Deck 4: Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Question 1

It has been argued that any ______ within the juvenile justice system should be considered separately from the adult system.

A)arrests
B)discrimination
C)interrogation
D)charges brought

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Much interaction between police and minorities may involve "petit apartheid." This term means ______.

A)overt racism
B)legally sanctioned racism
C)Jim Crow laws
D)informal,low-visibility racism

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Information collected by the organization Building Blocks for Youth (2000)revealed that African Americans represent ______% of juvenile arrests and ______% of the population nationwide.

A)15; 26
B)44; 15
C)26; 15
D)44; 58

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In which United States Supreme Court case did the Court rule that the "separate but equal" doctrine in public schools?

A)Brown v.Topeka
B)Topeka v.Board of Education
C)Bartholomew v.Board of Education
D)Brown v.Board of Education

Question 5

Most research suggests that,while there is an absence of systematic racial discrimination in the U.S.criminal justice system ______.

A)there is systematic ethnic discrimination
B)Jim Crow laws still result in discrimination against minorities
C)grand apartheid is evident everywhere in the country
D)there is discrimination in some places at specific decision-making points

Question 6

In one study of police employed by the Cincinnati Police Division,they discovered that more ______ interactions ended in arrest than black officer-suspect interactions.

A)white officer-suspect
B)Native American officer-suspect
C)hispanic officer-suspect
D)Asian officer-suspect

Question 7

What census year was used to justify discriminatory laws regarded by whites as necessary until blacks were able to overcome legacy of slavery through their own efforts?

A)1870
B)1880
C)1890
D)1900

Question 8

In a political context,what means equal access to public office and equal treatment under the law?

A)justice
B)equality
C)rights
D)non-discrimination

Question 9

Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and practices of institutions operate to produce systematic and continuing differences between racial groups?

A)Personal prejudice
B)Ideological racism
C)Institutional racism
D)Practical racism

Question 10

With regard to the contention of systematic racism in the criminal justice system there is ______.

A)no consensus among the researchers
B)a strong consensus that systematic racism pervades every jurisdiction
C)a strong consensus that racism is rare and not systematic
D)very little research available

Question 11

Which group found that there are two justice systems at work in their state's court; "one for whites,and a very different one for minorities and the poor"?

A)Christopher Commission
B)New York State Judicial Commission on Minorities
C)Warren Commission
D)Rodney King Commission

Question 12

The term "race" refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and ______.

A)maintain a distinct subculture
B)share the same mitochondrial DNA
C)are distinct from other groups
D)cannot reproduce with other races

Question 13

It is morally impermissible to treat people differently unless there are ______ differences between them.

A)racial
B)factual
C)economic
D)religious

Question 14

Petit apartheid is ______.

A)racism by high ranking government officials
B)overt racism
C)racism by the community
D)informal or hidden police racism during interactions with minorities

Question 15

Discriminatory laws against blacks enforced by the courts until the mid-1900s were known as ______.

A)slavery laws
B)Jim Crow laws
C)apartheid laws
D)black laws

Question 16

Social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members of racially categorized groups solely because of race are ______.

A)ethnicity
B)race
C)racism
D)discrimination

Question 17

Race is ______ factor in the juvenile justice systems not only for blacks but also for Latino and American Indian youth.

A)not a relevant
B)a minor relevant
C)a moderately relevant
D)is a relevant

Question 18

"Ethnicity" is a cultural feature and refers to a person's ______.

A)identification with a particular group
B)primary language
C)country of origin
D)national identity

Question 19

The concept of "grand apartheid" (as distinguished from "petit apartheid")refers to ______ racism in police interactions with members of minority groups.

A)occasional
B)overt
C)daily,informal
D)rare

Question 20

With regard to racism in police decision-making,including arrest and use of force the research results,______.

A)almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors
B)almost unanimously show that race has no influence
C)are mixed
D)are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done

Question 21

Research studies continue to find that ______ has a dramatic effect on reducing criminal behavior.

A)use of force
B)imprisonment
C)education
D)age

Question 22

Although disputes about the causes remain open,which of the following statements about incarceration rates (per 100,000 persons in the general population)in the U.S.is correct?

