Deck 13: Considering the Consequences

Question 1

Because utilitarianism is a/an ______ doctrine,they want to make the world a better place for all and increase the extent of well-being throughout the world.

A)benevolent moral
B)pleasure
C)ethical
D)hedonistic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

For utilitarians,morality is nothing more than ______.

A)an attempt to bring about as much happiness as possible
B)weighing the cost and benefits of each action
C)sorting out good and evil intentions
D)examining motives of actors

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What emphasizes the effects of an action,and if an action produces more beneficial effects than harmful effects,it is considered an ethical action?

A)hedonism
B)utilitarianism
C)ethicalism
D)morality

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mill referred to the principle of utility as the greatest ______ principle.

A)ethical
B)moral
C)happiness
D)hypothetical

Question 5

Bentham and Mill associated pleasure with ______.

A)work ethic
B)morality
C)happiness
D)cost

Question 6

Which famous philosopher is considered to have originated the doctrine of consequentialism?

A)Jeremy Bentham
B)Thomas Kent
C)John Stuart Mill
D)Aristotle

Question 7

Which famous philosopher is said to have provided a more refined version of the doctrine of consequentialism?

A)Jeremy Bentham
B)John Stuart Mill
C)Thomas Kent
D)Aristotle

Question 8

The hedonistic calculus has ______ elements.

A)Two
B)Five
C)Seven
D)Ten

Question 9

What is an important and widely discussed theory of ethical action and establishes that what makes an act morally right or wrong is its consequences and nothing more?

A)egoism
B)virtue
C)pluralism
D)consequentialism

Question 10

John Stuart Mill equated pleasure and ______.

A)pain
B)happiness
C)duty
D)public policy

Question 11

For consequentialists,the ultimate goal of morality is to ______.

A)make the world a better place for all
B)maximize self-interest
C)create a perfect world
D)create a Nirvana

Question 12

Mill was criticized for which aspect of his doctrine which was categorized by many as being "worthy of swine"?

A)Pain
B)Hedonistic
C)Brutality
D)Deterrence

Question 13

Bentham developed a method for calculating pleasure versus pain,known as the ______ calculus.

A)hedonistic
B)pleasure
C)swine
D)satisfaction

Question 14

With regard to what may be good for ourselves,______.

A)does not require the actor to totally ignore it
B)always requires selfless action
C)condemns even unintended self-benefit
D)requires that it be the center of moral decision-making

Question 15

The motives for the act or the nature of the act itself are not important considerations for ______.

A)pluralists
B)consequentialists
C)egoists
D)relativists

Question 16

______ reject the idea that actions are right because God says they are or because they are inherently moral in their own right.

A)Egoists
B)Moralists
C)Ethicalists
D)Utilitarians

Question 17

Two early consequentialist or utilitarian theorists were Jeremy Bentham and ______.

A)Emanuel Kant
B)Thomas Kent
C)John Stuart Mill
D)Karl Sondheim

Question 18

Consequentialist theorists are also known as ______.

A)egoists
B)utilitarians
C)pluralists
D)moralists

Question 19

The theory of hedonism contends that ______.

A)the ultimate intrinsic good is pleasure
B)Beccaria was accurate in his definition of deterrence
C)Bentham was responsible for creating a new class of offenders
D)intrinsic pleasure from avoiding pain is the basis for ethical decision making

Question 20

Mill argued ______ that the only ultimate value is pleasure or happiness,and he appears to equate the two.

A)methodologically
B)egoistically
C)hedonistically
D)pleasurably

Question 21

According to critics of utilitarian or consequentialist theory,in these theories ______.

A)the interests of friends and family may be given extra weight in decision-making
B)children and the poor are entitled to special treatment
C)every person is ranked equally
D)the actor is entitled to give him/herself extra weight in decision-making

Question 22

In considering public policy about punishment,a utilitarian would argue that punishment is justified if ______.

A)the pain and suffering to those who are punished is outweighed by the benefits of punishment
B)those benefits cannot be achieved with less suffering
C)those benefits cannot be achieved at a lower cost to those who are being punished
D)all of these

Question 23

______ would argue that their actions can be defended if they produce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness.

A)Rule utilitarianism
B)Act utilitarianism
C)Ego utilitarianism
D)Moral utilitarianism

Question 24

A ______ that requires us to subordinate everything to promote the general welfare would have the effect of causing us to give no priority to our own interests.

A)moral dilemma
B)utilitarian ethic
C)moral ethic
D)consequentialist ethic

Question 25

Critics of consequentialism or utilitarianism argue that such theories ______.

A)fail to consider the effects of behavior
B)do not use empirical evaluations
C)provide no guidance for public policy
D)are inconsistent with the notion that people have rights

Question 26

John Stuart Mill argued that ethical questions could be settled only by ______ the results.

A)thoughtful consideration of
B)empirical investigation of
C)public opinion polls on
D)intuitive evaluations of

Question 27

______ is generally linked to a particular activity or feeling in contrast to happiness,which is more a state of mind.

A)Morality
B)Pleasure
C)Resilience
D)Benevolence

Question 28

Supererogatory actions ______.

A)are not strictly required,but are praiseworthy
B)are the same as Kant's categorical imperatives
C)require action by the individual in certain circumstances
D)are not at all a consideration for utilitarians

Question 29

______ consequentialists do not advocate obedience to rules just because they are rules.

A)Rule
B)Ego
C)Act
D)Pleasure

Question 30

Another criticism of utilitarianism is that,to assume that people are all of equal worth and should to the maximum extent be benefited by any act,would be to ______.

