Deck 14: Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

Question 1

The life course perspective contends that disruptions in life's major transitions can be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The social development model contends that an impulsive personality is the key to delinquency.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The general theory of crime states that an impulsive personality is the key to crime,not the environment.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Interactional theory is a developmental theory that attributes delinquent behavior patterns to childhood socialization and pro- or antisocial attachments over the life course.

Question 5

An element of life course theory is the continuity of crime and delinquency,which states that the best predictor of future criminality is family dysfunction.

Question 6

Building social capital improves the chances for economic success;building social capital supports conventional behavior and inhibits deviant behavior.

Question 7

The Gluecks' research concluded that adolescents raised in a large,single-parent family of limited economic means and educational achievement were the most vulnerable to delinquency.

Question 8

Latent trait theories assume a physical or psychological trait makes some people delinquency prone.

Question 9

Early onset of deviance strongly predicts more frequent,varied,and sustained criminality later in life.

Question 10

According to Sampson and Laub's research,desistance is a process rather than an event,and it must be continually renewed.

Question 11

Research shows that children who are raised in two-parent families are less likely to grow up to have happier marriages than children whose parents were divorced or never married.

Question 12

Problem behavior syndrome advocates believe that delinquency is one of several social problems experienced by at-risk youths.

Question 13

Two critical turning points that enable people to desist from delinquency are marriage and a career.

Question 14

The latent trait theory is a developmental theory that focuses on changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life and how these changes affect crime and delinquency.

Question 15

According to latent trait theory,the propensity to commit delinquency is stable,but the opportunity to commit delinquency fluctuates over time.

Question 16

Using subjects in New Zealand,Wright and associates found that low self-control in childhood predicts disrupted social bonds and delinquent offending later in life.

Question 17

According to interactional theory,weak bonds lead kids to acquire deviant peer relations and engage in delinquency;delinquency weakens conventional bonds and strengthens relations with deviant peers.

Question 18

According to age-graded theory,building social capital and strong social bonds reduces the likelihood of long-term deviance;as people go through their life course,the factors that influence their behavior undergo change.

Question 19

Trajectories help kids knife off from a life of crime or solidify and amplify their criminality.

Question 20

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,because those with low self-control can delay gratification,they are less likely to enjoy delinquent acts.

Question 21

Which of the following is identified as the two critical turning points according to Sampson and Laub?

A)First romantic encounter and first job
B)Graduating high school and getting fired
C)Graduating high school and one's career
D)Marriage and career

Question 22

______________________ refers to a cluster of antisocial behaviors that include family dysfunction,substance abuse,smoking,precocious sexuality,and early pregnancy.

A)Problem behavior syndrome
B)Minimal brain dysfunction
C)Social anxiety disorder
D)Antisocial personality

Question 23

Loeber's research indicates that people follow one pathway to crime.

Question 24

The authority conflict pathway,identified by Loeber and his associates,begins at an early age with stubborn behavior;it leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Question 25

The Gluecks' research focused on _______________________ as a harbinger of a delinquent career.

A)early onset of delinquency
B)poor academic achievement
C)parental alcohol and drug use
D)living in a poor community

Question 26

A major flaw with the validity of trajectory theory is that it fails to find any measurable difference between delinquents who commit violent crimes and delinquents who commit nonviolent crimes.​

Question 27

Regarding the similarities of the developmental theories,which statement is false?

A)Delinquency must be viewed as a path rather than an event.
B)Delinquent careers are a passage.
C)Focus on delinquent careers.
D)People are constantly evolving.

Question 28

Which is not a principle of the life course approach?

A)Some individuals are incapable of maturing in a reasonable and timely fashion.
B)As people mature,the factors that influence their behavior change.
C)The decision to violate the law comes after a careful weighing of the benefits and costs of criminal behaviors.
D)Early onset of antisocial behavior predicts later and more serious criminality.

Question 29

An adolescent-limited offender is one of the small groups of offenders whose delinquent career continues well into adulthood.

Question 30

The covert pathway describes a situation where a delinquent career begins with minor,underhanded behavior and eventually escalates into more serious criminality.

Question 31

The _________________________ holds that commitment and attachment to conventional institutions,activities,and beliefs insulate youths from the delinquency-producing influences in their environment;children who cannot form prosocial bonds in their family are at risk for being exposed to deviant attitudes and behaviors.

A)differential social control theory
B)interactional theory
C)social development model
D)general theory of crime

Question 32

A cornerstone of age-graded theory is the influence of _______________ on behavior.

A)personality traits
B)social capital
C)pseudomaturity
D)chemical imbalances

Question 33

A life course persister is an offender who follows the most common delinquent trajectory,in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes.

Question 34

Age-graded theory was first articulated in an important 1993 work,Crime in the Making,by whom?

A)Wilson and Herrnstein
B)Sampson and Laub
C)Glueck and Glueck
D)Gottfredson and Hirschi

Question 35

An abstainer only engages in general mischief,which makes them deviant among their peers.

