Deck 9: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is:

A)related to acute toxicity.
B)caused by eating egg yolks.
C)called hypercarotenemia.
D)related to jaundice,when the whites of the eyes turn yellow.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following carotenoids has vitamin A activity in the body?

A)Zeaxanthin
B)Lycopene
C)Lutein
D)Alpha-carotene

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ____________.

A)beta-carotene
B)alpha-carotene
C)beta-cryptoxanthin
D)lycopene

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE?

A)They can function in the control of gene expression.
B)Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.
C)Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate.
D)After absorption,they are transported in the lymphatic system.

Question 5

Retin A and Acutane,derived from vitamin A,can do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)reduce skin wrinkles.
B)treat acne.
C)increase epithelial cell turnover.
D)prevent one from getting the flu.

Question 6

Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods,___________ is necessary to release them for absorption.

A)pepsin
B)bile
C)amylase
D)lactase

Question 7

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues?

A)Carotenoid circulating factor
B)Chylomicrons
C)Opsin
D)Retinol binding protein

Question 8

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food?

A)Mangos
B)Mustard greens
C)Kiwis
D)Carrots

Question 9

When consumption of __________is insufficient,vitamin A absorption is decreased.

A)protein
B)fat
C)carbohydrate
D)water

Question 10

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to:

A)heat.
B)light and oxygen.
C)cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator.
D)fat.

Question 11

Which statement about frozen foods is incorrect?

A)Freezing vegetables causes nutrient losses.
B)Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce.
C)Produce is often frozen in the fields where it is grown.
D)Freezing slows the loss of nutrients caused by exposure to heat,light and air.

Question 12

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables,tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 13

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT:

A)liver damage.
B)birth defects.
C)increased incidence of bone fracture.
D)acne.

Question 14

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE?

A)Canning exposes vegetables to high temperatures,reducing their nutrient content.
B)Canned vegetables are typically high in salt.
C)Canned vegetables have a very long shelf life.
D)Current dietary recommendations are to rarely,if ever,consume canned vegetables.

Question 15

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________.

A)chylomicrons
B)VLDLs
C)LDLs
D)HDLs

Question 16

Fat soluble vitamins require _______ and _______ for absorption into intestinal cells.

A)bile and lymph
B)lymph and dietary fat
C)lymph and chylomicrons
D)bile and dietary fat

Question 17

Vitamin A is essential for ____________.

A)reproduction
B)growth
C)immune function
D)All of these

Question 18

Deficiencies of vitamins _____ and _____ are most common in developing countries.

A)A & E
B)D & K
C)A & D
D)E & K

Question 19

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision?

A)Beta-carotene
B)Lycopene
C)Retinal
D)Retinoic acid

Question 20

___________ is a visual pigment that helps transform light energy into a nerve impulse sent to the brain.

A)Retinoic acid
B)Opsin
C)Retinal
D)Rhodopsin

Question 21

Keratomalacia most severely effects the:

A)eyes.
B)liver.
C)skin.
D)tongue.

Question 22

Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE?

A)It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight.
B)It may be caused by over-supplementation or over-fortification.
C)It results in calcium deposition in soft tissues.
D)It may cause cardiovascular damage.

Question 23

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms:

A)cholecalciferol.
B)retinol.
C)parathyroid hormone.
D)25-hydroxy vitamin D.

Question 24

Xerophthalmia occurs from:

A)high intake of preformed vitamin A.
B)vitamin A deficiency.
C)low intake of carrots.
D)excess consumption of cow's milk.

Question 25

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to:

A)prevent anemia.
B)regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.
C)modulate iron levels.
D)support night vision.

Question 26

Which form(s)of vitamin A has antioxidant properties?

A)Carotenoids
B)Preformed vitamin A
C)Retinal
D)Retinoic acid

Question 27

Vitamin D acts primarily in the:

A)skin and liver.
B)stomach and pancreas.
C)intestine,kidney and bone.
D)heart and lungs.

Question 28

When vitamin A is deficient,there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment.Which statement is incorrect?

A)This condition is called night blindness.
B)This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light.
C)This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency.
D)This condition is irreversible.

Question 29

When vitamin A is deficient,all of the following occur EXCEPT:

A)new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly.
B)epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails.
C)epithelial cells produce too much mucus.
D)the likelihood of infection is increased.

Question 30

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are)ingested.

A)carrot juice
B)egg yolks
C)polar bear liver
D)preformed vitamin A supplements

Question 31

Which is NOT considered a good dietary source of vitamin E?

A)Fortified breakfast cereals
B)Soybean oil
C)Peanuts
D)Dark orange and yellow vegetables

Question 32

Which statement about cholecalciferol is FALSE?