A)The Black rate is higher than either the Hispanic or white rate.
B)The Hispanic rate is higher than either the Black or white rate.
C)The White rate is higher than either the Black or Hispanic rate.
D)There are no statistically significant differences in rates between the three groups.

Question 23

What percentage of Americans now support the death penalty for murder and what percentage of Americans oppose death sentences for murder,according to a 2016 Pew Research poll?

A)42% and 49%
B)49% and 42%
C)29% and 57%
D)57% and 29%

Question 24

According to the results of criminal justice research,which of the following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism against blacks in police-citizen encounters?

A)The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites.
B)The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites
C)The neighborhoods in which arrests take place.
D)The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites.

Question 25

In the 2002 General Social Survey,______% of blacks favored the death penalty.

A)24.3
B)42.1
C)69.8
D)74.3

Question 26

A study of federal criminal cases found that when federal prosecutors request a sentence lower than stipulated minimum for those they seemed "salvageable" and "sympathetic" they were ______ likely to request lower sentences for blacks and Hispanic males than for white males.

A)less
B)twice as
C)more
D)three times as

Question 27

A number of studies have concluded that ______ defendants are offered plea bargains more frequently and obtain better deals.

A)black
B)hispanic
C)asian
D)white

Question 28

Social factors examined by researchers include ______.

A)role of poverty
B)urbanization
C)macro-social factors
D)all of these

Question 29

Which court case dealt with the issue of using race as sole reason for excusing potential jurors using peremptory challenges?

A)Strauder v.West Virginia
B)McClesky v.Kemp
C)Brown v.Board of Education
D)Batson v.Kentucky

Question 30

Historically,race and the ______ have been closely associated.

A)level of education of inmates
B)death penalty
C)drug war
D)none of these

Question 31

In which United States Supreme Court case was Baldus' research rejected by the Court?

A)Strauder v.West Virginia
B)McClesky v.Kemp
C)Brown v.Board of Education
D)Plessy v.Ferguson

Question 32

Research on discrimination in the sentencing process has found that ______,

A)Blacks are disproportionately given more severe sentences than Whites
B)past criminal record affects sentencing more than race
C)Blacks receive proportionately more "three-strikes" sentences than Whites
D)Blacks receive proportionately fewer sentences of probation than Whites

Question 33

According to Spohn,Gruhl,and Welch (1987),one analysis showed cases against blacks and Hispanics were ______ likely to be prosecuted than cases against whites.

A)less
B)twice as
C)more
D)three times as

Question 34

Stereotypes concerning jurors of different races,especially in relation to judgments that are made on the basis of limited knowledge ______.

A)render it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race
B)lead to the conviction of innocent defendants
C)require the prosecutor to get special permission to question the juror
D)all the defense attorney to file a motion of in re delimited

Question 35

In which case did the court strike down a statute limiting jury service to white men on grounds it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

A)Strauder v.West Virginia
B)McClesky v.Kemp
C)Brown v.Board of Education
D)Batson v.Kentucky

Question 36

The U.S.Supreme Court ruled in Batson v.Kentucky (1986)that prosecutors engage in unlawful discrimination when they exclude blacks from jury service through the use of ______.

A)inflammatory arguments
B)prosecutorial misconduct
C)challenges for cause
D)peremptory challenges

Question 37

According to Doerner and Demuth (2009),which of the following factors was found to have a significant effect on sentencing and makes them suggest that stereotypes may be influential?

A)age
B)level of education
C)prior history
D)type of offense

Question 38

In the aggregate,______ tend to be convicted less than ______.

A)Whites; Blacks
B)Whites; Hispanics
C)Blacks; Hispanics
D)Blacks; Whites

Question 39

Research on the death penalty tends to show that ______.

A)race of the offender plays a role but race of the victim does not
B)race of the victim plays a role,but race of the victim does not
C)race of both the victim and offender play a role
D)neither the race of the offender or of the victim plays a role

Question 40

Some have argued that the ______ has been the cause of high ranking enjoyed by drug enforcement.

A)rise of drug arrests
B)Comprehensive Crime Act of 1984
C)Drug Abuse Act of 1968
D)none of these

Question 41

What can be said of racial disparities within the criminal justice system?