Question 36

Which of the following is not a developmental theory?

A)Latent trait
B)Life-course
C)Trajectory
D)Biosocial

Question 37

Contemporary developmental research was inspired by the research efforts of Harvard's ______________________ in the 1930s.

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Donald Sutherland
C)Glueck and Glueck
D)Bartols and James

Question 38

____________________ contends that one's propensity for crime remains stable throughout the life course,but the opportunities for crime fluctuate over time.

A)Latent trait view
B)Life course view
C)Social control perspective
D)Trajectory theory

Question 39

According to research conducted on love and delinquency,who is most likely to desist from delinquency?

A)Kids who engage in sex
B)Young men in a romantic relationship
C)Young women who become mothers
D)Young married couples

Question 40

According to development theory,the best predictor of future criminality is:

A)body type and personality
B)grades in high school
C)parenting style
D)past criminality

Question 41

The _______________,identified by Loeber and his associates,begins at an early age with stubborn behavior;it leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

A)authority conflict pathway
B)covert pathway
C)overt pathway
D)geometric pathway

Question 42

The social development model integrates a number of theories. Which theory is not one of them?

A)Choice
B)Social structure
C)Social learning
D)Social control

Question 43

Which of the following choices best describes the covert pathway?

A)Begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to defiance and to authority avoidance
B)Begins with minor,underhanded behavior that leads to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of criminality
C)Begins with aggression,leading to physical fighting and then to violence
D)Begins with drug use and de-escalates to status offenses

Question 44

Being _________________ is not a sign that a person has low self-control.

A)insensitive
B)shortsighted
C)nonverbal
D)diligent

Question 45

A person with high self-control is not likely to:

A)study martial arts
B)compare colleges to attend
C)use inhalants and smoke pot
D)tutor fellow students

Question 46

What role does environment have on impulsivity according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?

A)The social world mediates the relationship.
B)Environment is a huge influence.
C)The relationship is discounted.
D)None of the above.

Question 47

By locating and analyzing the sample of males collected by the Gluecks,what did Laub and Sampson conclude with regard to desistance?

A)Desistance from delinquency is the norm.
B)Building social capital has little to do with desistance.
C)The process of desistance is merely a matter of getting older.
D)Marriage and a career impacted desistance negatively.

Question 48

According to age-graded theory,prevention of delinquency can be achieved through four significant life-changing events. Which is not one of those events?

A)Joining the military
B)Changing one's environment
C)Marriage
D)Getting arrested

Question 49

Which of the following choices best describes the overt pathway?

A)Begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to defiance and to authority avoidance
B)Begins with minor,underhanded behavior that leads to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of criminality
C)Escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression,leading to physical fighting and then to violence
D)Begins with drug use and de-escalates to status offenses

Question 50

In Laub and Sampson's follow-up of the Glueck study,when participants in their 60s and 70s were asked what the most important element for going straight was,they replied:

A)it was pretty hard getting up in the morning after having a few cold ones
B)the "knifing off" of individuals from their immediate environment
C)landing a big job with a defense contractor
D)I just can't sneak into the second floor windows like I used to

Question 51

By following two matched samples of delinquents and nondelinquents until they reached the age of slightly 65,Laub and Sampson found that _____________ delinquents died of unnatural causes compared to the nondelinquent subjects.

A)slightly less
B)more
C)significantly less
D)the same number

Question 52

Which of the following statements about latent trait theory is false?

A)People do not change,criminal opportunities change.
B)Early social control and proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity.
C)Unchanging personal factors are more important determinants of behavior.
D)Nurture not nature determines one's propensity to crime.

Question 53

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to what?

A)An increase in delinquent propensity
B)Inadequate childrearing practices
C)An inability to knife off from deviant peers
D)Personal needs such as greed,revenge,survival,and hedonism

Question 54

Which of the following pathways describes a situation where a delinquent career begins with minor,underhanded behavior and eventually escalates into more serious criminality?

A)Authority conflict pathway
B)Covert pathway
C)Overt pathway
D)Geometric pathway

Question 55

Which of the following choices best describes the authority conflict pathway?

A)Begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to defiance and to authority avoidance
B)Begins with minor,underhanded behavior that leads to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of criminality
C)Begins with aggression,leading to physical fighting and then to violence
D)Begins with drug use and de-escalates to status offenses

Question 56

Which of the following behaviors would a person with low self-control not be likely to exhibit?

A)Drink alcohol
B)Watch television all day
C)Skip school
D)Volunteer in a nursing home

Question 57

Which of the following is not among the criticisms of the general theory of crime?

A)Circular reasoning
B)Levels of self-control vary throughout the life course
C)Underlying personality disorder
D)The role of social control agents in the process of delinquency

Question 58

The _____________ pathway escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression,leading to physical fighting and then to violence.