A)It is the chemical name for vitamin D₃.
B)It is formed in the skin of humans by exposure to sunlight.
C)It is derived from cholesterol.
D)It is destroyed by UV light.

Question 33

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

A)To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.
B)To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing.
C)To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity.
D)To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources.

Question 34

The primary function of vitamin E is:

A)to act as an antioxidant.
B)to increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
C)to regulate acid-base balance.
D)to regulate glucose levels.

Question 35

Differentiation,or the process by which cells become more specialized,is most affected by which form of vitamin A?

A)Alpha-carotene
B)Retinal
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinol

Question 36

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called:

A)rickets.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)scurvy.
D)osteomalacia.

Question 37

A vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called:

A)keratomalacia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)rickets.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 38

Adequate vitamin D intake has been associated with:

A)increasing cancer risk.
B)stimulating insulin secretion and predisposing to development of type 2 diabetes.
C)inhibiting the development of autoimmune disorders.
D)increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 39

African Americans are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)their darkly pigmented skin filters out more light.
B)they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds.
C)they consume less milk.
D)they have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance.

Question 40

The actions of vitamin D do NOT include:

A)regulating thyroid hormone synthesis.
B)stimulating intestinal calcium absorption.
C)breaking down of bone to release calcium into the blood.
D)increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

Question 41

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 42

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A)Elderly
B)Light skinned children
C)Pregnant women
D)Teenagers

Question 43

______ is necessary for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism.

A)Calcium
B)Iron
C)Phosphorus
D)Zinc

Question 44

Which is true regarding vitamin E in the diet?

A)Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type.
B)Vitamin E in supplements is identical to the naturally occurring vitamin in foods.
C)Most nutrition facts panels underestimate the amount of functional vitamin E.
D)Several naturally occurring forms of vitamin E in foods can be converted with similar efficiencies to the active form of the vitamin.

Question 45

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 46

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in:

A)REs.
B)µgs.
C)alpha-tocopherol equivalents.
D)mgs of alpha-tocopherol.

Question 47

Which of the following is not a role of vitamin E?

A)Protects membranes
B)Maintains the integrity of red blood cells
C)Protects against some environmental pollutants
D)Prevents blood clotting

Question 48

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to:

A)eat more fruits,vegetables,and whole grains.
B)eat more meat.
C)consume more dairy foods.
D)take an antioxidant-containing supplement.

Question 49

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin,which is needed for:

A)antioxidant functions.
B)blood clotting.
C)bone calcification.
D)night vision.

Question 50

____________ is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K.

A)Cyclosporin
B)Aspirin
C)Dicumarol
D)Penicillin

Question 51

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E?

A)Almonds
B)Cheese
C)Oatmeal
D)Beef liver

Question 52

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because:

A)vitamin E use increases in the body.
B)fat absorption is reduced.
C)vitamin E excretion increases.
D)vitamin E-containing foods taste bitter to affected individuals.

Question 53

Vitamin E is essential for:

A)fertility.
B)the prevention of rashes.
C)the healing of scars.
D)bone formation.

Question 54

In the liver,vitamin E is incorporated into _______ and from there delivered to cells.

A)LDLs
B)VLDLs
C)chylomicrons
D)HDLs

Question 55

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S.is most likely to be a problem in:

A)older adults.
B)premature infants.
C)teenagers.
D)pregnant women.

Question 56

Vitamin A may be lacking in diets of people in North America because:

A)vitamin A rich foods are in scarce supply.
B)people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.
C)vitamin A is found in summer fruits,and is not available during the winter.
D)information about vitamin A in foods is not available to consumers.

Question 57

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin D
C)Vitamin E
D)Vitamin K

Question 58

Long term use of antibiotics may result in vitamin K deficiency because:

A)antibiotics may interfere with absorption of the vitamin.
B)antibiotics require vitamin K as a co-factor to function properly.
C)antibiotics may change the bacterial flora in the gut,decreasing vitamin K production.
D)most antibiotics promote blood clotting,increasing vitamin K requirements.

Question 59

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases,the need for vitamin E:

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)changes in complex ways determined according to intake of antioxidant nutrients.
D)There is no known relationship.

Question 60

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE?

A)It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures.
B)It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen.
C)It is sensitive to light.
D)It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Question 61

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body.

A)calcium; phosphorus
B)energy; fat
C)sodium; potassium
D)estrogen; progesterone

Question 62

The food that contains the most vitamin D is:

A)whole-wheat bread.
B)cranberry juice.
C)peanut oil.
D)whole milk.

Question 63

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements?

A)Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.
B)Supplement use increases overall health in all populations.
C)Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly.
D)Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

Question 64

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 65

Vitamin A deficiency can result in:

A)hemolytic anemia.
B)goiter.
C)osteomalacia.
D)xerophthalmia.