Deck 14: Corrections in the Community: Probation, Parole, and Other Alternatives to Incarceration

Question 1

What has been the impetus for using alternatives to incarceration?

A) court rulings that indicate incarcerating certain offenders is unconstitutional
B) research findings that indicate incarceration increases an offender's likelihood of recidivism
C) a paradigmatic shift from retribution to rehabilitative ideals
D) prison overcrowding and the high cost of constructing new prisons

Answer 1

D

Question 2

English courts used what strategy to serve as a temporary suspension of sentence while an offender appealed to the court for a pardon?

A) banishment
B) judicial reprieve
C) jail suspension
D) probation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One argument for alternatives to incarceration is that is allows offenders to avoid the _____ of imprisonment.

A) violence
B) pains
C) struggles
D) confinement

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who is considered the father of probation?

A) John Augustus
B) Alexander Maconochie
C) Walter Crofton
D) Zebulon Brockway

Question 5

How many adults in the U.S. criminal justice system are now being supervised in the community in lieu of incarceration?

A) 1.8 million
B) 2.8 million
C) 3.8 million
D) 4.8 million

Question 6

Which of the following would be considered community corrections?

A) being held in a local jail
B) being incarcerated in a federal prison
C) being detained
D) being put on probation

Question 7

What is the leading alternative to incarceration?

A) house arrest
B) probation
C) boot camp
D) halfway house

Question 8

Which of the following is a reason for the relatively rapid spread of parole legislation?

A) dissatisfaction with the determinate sentencing
B) desire for harsher sentencing for offenders
C) desire to promote retribution for violent offenders
D) dissatisfaction with the "good-times" deductions already in place

Question 9

Which of the following is one element that must be present in order for alternatives to incarceration to be effective?

A) It must make committing a new offense extremely difficult.
B) It must include intensive counseling to help offender determine why they offended.
C) It must provide job training to help offender re-enter society.
D) It must require offenders to serve community service activities.

Question 10

Which of the following describes a convicted person who is allowed to remain free in a community while being subject to certain conditions and restrictions of his or her activities?

A) house arrest
B) probation
C) boot camp
D) halfway house

Question 11

Which of the following is a reason in favor of using alternatives to incarceration?

A) It greatly increases recidivism.
B) It allows offenders to take greater advantage of counseling options.
C) It is the same cost as incarceration, but with better outcomes.
D) It provides greater seclusion of offenders.

Question 12

What tasks did John Augustus perform that are reminiscent of modern probation?

A) provided counseling to offenders
B) kept careful records of offenders' progress
C) prohibited offenders from leaving their homes
D) placed strong restrictions on offenders

Question 13

Who is credited with establishing the first parole system in the United States?

A) John Augustus
B) Alexander Maconochie
C) Walter Crofton
D) Zebulon Brockway

Question 14

Which action led to the first parole system in America?

A) implementing a ticket of leave system
B) creating a statute that allowed indeterminate sentences
C) applying a philosophy of reforming offenders
D) providing punishment for past crimes and training for future

Question 15

The first probation statute was passed in Massachusetts in what year?

A) 1878
B) 1899
C) 1923
D) 1953

Question 16

House arrest is categorized as which of the following?

A) imprisonment
B) incarceration
C) intermediate sanction
D) intensive supervision

Question 17

Some Australians opposed early parole efforts because the efforts were seen as ______.

A) too harsh
B) a ticket to leave Australia
C) an economic drain
D) coddling criminals

Question 18

The term parole comes from the French word parol, which means ______.

A) prisoner of war
B) remarkable experiment
C) word of honor
D) indeterminate sentence

Question 19

What purpose does the risk-needs-responsivity model serve?

A) to assess which programs will help stop reoffenses and reincarceration
B) to determine which local prison is most suitable for an offender
C) to describe the cycle of rehabilitation during probation
D) to understand why offenders commit certain crimes

Question 20

Which of the following is a relatively new criminal justice movement?

A) retributive justice
B) procedural justice
C) restorative justice
D) constitutional justice

Question 21

A 2013 California study found probationers and parolees were most likely to be arrested for what type of crime while under supervision?

A) violent offenses
B) property offenses
C) drug offenses
D) misdemeanor offenses

Question 22

Which group of individuals is among the most important that the parole board comes into contact with when making a parole determination?

A) victims
B) offenders
C) parole officers
D) social workers

Question 23

Conducting presentence investigations and reports, enforcing court orders, and arranging for drug testing are all responsibilities of ______.

A) parole officers
B) probation officers
C) police officers
D) community supervision officers

Question 24

There are two possible types of probation violations. These include technical and ______.

A) substantive
B) serious
C) recidivism
D) menial

Question 25

Probation officers' duties include each of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) serving warrants on probation violators
B) reporting to the court any probation violations
C) enforcing court orders
D) performing searches

Question 26

What is meant by saying parole officers supervise individuals at the back end of the sentencing continuum?

