Deck 36: Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Question 1

The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen,which breaks down carbohydrates.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

A) Parietal cells
B) Chief cells
C) G cells
D) H cells

Answer 2

Parietal cells

Question 3

Which stimulus inhibits gastric motility by raising the threshold potential of muscle fibers?

A) Estrogen
B) Secretin
C) Somatostatin
D) Vagus nerve stimulation

Answer 3

Secretin

Question 4

Hydrolase cleaves fatty acids from phospholipids and phospholipase breaks cholesterol esters into fatty acids and cholesterol.

Question 5

Food enters the stomach via the _____ orifice.

A) cardiac
B) esophageal
C) gastric
D) fundal

Question 6

What is the effect of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?

A) Salivation increases
B) Salivation decreases
C) The pH of saliva changes
D) Digestive enzymes are inhibited

Question 7

Which stimulus increases the tone of the esophageal sphincter?

A) Progesterone
B) Glucagon
C) Motilin
D) Gastrin

Question 8

The ileogastric reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes distended,but the gastroileal reflex stimulates ileal motility and relaxes of the ileocecal sphincter.

Question 9

Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay?

A) Salivary-amylase and ptyalin
B) Secretin and fluoroxidin
C) Endogenous enamelin and salivary ß-amylase
D) Exogenous fluoride and a pH 7.4

Question 10

Saliva contains which immunoglobulin?

A) Immunoglobulin A
B) Immunoglobulin E
C) Immunoglobulin G
D) Immunoglobulin M

Question 11

Which cells in the stomach secrete histamine?

A) Oxyntic cells
B) Chief cells
C) D cells
D) Enterochromaffin-like cells

Question 12

The intestinal tract is sterile at birth.

Question 13

Solids and fats in the stomach increase peristalsis and the rate of gastric emptying.

Question 14

The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates which hormones?

A) Motilin and histamine
B) Secretin and cholecystokinin
C) Enteroglucagon and gastric inhibitory peptide
D) Somatostatin and acetylcholine

Question 15

Salivary -amylase initiates the digestion of _____ in the mouth and stomach.

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) fats
D) fiber

Question 16

Potassium concentration in gastric juice is greater than in plasma.

Question 17

The liver plays an important role in destroying intestinal bacteria.

Question 18

The entire epithelial population of the small intestines is replaced about every 30 to 45 days.

Question 19

When vitamin B₁₂ is bound to intrinsic factor,it is resistant to digestion.

Question 20

Insulin is required for active absorption of carbohydrates by the small intestine.

Question 21

What are actions of Kupffer cells?

A) They are natural killers cells and produce interferon gammA.
B) They are contractile and may regulate the sinusoid blood flow.
C) They are bacteriocidal and metabolize lipids and bilirubin.
D) They metabolize estrogen,progesterone,and androgens.

Question 22

Which water-soluble vitamin is absorbed by passive diffusion?

A) Vitamin B₆
B) Vitamin B₁
C) Vitamin C
D) Folic acid

Question 23

What are the two requirements for calcium at concentrations less than 5 mmol/L to be absorbed through the ileum?

A) Vitamin C and a receptor site on the surface of the ileum
B) Vitamin D₃ and a carrier protein
C) Vitamin K and pepsin
D) Vitamin B₁₂ and carboxypeptidase

Question 24

Which water-soluble vitamins are dependent on sodium for absorption?

A) Vitamin B₆ and niacin
B) Vitamin B₁ and vitamin B₂
C) Vitamin C and folic acid
D) Vitamin B₁₂ and pantothenic acid

Question 25

Which statement is false about characteristics of vitamin B₁₂?

A) Normally the liver can store vitamin B₁₂ for years.
B) Vitamin B₁₂ attaches to the carrier protein transcobalamin and is transported into tissue.
C) Vitamin B₁₂ is necessary for platelet maturation.
D) Vitamin B₁₂ binds to intrinsic factor and is absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Question 26

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of aged _____ that are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

A) platelets
B) protein
C) leukocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) fats

Question 27

Which gastric hormone inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion and release of gastrin?

