Deck 20: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Question 1

Deficiencies in calcitonin lead to hypocalcemia.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Regulation of the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla is an example of _____ regulation.

A) negative-feedback
B) positive-feedback
C) neural
D) physiologic

Answer 2

neural

Question 3

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)directly affects melanocyte stimulation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The thyroid gland produces 90% T₄ and 10% T₃,but T₃ has the greater metabolic effect.

Question 5

Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?

A) Cortisol
B) Thyroxine (T₄)
C) Epinephrine
D) Growth hormone (GH)

Question 6

More epinephrine than norepinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla.

Question 7

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)is released to stimulate thyroid hormones and is inhibited when plasma levels of thyroid hormone are adequate.This is an example of what kind of hormone regulation?

A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
C) Neural regulation
D) Physiologic regulation

Question 8

How are most protein hormones transported in the bloodstream?

A) Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
B) Free in an unbound,water-soluble form
C) Bound to a water-soluble binding protein
D) Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry

Question 9

Glucagon is synthesized by the ß-cells of the pancreas.

Question 10

The pituitary gland is located in the bony sella turcica.

Question 11

The brain does not require insulin for glucose uptake.

Question 12

What hormone or electrolyte imbalance slows down the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A) Increased serum calcium levels
B) Decreased serum calcium levels
C) Decreased levels of TSH
D) Increased levels of TSH

Question 13

When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells,an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result.This is an example of a _____ effect by a hormone.

A) pharmacologic
B) permissive
C) synergistic
D) direct

Question 14

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by angiotensin I.

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone has no direct effect on electrolyte levels.

Question 16

Somatostatin produced by the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.

Question 17

The relationship between the endocrine system and aging has been clearly elucidated.

Question 18

Which of the following is a protein hormone that is water soluble?

A) Thyroxine (T₄)
B) Aldosterone
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Insulin

Question 19

Hormones are effective communicators because they:

A) are regularly synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
B) increase their secretion in response to rising hormone levels.
C) are rapidly degraded once they enter the cell.
D) decrease their secretion in response to rising plasma hormone levels.

Question 20

Osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus do not affect the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 21

Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:

A) inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm.
B) on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
C) inside the mitochondria.
D) on the inner surface of the plasma membrane.

Question 22

What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Mammary glands
D) Posterior pituitary

Question 23

Calcium is rigidly controlled within cells.It is highly regulated because it:

A) is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
B) is continuously synthesized.
C) acts as a second messenger.
D) carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.

Question 24

What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?

A) It increases serum calcium.
B) It decreases serum calcium.
C) It decreases serum magnesium.
D) It increases serum magnesium.

Question 25

Which mineral is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A) Iron
B) Zinc
C) Iodide
D) Copper

Question 26

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels?

A) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B) Thyroxine (T₄)
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Triiodothyronine (T₃)

Question 27

A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will have increased levels of which hormone?

A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B) Thyroid hormones
C) Somatostatin
D) Alpha endorphin

Question 28

Which of the following hormones acts on its target cell via a second messenger?

A) Angiotensin II
B) Thyroxine
C) Estrogen
D) Testosterone
E) Aldosterone

Question 29

The releasing hormones that are made in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the:

A) vessels of the zona fasciculatA.
B) infundibular stem.
C) hypophysial stalk.
D) portal hypophysial blood vessels.

Question 30

What is the action of calcitonin?

A) Increases metabolism
B) Decreases metabolism
C) Increases serum calcium
D) Decreases serum calcium

Question 31

Norepinephrine stimulates the release of which hormone?

A) Thyroxine
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Growth hormone
D) Insulin

Question 32

Under what circumstances does antidiuretic hormone act to cause vasoconstriction?

A) When urine output is less than 20 ml per hour
B) When serum osmolality is increased
C) When osmotic and oncotic pressures are increased
D) When vasopressin is given pharmacologically

Question 33

Which of the following is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A) Cortisol
B) Epinephrine
C) Androgens
D) Aldosterone

Question 34

Which lab value would be expected for the patient with hypothyroidism?

A) Increased triiodothyronine (T₃)
B) Increased thyroxine (T₄)
C) Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) Increased calcitonin

Question 35

The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is the _____ pituitary.

A) posterior
B) inferior
C) anterior
D) superior

Question 36

Where is antidiuretic hormone synthesized and where does it act?

A) Synthesized in the hypothalamus;acts in renal collecting ducts
B) Synthesized in the renal tubules;acts in renal collecting ducts
C) Synthesized in the anterior pituitary;acts in the posterior pituitary
D) Synthesized in the posterior pituitary;acts in loop of Henle

Question 37

Where is oxytocin synthesized?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Paraventricular nuclei
C) Anterior pituitary
D) Posterior pituitary

Question 38

Which electrolyte does insulin transport in the cell?

A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Magnesium

Question 39

Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a ß-adrenergic receptor?

A) Calcium
B) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
C) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
D) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Question 40

Target cells for parathyroid hormone (PTH)are located in the:

A) tubules of nephrons.
B) thyroid gland.
C) glomeruli of nephrons.
D) smooth and skeletal muscles.

Question 41

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Glycoproteins

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 42

What are actions of glucocorticoids?

A) Protein catabolism and liver gluconeogenesis
B) Fat storage and glucose use
C) Decreased blood glucose and fat mobilization
D) Fat,protein,and carbohydrate anabolism

Question 43

A surgical patient just arrived on the unit from the post-anesthesia care unit.This patient's respirations are 4 per minute and shallow.As the nurse calls for assistance,the patient suddenly feels jittery and breathing quickens.Which of the following feedback loops is operating for the nurse in this situation?

A) The central nervous system stimulates hypothalamus-releasing factor,which acts on the anterior pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)and stimulates the release of thyroxine (T₄)and triiodothyronine (T₃).
B) The central nervous system directly stimulates the release of insulin,which reduces blood glucose levels.
C) The central nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and stimulates hypothalamus-releasing factor,which acts on the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH),stimulating the release of cortisol.
D) The central nervous system stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone,which are secreted by the posterior pituitary,activating uterine contraction and renal absorption of water.

Question 44

What effect does aldosterone have on fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

A) It directly increases magnesium reabsorption.
B) It directly increases calcium reabsorption.
C) It directly increases sodium reabsorption.
D) It directly increases water reabsorption.

Question 45

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Growth hormone

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 46

What are the effects of high levels of aldosterone?

A) Hypokalemia and alkalosis
B) Hyperkalemia and alkalosis
C) Hyperkalemia and acidosis
D) Hypokalemia and acidosis

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Aldosterone

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 48

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Calcitonin

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 49

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Oxytocin

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 50

Which of the following is an expected change in an older patient?

A) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)secretion below normal
B) Triiodothyronine (T₃)level below normal
C) Cortisol level above normal
D) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)level above normal

Question 51

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Epinephrine

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 52

Cell surface receptors include all of the following except:

A) G-protein-linked.
B) ion channel.
C) second messenger.
D) tyrosine-kinase linked.

Question 53

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Cortisol

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 54

MATCHING
Match the anatomic structure with its hormone.(Names of structures may be used more than once. )
Antidiuretic hormone

A)Anterior pituitary
B)Posterior pituitary
C)Thyroid
D)Adrenal cortex
E)Adrenal medulla

Question 55

Aldosterone synthesis and secretion are primarily regulated by the:

A) liver.
B) renin-angiotensin system.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.