A) They supervise individuals with extensive criminal histories.
B) They supervise individuals after a sentence has been imposed.
C) They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.
D) They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.

Question 27

Failing to report to your probation officer would be considered a ______ violation.

A) technical
B) substantive
C) procedural
D) major

Question 28

In probation or parole, what is the term that describes committing a violation of conditions by committing a new offense?

A) technical
B) substantive
C) procedural
D) major

Question 29

Being arrested for burglary would be considered a ______ probation violation.

A) technical
B) substantive
C) procedural
D) major

Question 30

The judge considers a number of factors when evaluating an offender for probation. Each of the following are such factors EXCEPT ______.

A) seriousness of the current offense
B) whether a weapon was used
C) offender's prior incarceration
D) attitude toward probation

Question 31

Amanda is on parole and was just arrested for possession of illegal drugs. What type of parole violation is this considered?

A) substantive
B) technical
C) procedural
D) minor

Question 32

What is the role conflict experienced by many probation officers?

A) balancing law enforcement and social worker roles
B) wanting to help offenders but not having enough time to do so
C) coordinating the various responsibilities of the job
D) having to carry a weapon against their will

Question 33

In which U.S. Supreme Court case were due process rights confirmed for individuals going through probation violation proceedings?

A) Mempa v. Rhay
B) Morrissey v. Brewer
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) Gagnon v. Scarpelli

Question 34

What is meant by saying that probation officers supervise individuals at the front end of the sentencing continuum?

A) They supervise individuals with only a limited criminal history.
B) They supervise individuals prior to the imposition of sentence.
C) They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.
D) They supervise individuals just released from prison.

Question 35

The average number of individuals a probation or parole officer supervises at any given time is known as a(n) ______.

A) docket
B) caseload
C) itinerary
D) workload

Question 36

John is on probation for a theft offense and has failed to pay court fees. What type of probation violations are these?

A) substantive
B) technical
C) procedural
D) minor

Question 37

The decision to arm probation and parole officers should be based on officer ______.

A) safety
B) authority
C) power
D) confidence

Question 38

Which of the following refers to the range of sentencing options that fall between probation and prison?

A) dockets
B) caseloads
C) sanctions
D) impositions

Question 39

Helping individuals transition back into society after incarceration, developing a plan for life outside the prison, and arranging for offenders to receive counseling are all responsibilities of ______.

A) parole officers
B) probation officers
C) police officers
D) correctional officers

Question 40

Which of the following would be considered a substantive violation of probation conditions?

A) failing to submit to a drug test
B) associating with gang members
C) changing address without permission
D) being arrested for drunk driving

Question 41

Which rehabilitative approach allows offenders to serve their sentence in a state-run or for-profit facility in hopes of transitioning to life outside of prison?

A) halfway house
B) furlough
C) day reporting center
D) shock incarceration

Question 42

What is the reason many states discontinued boot camp programs?

A) The programs were excessively expensive to operate.
B) The programs actually increased recidivism rates.
C) The programs resulted in many offenders becoming more violent.
D) The programs had difficulty recruiting credentialed staff.

Question 43

Which of the following is a type of electronic monitoring?

A) intermittent
B) probationary
C) intensive
D) passive

Question 44

A structured corrections program requiring offenders to check in at a community site on a regular basis for supervision and services is called a(n) ______.

A) day reporting center
B) boot camp
C) intensive supervision probation
D) parole

Question 45

Maureen is a 17-year-old first offender who has been convicted of larceny. Which of the following punishments is she most likely to receive?

A) shock probation
B) electronic monitoring
C) house arrest
D) incarceration

Question 46

Which describes an action in which the probation or parole is taken away, leading to the offender being placed in prison?

A) graduated sanction
B) intermediate sanction
C) incremental hearing
D) revocation heading

Question 47

With which sanction do offenders receive a sentence of detention in their place of residence, with their compliance often monitored electronically?

A) house arrest
B) intensive supervision probation
C) boot camp
D) day reporting center

Question 48

Which of the following describes how jail inmates are able to leave jail for a certain period of time to receive medical care or attend to a family crisis?

A) parole
B) probation
C) shock incarceration
D) furlough

Question 49

U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy created which corrections program to groom young offenders for productive, law-abiding life?

A) furloughs
B) halfway houses
C) day reporting centers
D) intensive supervision probation

Question 50

Which of the following has the goal of limiting the number of generally low-risk offenders who enter prison?

A) enhancement program
B) diversion program
C) shock incarceration
D) furlough

Question 51

What combination of intermediate sanctions seems to have the least likelihood of re-arrest?

A) shock incarceration and intensive probation
B) shock incarceration and electronic monitoring
C) house arrest and probation
D) house arrest and electronic monitoring

Question 52

Which is another term to describe boot camps?