A)ignore the underclass of society
B)ignore the government's limited resources
C)ignore the higher value of one's family
D)attempt the impossible

Question 31

Utilitarianism is also criticized because it does not take ______ into account.

A)rules
B)desires
C)promises
D)intentions

Question 32

______ consequentialists believe that if more pleasure is produced,the act will be considered morally right.

A)Rule
B)Ego
C)Act
D)Pleasure

Question 33

Critics also argue that a true utilitarian,concerned with the problem of poverty in society,would ______.

A)give away all of his assets
B)make regular donations to the poor
C)run for office to reduce poverty
D)support food stamp policies

Question 34

Utilitarianism emphasizes that the rightness of an act has to do with the ______,that is,it has to do with what will happen as the result of our actions.

A)consequences
B)rules
C)imperatives
D)future

Question 35

Utilitarianism is mistaken in claiming that only consequences matter,and this can be illustrated by reference to ______.

A)backward-looking reasons
B)moral dilemmas
C)act consequentialism
D)moral utilitarianism

Question 36

Act Consequentialism rejects general rules and ______.

A)relies instead on long-term planning
B)requires decisions on a case-by-case basis.
C)rejects rational evaluation of consequences
D)requires self-sacrifice in every act

Question 37

In theory,critics argue,a utilitarian would ______ in order to prevent a race riot.

A)commit perjury
B)join the national guard
C)call the police
D)threaten others

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the arguments of act consequentialists?

A)whether or not an act promotes the greatest good
B)links acts to whether or not they subscribe to moral rules
C)acts should be considered on a case-by-case basis
D)neglects moral rules

Question 39

In contrast to Act Consequentialism,Rule Consequentialism ______.

A)relies on direction from the King or Ruler
B)allows use of general rules or principles
C)focuses on the origin of the rule of behavior
D)rejects general rules or principles

Question 40

______ consequentialists are subject to criticism for the argument that if they take rules to be absolute and without exception,then they will have abandoned consequentialism.

A)Ego
B)Act
C)Pleasure
D)Rule

Question 41

Utilitarian theory can include the interests of animals.

Question 42

Under utilitarian theory,some commonly held moral feelings may be mistaken.

Question 43

Which of the following is not one of the steps in the process for resolving an ethical dilemma from a utilitarian perspective?

A)Identify all the options.
B)Identify all those affected by the decision.
C)Describe the harms and benefits to all those affected under each option.
D)Choose the option that provides the most benefits for the individual person concerned.

Question 44

A/An ______ utilitarian faced with the situation of giving false testimony would likely do so because the consequences of that particular act would be good.

A)rule
B)act
C)hedonistic
D)moral

Question 45

It is argued that ______ is a guide for making decisions in the real world and for situations we actually face

A)hedonism
B)moralism
C)ethicalism
D)utilitarianism

Question 46

It is sometimes suggested that consequentialism is a less than efficient way of living and deliberating on issues because it requires long and complicated calculations of ______ that tend to make a person overly hesitant and ineffectual.

A)morality
B)ethics
C)utility
D)hedonism

Question 47

One important early step in application of utilitarian theory is to ______.

A)evaluate the long-term results
B)conduct empirical research on the effects
C)consider various options
D)decide which persons need help the most

Question 48

One problem in using Utilitarian theory is that it may be difficult to predict outcomes accurately.

Question 49

Utilitarianism requires that people ignore their own self-interest.

Question 50

In utilitarian theory,every person's life and interests are ranked equally.

Question 51

Utilitarians embrace the idea that actions are right because God says they are.

Question 52

In the case of a race riot,a/an ______ utilitarian would ask which general rules of conduct would promote the greatest happiness.

A)rule
B)act
C)hedonistic
D)moral

Question 53

If an action does not produce more beneficial effects than harmful effects,it is considered an ethical action.

Question 54

If a police officer with a distinguished record is found to have given false testimony about a minor fact,such as where he states he put a recovered weapon into a police vehicle after arresting an offender when his partner in fact did so,the utilitarian prosecutor considering a perjury prosecution should give great weight to the ______.

A)community
B)police department
C)officer who gave the testimony
D)offender

Question 55

Under utilitarian theory,euthanasia of a terminally ill,suffering person who asks to be killed ______.

A)can never be justified by Act Utilitarianism.
B)can never be justified by Rule Utilitarianism
C)can be justified in some circumstances.
D)cannot be evaluated by that theory

Question 56

One of the first steps in applying Utilitarian/Consequentialist theory is to identify the various options.

Question 57

Utilitarian/Consequentialist theory can never justify euthanasia.

Question 58

Consequentialism is an important and widely discussed theory of ethical action.

Question 59

Which of the following would a utilitarian oppose?

A)Medical research
B)Public aid
C)Prisons
D)Experimentation on animals

Question 60

In conducting a utilitarian analysis,one must consider the rights of the ______.

A)individual
B)poor
C)majority
D)all of the above

Question 61

Mill referred to the Utilitarian principle of utility as the Greatest ______ Principle.

Question 62

An objection to ______ consequentialism includes the fact that it is extremely time-consuming to calculate the consequences of every individual action.

Question 63

Name two classical utilitarian theorists.

Question 64

Act Consequentialists make decisions on a ______ basis.

Question 65

The first step in Utilitarian decision analysis is to identify all the ______.

Question 66

The two basic forms of consequential theory are ______ consequentialism.

Question 67

Mill contended that ethical questions could be settled only by ______ investigation.

Question 68

______ emphasizes the effects of an action,and if an action produces more beneficial effects than harmful effects,it is considered an ethical action.

Question 69

Bentham and Mill associated pleasure with ______.

Question 70

In considering public policy about punishment,a utilitarian would argue that punishment is justified if what two conditions exist?