Deck 19: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Question 1

Although cerebral palsy is nonprogressive,its clinical manifestations change with growth and maturation of the child.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Children with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy commonly have normal neurologic examinations,normal intelligence,and positive family history of seizures.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Almost all CNS malformations are defects in neural tube closure.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Anterior midline defects of neural tube closure cause developmental defects in the:

A) brain and skull.
B) spinal cord.
C) vertebrae.
D) peripheral nerves.

Question 5

The occurrence of Reye syndrome has decreased as public awareness of the association between the ingestion of aspirin during illness and the subsequent development of Reye syndrome has increased.

Question 6

Seizures and seizure patterns may change as the child grows and develops.

Question 7

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

A) Second week
B) Fourth week
C) Eighth week
D) Twelfth week

Question 8

Meningoceles occur at a greater frequency in the lumbar spine area.

Question 9

Neuroblastoma,an embryonal tumor,arises from the same cells that would normally develop into the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 10

_____ is an anterior midline defect of neural tube closure.

A) Anencephaly
B) Myelodysplasia
C) Cyclopia
D) Hydrocephaly

Question 11

Central nervous system malformations account for 75% of fetal deaths.

Question 12

Children with Tay Sach usually die between ages 2 to 5 years.

Question 13

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal dominant disease.

Question 14

Spina bifida occulta occurs in 10% to 25% of infants.

Question 15

Craniosynostosis is the premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 6 months of the infant's life.

Question 16

Bacterial meningitis in children with otitis media generally follows bacteremia.

Question 17

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect?

A) Iron
B) Vitamin C
C) Zinc
D) Folate

Question 18

The definite diagnostic tool for hydrocephalus is computed tomography.

Question 19

Which defects of neural tube closure are most common?

A) Anterior
B) Posterior
C) Lateral
D) Midline

Question 20

Obstructive hydrocephalus is most commonly caused by an obstruction between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle.

Question 21

The test done on amniotic fluid and maternal blood to test for neural tube defect is the:

A) total protein.
B) culture.
C) -fetoprotein.
D) C reactive protein.

Question 22

True microcephaly can be caused by an _____ gene.

A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
C) X-linked recessive
D) X-linked dominant

Question 23

_____ is a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst (containing meninges,spinal fluid,and a portion of the spinal cord with its nerves)through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra.

A) Encephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Spina bifida occulta
D) Myelomeningocele

Question 24

What causes the deficits found in children with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A) They are unable to synthesize melanin,thyroxine and catecholamines.
B) They are unable to synthesize renin,erythropoietin and antidiuretic hormone.
C) They are unable to synthesize aldosterone,cortisol and androgens.
D) They are unable to synthesize neurotransmitters gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)and acetylcholine.

Question 25

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in infants?

A) Obstructed arachnoid villi
B) Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius
C) Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid
D) Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space

Question 26

\How does increased lead absorption in children cause anemia?

A) By lysing erythrocytes
B) By impairing the absorption of vitamin B₁₂
C) By impairing the absorption of folic acid
D) By impairing the absorption of iron

Question 27

The most common location of brain tumors in children is:

A) above the cerebellum.
B) in the cerebellum or brainstem.
C) in the cerebrum.
D) in the ventricular lining.

Question 28

Which is a characteristic of an infant with hydrocephalus?

A) Enlarged ventricles
B) Sunken fontanelles
C) Retarded head growth
D) Decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 29

Which of the following is characteristic of spina bifida occulta?

A) Saclike cyst of meninges protruding through vertebrae
B) Abnormal growth of hair along the spine may occur
C) An increase in head circumference
D) Absent or reduced movement of lower extremities

Question 30

_____ refers to a herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull.

A) Encephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Arachnoidocele
D) Acephalocele

Question 31

MATCHING
Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates in the neural crest,which normally forms the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebella astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 32

The form of cerebral palsy that results in gait disturbances and instability is:

A) spastic.
B) dyskinetic.
C) ataxic.
D) biochemical.

Question 33

What are the life-threatening problems associated with myelomeningocele?

A) Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon
B) Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele
C) Downward displacement of the cerebellum,brainstem,and fourth ventricle
D) Encephalitis causing generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus

Question 34

Which is a characteristic of benign febrile seizures?

A) Seizures occur with a temperature less than 39°C.
B) Respiratory or ear infections usually are present at the time of seizure.
C) Seizures occur after the fifth year of life.
D) Seizures last 30 minutes or more.

Question 35

The largest site for HIV infection in infants and children is the __________ system.

A) central nervous
B) gastrointestinal
C) integumentary
D) musculoskeletal

Question 36

_____ may indicate an underlying condition of spina bifida.

A) Abnormal growth of skin along the spine
B) A midline dimple posterior to the vertebral column
C) A cutaneous angioma
D) A subcutaneous mass

Question 37

After which neural tube defect will an infant have motor and sensory deficits below the level of the lesion?

A) Encephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Spina bifida
D) Myelomeningocele

Question 38

Why is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)antibody testing in children at high risk not possible until the child is at least 15 months old?

A) Because they cannot make antibodies until that age
B) Because of the high titer of passive maternal antibodies
C) Because it takes the HIV at least 15 months to infect a sufficient number of CD4 T cells
D) Because no treatment is available for a child until that age

Question 39

Reyes syndrome is associated with children who have taken aspirin and have:

A) measles or mumps
B) influenza B or chickenpox
C) bacterial upper respiratory infections
D) bacterial ear infections

Question 40

What are the clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

A) Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes
B) Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes,clonus,and rigidity of extremities
C) Scoliosis,contractures,and stiffness of trunk muscles
D) Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt movements

Question 41

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Seizures,loss of deep tendon reflexes,respiratory arrest

A)Reye syndrome,stage I
B)Reye syndrome,stage II
C)Reye syndrome,stage III
D)Reye syndrome,stage IV
E)Reye syndrome,stage V

Question 42

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Decerebrate rigidity,deepening coma,large fixed pupils

A)Reye syndrome,stage I
B)Reye syndrome,stage II
C)Reye syndrome,stage III
D)Reye syndrome,stage IV
E)Reye syndrome,stage V

Question 43

MATCHING
Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the vermis of the cerebellum and may extend to the fourth ventricle

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebella astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 44

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Obtundation,hyperventilation,decorticate rigidity

A)Reye syndrome,stage I
B)Reye syndrome,stage II
C)Reye syndrome,stage III
D)Reye syndrome,stage IV
E)Reye syndrome,stage V

Question 45

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Disorientation,aggressiveness,hyperactive reflexes

A)Reye syndrome,stage I
B)Reye syndrome,stage II
C)Reye syndrome,stage III
D)Reye syndrome,stage IV
E)Reye syndrome,stage V

Question 46

MATCHING
Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the fourth ventricle

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebella astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates from the pituitary or hypothalamus

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebella astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 48

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Vomiting,lethargy,drowsiness

A)Reye syndrome,stage I
B)Reye syndrome,stage II
C)Reye syndrome,stage III
D)Reye syndrome,stage IV
E)Reye syndrome,stage V