A) halfway house
B) shock incarceration
C) day reporting center
D) shock probation

Question 53

What is the first step in determining how to break the cycle of recidivism?

A) determine whether offender is antisocial
B) assess offender's risk of reoffending
C) analyze presence of substance abuse
D) implement treatment interventions

Question 54

Which alternative to incarceration involves a brief exposure to incarceration followed by a subsequent release back into the community?

A) boot camps
B) shock probation/parole
C) day reporting centers
D) intensive supervision

Question 55

Melinda is a pregnant woman who is incarcerated at a women's prison. Once per month, she receives medical care for her pregnancy at an outside facility. Which of the following does this describe?

A) halfway house
B) furlough
C) day reporting center
D) shock incarceration

Question 56

Which of the following would NOT be considered an intermediate sanction?

A) shock incarceration
B) prison
C) electronic monitoring
D) intensive probation supervision

Question 57

Which of the following is a short-term jail program that places offenders in quasi-military programs to instill discipline and work ethic?

A) boot camps
B) day reporting center
C) electronic monitoring
D) restitution centers

Question 58

Which of the following is a less costly, intermediate alternative to incarceration that is typically used for first-time offenders?

A) shock incarceration
B) shock probation
C) halfway house
D) furlough

Question 59

The two types of electronic monitoring devices are ______.

A) active and passive
B) medium and high
C) high and low frequency
D) analog and cellular

Question 60

With which population of offenders is electronic monitoring particularly useful?

A) violent offenders
B) property offenders
C) drunk drivers
D) sex offenders

Question 61

The perception that crime affects the community as a whole and that the community must be healed and made whole again through an offender's remorse, service, and restitution is known as ______.

A) reintegrative shaming
B) community justice
C) community participation
D) restorative justice

Question 62

Walter Crofton developed a "ticket of leave" system that allowed prison inmates early release and supervision in the community.

Question 63

Probation and parole officers have very clear distinctions in their roles and functions and experience less stress than other professionals working in the criminal justice system.

Question 64

Restorative justice views crime as something that affects victims and_____.

A) law enforcement
B) the entire community
C) legislators
D) the entire criminal justice system

Question 65

In 1878, Massachusetts passed the first probation statute.

Question 66

Programs and principles that operate on the assumption that using trained personnel to identify individual offenders' risk and needs and then responding to those needs with the best combination of services and supervision with the goal of reducing recidivism are referred to as ______.

A) intensive supervision programs
B) intermediate sanctions
C) risk-need-responsivity model
D) data needs inventory

Question 67

Using trained personnel to assess an offenders' risk levels are thought to help significantly ______.

A) reduce violent crime
B) reduce recidivism
C) improve offenders' marital relationships
D) improve offenders' work and school performance

Question 68

If a person violates the conditions of probation, the judge is only allowed to impose the minimum prison sentence as punishment.

Question 69

What occurs once an offender's risks for recidivism are identified in the risk-need-responsivity model?

A) incarceration of offender in low-security prison
B) house arrest with passive electronic monitoring
C) implementation of specific treatment intervention
D) determination of the degree of predictive accuracy of assessment tool used

Question 70

Victims of crime are among the most important groups of individuals the parole board hears when making a parole determination.

Question 71

There are two possible types of parole violations that can be committed: technical and substantive.

Question 72

In determining an individual's appropriateness for probation supervision, judges only take into consideration the offender's prior record and whether the current offense involved violence of any kind.

Question 73

The word "probation" stems from the Latin term "probis," which means releasing individuals who promise to return to the court.

Question 74

Which of the following is thought to be a risk factor for recidivism?

A) close association with family
B) poor marital relationships
C) average school or work performance
D) prosocial behavior

Question 75

Which of the following does restorative justice emphasize?

A) face-to-face encounters between victim and offender
B) heavier protection of the victim
C) determination of ways to transform offender
D) rehabilitation and recovery of the victim

Question 76

What do many American citizens view as a shortcoming of the criminal justice system?

A) Punishments for offenders are too relaxed.
B) Crimes are acts against the state.
C) Legislation does not emphasize victim protection.
D) Sentences rarely include incarceration.

Question 77

Which is a focus of restorative justice?

A) incorporating medical treatment for offenders during incarceration
B) encouraging offenders to take responsibility for their offenses
C) providing a means for victims to avoid offenders to move on from crime
D) allowing offenders to voice their reasoning for committing crimes

Question 78

One might describe restorative justice as ______.

A) victim-driven
B) offender-driven
C) officer-driven
D) judge-driven

Question 79

Probation and parole officers perform very similar functions and in some cases combined as single departments in many jurisdictions.

Question 80

The U.S. Supreme Court case Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) held that probationers facing violation proceedings are entitled to certain due process protections.