A)covert
B)overt
C)authority conflict
D)revert

Question 59

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,individuals who are impulsive,insensitive,physical,risk takers,short sighted,and nonverbal are said to have:

A)low self-control
B)sociopathic personality
C)hedonistic psychopathy
D)an unusual medulla oblongata

Question 60

The __________________ is a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial,psychological,routine activities,and rational choice theories.

A)age-graded theory of crime
B)social developmental theory
C)general theory of crime
D)social learning theory

Question 61

What theory is best described in this scenario?

A)General strain
B)Self-control
C)Choice
D)Social bond

Question 62

Gottfredson and Hirschi would attribute __________________ to Jerry's lack of self-control.

A)inadequate parenting
B)parental efficacy
C)culture conflict
D)identity crisis

Question 63

In order to help Nicole desist from a life of crime and deviance,what type of program would be advocated by developmental theorists?

A)Multisystemic
B)Deterrence
C)Restorative justice
D)Nonintervention

Question 64

The _________________ theory of crime looks at the onset,continuity,and termination of a delinquent career.

Question 65

Which is not a specific risk factor that Farrington associates with forming a delinquent career based on the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development?

A)Being thoughtful and deliberate
B)Poor performance in school
C)Erratic parental discipline
D)Delinquent friends

Question 66

Kids who never break the law and whose conventional behavior makes them deviant in the teenage world where offending is the norm are known as:

A)adolescent-limited offenders
B)life course  persisters
C)abstainers
D)deterrents

Question 67

If one were to categorize Jerry using Moffitt's research,where would he fall?

A)adolescent-limited offender
B)life course  persister
C)abstainer
D)desistance

Question 68

What is not among the policy-based initiatives based on premises of developmental theory presented in the text?

A)Teaching parents disciplinary techniques that stress firmness and consistency
B)Teaching parents about the risk and protective factors for substance abuse
C)Strengthening children's social-emotional competence and positive coping skills
D)Holding offenders accountable to victims and ensuring community safety

Question 69

According to age-graded theory,Sam's military experience and marriage served as _________ in his delinquent career.

A)trajectories
B)interventions
C)turning points
D)deterrents

Question 70

What do we know about early onset of deviance?

A)It strongly predicts more frequent,varied,and sustained criminality later in life.
B)It reduces the likelihood of criminal activity later in life.
C)It is associated with adolescents' feelings of social powerlessness.
D)It is linked to social conditions that control behavior choices.

Question 71

Sam built strong and good relationships with family and the military,which created a stake in conformity. Positive relations that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior are called:

A)Social bond
B)Social capital
C)Behaviorism
D)Socialization

Question 72

Moffitt's concept of ____________________ offenders describes a situation where chronic juvenile offenders' criminal careers extend into adulthood.

A)adolescent-limited
B)life course  persistent
C)overt pathway
D)authority conflict pathway

Question 73

Which statement is false regarding the principles of trajectory theory?

A)There are different pathways to crime and different types of criminals.
B)Unconscious motivations developed early in childhood propel some people into destructive or illegal behavior.
C)Some career criminals specialize in crime,while others engage in a variety of criminal acts.
D)Some offenders may begin their careers early in life,whereas others are late bloomers.

Question 74

Delinquency is but one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth. Given the scenario,what are the behaviors and risk factors known as collectively?

A)Continuity of crime
B)Cultural transmission
C)Problem behavior syndrome
D)Situational issues

Question 75

Moffitt's concept of _______________________ describes a situation where antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes for most offenders.

A)juvenile dependence offenders
B)adolescent psychotics
C)life course persisters teen sprees
D)adolescent-limited offenders

Question 76

What is the relationship between love,delinquency,and desistance according to age-graded theory?

A)Romantic love encourages offending by strengthening the social bond.
B)Sex without romance does not impact one's willingness to engage in other risky behaviors.
C)The love of a child may be a more important factor in desistance than love or marriage.
D)Marriage is a primary conduit of informal social control.

Question 77

Research demonstrates that life course persisters possess certain characteristics. Which of the following is false?

A)Life course persisters manifest significantly more mental health problems.
B)Life course persisters display a negative or impulsive personality.
C)Life course persisters are impaired on spatial and memory functions.
D)Life course persisters only mimic the antisocial behavior of others.

Question 78

Given Nicole's host of issues,what might the general theory of crime posit that she lacks?

A)Specific deterrence
B)Self-control
C)Social attachment
D)Parental efficacy

Question 79

The Boys and Girls Clubs include a school component called SMART,which is designed to:

A)reduce specific risk factors in the children's school,family,community,and personal environments
B)increase the children's mastery of particular academic skills
C)improve parental competence in specific academic subjects
D)reduce the family's involvement with academic matters such as helping their kids with homework

Question 80

Policy-based initiatives based on premises of ___________________ theory typically feature multisystematic treatment efforts designed to provide at-risk kids with personal,social,education,and family services.

A)developmental
B)latent trait
C)general strain
D)differential association