A) Bombesin
B) Histamine
C) Somatostatin
D) Acetylcholine

Question 28

Which vitamin facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum?

A) Vitamin B₆
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin B₁₂

Question 29

The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum,which is called the _____,that contain(s)an extensive vascular and nervous network.

A) Treitz ligament
B) Mesentery
C) Auerbach folds
D) Lamina propria

Question 30

The products of lipid hydrolysis must be made water soluble if they are to be absorbed efficiently from the intestinal lumen.What accomplishes the formation of water-soluble molecules to facilitate this absorption?

A) Micelles
B) Phospholipase
C) Chylomicrons
D) Colipase

Question 31

Which electrolyte and acid-base imbalances are caused by prolonged diarrhea?

A) Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
B) Hyponatremic metabolic alkalosis
C) Hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
D) Hyponatremic metabolic acidosis

Question 32

Where are lymphocytes,plasma cells,and macrophages produced in the small intestine?

A) In the brush border
B) In the microvilli
C) In the lamina propria
D) In the crypts of Lieberkühn

Question 33

Why are water and electrolytes transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes?

A) Because the intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes
B) Because a balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained
C) Because the epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and,thus,repel water
D) Because receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides

Question 34

What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora?

A) They metabolize bile salts,estrogens,and lipids.
B) They breakdown proteins into amino acids.
C) They facilitate the motility of the colon.
D) They metabolize aldosterone and insulin.

Question 35

In the small intestine,sodium is transported into the intestinal cells in exchange for _____ at the brush border.

A) potassium
B) hydrogen
C) calcium
D) magnesium

Question 36

Chloride actively enters the cell in exchange for _____ to maintain electroneutrality in the ileum.

A) sodium
B) phosphate
C) sulfate
D) bicarbonate

Question 37

What is a primary source of iron?

A) Transferrin from plasma
B) Pepsin form pepsinogen
C) Bile from bilirubin
D) Heme from hemoglobin

Question 38

Which enzyme breaks down protein-forming polypeptides in the stomach?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Pepsin
C) Gastrin
D) Secretin

Question 39

Exposure to which substances protect the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

A) Prostaglandins
B) Aspirin
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Regurgitated bile

Question 40

Which pancreatic enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A) Trypsin
B) Amylase
C) Lipase
D) Chymotrypsin
E) Carboxypeptidase

Question 41

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Inhibits gastrin and gastric acid secretion

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 42

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Decreases gastric motility and constricts pyloric sphincter

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 43

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Stimulates the liver to secrete bile

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 44

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Stimulates the gallbladder to eject bile and pancreas to secrete alkaline fluid

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 45

Which statement is false about the functions of the pancreas?

A) Release of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by cholecystokinin and acetylcholine.
B) Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is inhibited by bilirubin and S cells.
C) Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze triglycerides,cholesterol,and phospholipids.
D) Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes are not activated until they enter the duodenum.

Question 46

What is the effect of the process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver?

A) It transforms unconjugated (fat-soluble)bilirubin into urobilinogen.
B) It transforms unconjugated (fat-soluble)bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble)bilirubin.
C) It transforms conjugated (water-soluble)bilirubin into unconjugated (fat-soluble)bilirubin.
D) It transforms conjugated (water-soluble)bilirubin into urobilinogen.

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Enhances insulin release,lipolysis,and ketogenesis

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 48

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Stimulates pancreas to secrete alkaline pancreatic juice

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 49

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Decreases pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 50

Which statement is false about gallbladder function?

A) Within 30 minutes of eating,the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach.
B) Cholinergic branches of the vagus nerve mediate gallbladder contraction.
C) Cholecystokinin and motilin provide hormonal regulation of gallbladder contraction.
D) The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Question 51

Which structure of the digestive system synthesizes clotting factors and vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?

A) Colon
B) Spleen
C) Gallbladder
D) Liver

Question 52

MATCHING
Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action.Hormones may be used more than once.
Delays gastric and small bowel emptying

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide