Deck 2: Police Ethics: the Nature of Policing and Police Corruption

Question 1

In addition to the formal rules and regulations of the job,police behavior is also heavily influenced by police ______.

A)demeanor
B)mystique
C)culture
D)mythology

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Manning (2007)defines ______ as officers who make up the bulk of law enforcement.

A)patrol officers
B)middle managers
C)higher administrators
D)detectives and investigators

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Before the twentieth century in this country,police,in general ______.

A)saw their primary job as keeping the good will of the people
B)were relatively immune from politics and corruption
C)operated with few legal and ethical controls
D)swere well-trained,well-equipped and well-supervised

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Occupational culture is defined as which of the following?

A)The particular roles and experiences of the different occupational groups within the institution.
B)The attitudes,values,and norms of an institution.
C)police professionalism
D)all of these

Question 5

Which of Scheingold's (1994)dominant characteristics views that officers view all citizens with suspicion?

A)the new warriors
B)cynicism
C)force
D)the police are victims

Question 6

The view that police are misunderstood and recipients of low wages was defined by Scheingold (1994)as ______.

A)the new warriors
B)cynicism
C)force
D)the police are victims

Question 7

An officer who is represented by the media as "fighters against evil" is a ______.

A)crime fighter
B)emergency operator
C)social enforcer
D)social peacekeeper

Question 8

Early policing in the United States was indicative of all of the following except ______.

A)police had lots of training in law
B)patrolman working on the streets with little supervision
C)violence was accepted norm
D)they operated in neighborhoods as authority figures

Question 9

Some scholars of policing have suggested that police culture has changed with the advent of ______.

A)community policing
B)a greater focus on service to the public
C)enhancement in communication and interpersonal skills
D)all of these

Question 10

Which model of policing was proposed by some as best reflecting a broad definition of policing as involving public service rather than mere crime fighting?

A)the "emergency operator"
B)the "social peacekeeper"
C)the "snappy bureaucrat"
D)the "social enforcer"

Question 11

An officer who is characterized by Kleinig (1996)as the most satisfactory definition is a ______.

A)crime fighter
B)emergency operator
C)social enforcer
D)social peacekeeper

Question 12

In his explanation of police culture,Crank (1998)characterizes ______ as the notion that police view much of their work by reference to the use of force.

A)coercive territorial control
B)the new warriors
C)turbulence and edge-control
D)cynicism

Question 13

Manning (2007)defines ______ as officers who enjoy higher status than patrol officers and are "information processors."

A)patrol officers
B)middle managers
C)higher administrators
D)detectives and investigators

Question 14

Manning (2007)defines ______ as officers who rise through the ranks through seniority and examinations and supervise and handle paperwork.

A)patrol officers
B)middle managers
C)higher administrators
D)detectives and investigators

Question 15

An officer who advocates public service rather than crime fighting is a ______.

A)crime fighter
B)emergency operator
C)social enforcer
D)social peacekeeper

Question 16

Which of the following is not typically seen as a component or value of police culture?

A)cynicism
B)emphasis on force
C)viewing themselves as victims
D)optimism about human nature

Question 17

When was the first set of instructions to constables published in England?

A)1804
B)1829
C)1847
D)1866

Question 18

An officer who sees their role as addressing many day-to-day problems is a ______.

A)crime fighter
B)emergency operator
C)social enforcer
D)social peacekeeper

Question 19

In his explanation of police culture,Crank (1998)characterizes ______ as triumph over unpredictable events,and cultural themes of solidarity.

A)coercive territorial control
B)the new warriors
C)turbulence and edge-control
D)cynicism

Question 20

An officer who sees criminal as the enemy,and the police and community as the "good guys" is a ______.

A)crime fighter
B)emergency operator
C)social enforcer
D)social peacekeeper

Question 21

What theory seeks to explain the use of extralegal as opposed to excessive force by police?

A)use of force theory
B)extralegal force theory
C)angry aggression theory
D)use of aggression theory

Question 22

Which of the following is not an argument against receiving gratuities?

A)Police officers are underpaid and deserve them.
B)Police officers accepting them are on a "slippery slope."
C)Police officers who accept them may not provide equal protection.
D)Merchants giving them may expect favoritism from the police.

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of the ways that the use of police discretion is regulated?

A)judicial rule-making
B)legislative regulation
C)internal codes and regulations
D)police promotions

Question 24

Ethical codes have a "rhetorical function" in that they ______.

A)establish grounds for discipline
B)establish norms of behavior
C)assure the public that police are required to follow certain standards
D)create rules the public can rely upon

Question 25

Which form of corruption involves a police officer taking money or other reward for disposing of traffic citations?

A)misdemeanor fix
B)traffic fix
C)internal payoffs
D)protection of illegal activities

Question 26

Of the three types of stress officers face,those that corrode confidence and resilience are known as ______.

A)explosive events
B)daily tensions
C)implosive events
D)none of these

Question 27

According to Kraska (2007),what is "an ideology focused on the best means to solve problems"?

A)SWAT
B)militarism
C)enforcement
D)deployment

Question 28

International Association of Chiefs of Police recommended ______.

A)providing ethics instruction for all ranks throughout an officer's career
B)incorporating decision-making models in instruction
C)discussing values,and developing critical thinking exercises
D)all of these

Question 29

According to Phillips,the militarization of police has moved beyond the paramilitary SWAT units and can be seen in street level policing.Choose the most relevant factor(s)behind this progression of militarization into street level policing?

A)Police are responding to incidents involving military style assault weapons.
B)Police are first responders to "active shooter" incidents.
C)Police are concerned about public safety,protection,and self-protection.
D)all of these

Question 30

Which of the following are not individual coping strategies discussed in the chapter?

A)access to a dependable support system
B)improved communication skills
C)taking regular vacations
D)violent outbursts

Question 31

Many argue that if police are permitted wide discretion,a high level of ______ should match it.

A)professionalism
B)accountability
C)subjectiveness [should this be "Subjectivity"?]
D)ethics

Question 32

Which form of corruption is understood to include accepting payments for not making an arrest or issuing a summons that in ordinary course of events would have been made or issued.

A)kickbacks
B)opportunistic theft
C)shakedowns
D)traffic fix

Question 33

Which rule adopted in 1878 prohibited military involvement in domestic law enforcement in the United States?

A)Posse Comitatus Act
B)Posse Militarius Act
C)Domesticus Militarius Act
D)Domesticus Comitatus Act

Question 34

According to Felknes (1984),in one study,more than what percent of officers surveyed responded that they depended mostly on their own personal ethics rather than law enforcement ethics to guide them in their professional activities?

A)25%
B)50%
C)65%
D)75%

Question 35

The first American police code of ethics was not formulated until ______.

A)1829
B)1866
C)1903
D)1928

Question 36

Most professions commonly have ______.

A)codes of ethics
B)ombudsmen
C)strict supervision of day-to-day operations
D)few educational requirements

Question 37

Studies have identified all of the following factors when assessing work place problems as stressors except ______.

A)bias and harassment
B)unsatisfactory interactions with fellow officers
C)over and under estimates of physical capabilities
D)all of these

Question 38

Police work involves a lot of flexibility and options when exercising authority and power.The formal term for this is ______.

A)discretion
B)compulsion
C)mandates
D)directionality

Question 39

In a study by Morash et al.(2006),they found that the violent crime rate had ______ predictive value in explaining police stress.

A)low
B)no strong
C)high
D)moderate

Question 40

Most police codes of ethics do not ______.

A)mention service to the public
B)require respecting the rights of members of the public
C)have enforcement provisions or procedures
D)expect officers to increase their knowledge and competence over time

Question 41

Extralegal force refers to the deliberate,knowing,and wrongful use of force by police,such that they are aware they are abusing their power)

Question 42

Which type of whistle-blower expose abuses to outside agents?

A)internal
B)exculpatory
C)external
D)domestic

Question 43

The slippery slope explanation for police corruption assumes that corruption ______.

A)starts out involving small amounts or harms and then slowly increases/escalates
B)is a function of defective officers
C)results from poor leadership in the department
D)is caused by pressure from the public to solve crime by any means available

Question 44

Which of the following is not an argument in favor of citizen review?

A)individual complainants and public will have higher level of confidence in integrity of police practice
B)involving citizens is likely to deter police misconduct
C)involving citizens will ensure more citizen's arrests are made,thereby helping the police
D)involving citizens is likely to result in more objective and thorough investigations

Question 45

In which Supreme Court case did the Court create the legal basis for stop and frisks?

A)Whren v.United States
B)Knowles v.Iowa
C)United States v.Arvizu
D)Terry v.Ohio

Question 46

Controlling police corruption is difficult because officers in many agencies have created and enforced a wall or code of silence.

Question 47

A weakness of contemporary civilian review bodies is that they ______.

A)have limited funding
B)have no subpoena power
C)do not have the power to impose discipline
D)are difficult to staff

Question 48

Which group in New York City found that the most salient forms of police corruption included groups of officers protecting and assisting drug traffickers for often sizeable profits?

A)Warren Commission
B)Mollen Commission
C)Jeffers Commission
D)President's Commission

Question 49

Police officers do not normally use their wide powers of discretion and their authority to perform acts of misconduct.

Question 50

One of Scheingold's dominant characteristics of police culture is sympathy.

Question 51

In the United States,officer safety appears to be the primary justification for the expansion in the deployment of SWAT units.

Question 52

Individual character,institutional culture,and societal (systemic)pressures on the police have all been suggested as explanations for ______.

A)police use of excessive force
B)the police subculture
C)police discretion
D)police corruption

Question 53

Organizational tensions within policing arise from officer perceptions that their organization is "capricious,unpredictable and punitive rather than democratic and fair."

Question 54

Whistle-blowing is one of the most frequent types of crimes committed by police.

Question 55

Noble cause corruption involves payoffs and bribery of the police.

Question 56

When looking to combat corruption,which aspect of policing states that it is essential that only those with the highest moral character be recruited to be officers?

A)reducing opportunities for corruption
B)detecting and deterring corruption
C)reinforcing motivation to act normally
D)recruiting

Question 57

Which type of whistle-blower report misconduct to another person inside an organization?

A)internal
B)exculpatory
C)external
D)domestic

Question 58

The use of paramilitary weapons and tactics have primarily impacted whites.

Question 59

The form of police oversight in the shape of a police auditor emerged during which decade?

A)1960s
B)1970s
C)1980s
D)1990s

Question 60

One of the arguments against allowing police to accept gratuities is that it will lead officers down the slippery slope.

Question 61

Briefly describe the "rotten apple" theory of police corruption.

Question 62

What is "whistle-blowing?"

Question 63

Which model of policing emphasizes coercion as the central feature of police work?

Question 64

In the context of police,briefly define "gratuities."

Question 65

By law,police are given a lot of power to deprive citizens of their freedom.This power is known as ______.

Question 66

What refers to the deliberate,knowing,and wrongful use of force by police,such that police are aware they are abusing their power?

Question 67

What is the term used when police select a person for a vehicle stop,use of force or other police intervention solely because of that person's race?

Question 68

Briefly describe the slippery slope theory of police corruption.

Question 69

What term refers to the particular roles and experiences of the different occupational groups within an institution?