A)while there is some evidence,they largely do not exist
B)They have been clearly identified,but nevertheless persist.
C)They do not qualify as moral issue due to the government being above common people.
D)It is not for policy makers to get involved in eradicating racial inequalities.

Question 42

Disparity in sentencing over the past couple of decades has been highlighted by differing sentences for possessing equal amounts of crack cocaine versus powder cocaine.

Question 43

The essence of hate crimes is that they are motivated by bias against the victim's race,ethnicity,religion,etc.

Question 44

Ethnicity is a nonspecific term that means nothing until applied to a particular context.

Question 45

The institution of slavery reinforced the idea that there were superior and inferior races.

Question 46

Consensus theory believes punishment is based on rational factors such as the seriousness of the offense and prior convictions.

Question 47

A difficulty in prosecutions for hate crimes is proving the defendant's ______.

A)purpose
B)intent
C)motive
D)knowledge

Question 48

Petit apartheid encompasses overt racism.

Question 49

Mauer (2006)notes that in 1980 Blacks accounted for 21% of drug possession arrests rose to 36% by 1991 and then declined to ______% in 2000.

A)26
B)32
C)36
D)44

Question 50

Moore (2015)found that between 2004 and 2009,11 major sentencing reform bills were introduced,and out of the 45 reform measures,only ______ were enacted.

A)two
B)four
C)seven
D)ten

Question 51

There is no difference between white and black views about the death penalty.

Question 52

Biologically,the term "race" has a very clear,specific meaning.

Question 53

Tonry (1998)______.

A)argues that the targeting of Black drug offenders was unconsciously done
B)reported that those who promoted drug policies were not aware that they would disproportionately affect Blacks
C)points to the reality of ghetto life that entices young Black males into selling drugs
D)found that it was not easy for drug agents to infiltrate disorganized Black urban drug markets

Question 54

In the aggregate,Blacks tend to be convicted less than Whites.

Question 55

According to Tonry,(2010: 294)longstanding ______ has created unconscious support for programs and policies that sustain white dominance.Drug and crime control policies have the effect of destabilizing black communities and reinforce white dominance in economic,social,and political spheres.

A)reverse racism
B)white self-interest
C)dominance
D)inequities

Question 56

In ______ theory,criminal law is viewed as an instrument for the protection of the powerful and the elite,and punishment is based on nonrational factors such as race and social class.

A)consensus
B)symbolic aspect of social conflict
C)conflict
D)moral panics

Question 57

Mauer (2006)contends that since the ______ no policy has impacted Black incarceration more than the War on Drugs.

A)1960s
B)1970s
C)1980s
D)1990s

Question 58

According to conflict theorists ______.

A)individuals share values with state
B)society is comprised of groups of who work together to solve common problems
C)criminal law is viewed as an instrument of protection for the powerful elite
D)punishment is based on rational factors

Question 59

Prosecutors and defense lawyers are able to use peremptory challenges to excuse potential jurors without identifying any cause or explanation and without any accountability to the court,so it is therefore possible to employ peremptory challenges in the practice of racial discrimination in jury selection.

Question 60

Crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race,religion,sexual orientation,or ethnicity are known as ______.

A)race crimes
B)hate crimes
C)bias-motivated crimes
D)both b and c

Question 61

It has been argued "that police and minorities should be viewed as distinct groups dynamically and intractably opposed,and that police brutality is an outcome and a symptom of that relationship." How does this situation exacerbate discrimination?

Question 62

In general,what is the difference between Black and White attitudes toward the death penalty?

Question 63

Define race.

Question 64

Despite the 2009 federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr.Hate Crimes Prevention Act,only five states do not off ptotection with specific hate crime laws.These states are ______,______,______,______,and ______.

Question 65

What is a "peremptory challenge?"

Question 66

What is the importance of Brown v.Board of Education?

Question 67

What is the most discussed disparity in drug sentencing in recent years?

Question 68

Define "ethnicity."

Question 69

Historically,______ and the death penalty have been closely associated.

Question 70

Define "hate crime."

Question 71

Grand apartheid encompasses what type of racism?