in prison was out in the recreation yard during movements.

Question 71

The task of the state is to protect institutions.