Deck 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System

Question 1

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell.

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) mitochondria
E) nucleus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is

A) ACTH.
B) MSH.
C) prolactin.
D) insulin.
E) somatotropin.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) STH.

Question 5

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A) cAMP.
B) cGMP.
C) adenylyl cyclase.
D) a G protein.
E) calcium.

Question 6

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
derivatives of tyrosine

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action?

A) control of enzymatic reaction rates
B) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes
C) control of electrical signaling pathways
D) control of gene expression and protein synthesis
E) All are methods of hormone action.

Question 8

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except one.Identify the exception.

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) thyroid hormone
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone
E) melatonin

Question 9

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) ACTH.
D) ADH (Vasopressin).
E) MSH.

Question 10

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

Question 11

Typically,when steroid hormones bind to their receptors,

A) adenylyl cyclase is activated.
B) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C) G proteins are inhibited.
D) gene transcription may increase or decrease.
E) protein kinases are activated.

Question 12

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

A) the cell membrane becomes less permeable.
B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
C) the cell becomes inactive.
D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

Question 14

The majority of hormones in the body are

A) peptide hormones.
B) steroid hormones.
C) amino acid-derived hormones.
D) neurohormones.
E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

Question 15

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) growth hormone.
D) FSH.
E) prolactin.

Question 16

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) STH.

Question 17

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
site of vasopressin synthesis

Question 18

When adenylyl cyclase is activated,

A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) protein kinases are metabolized.
E) steroids are produced.

Question 19

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus.

Question 20

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one.Identify the exception.

A) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones.
B) Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification.
C) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
D) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.
E) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

Question 21

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

Question 22

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

Question 23

The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called ________.

Question 24

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

Question 25

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

Question 26

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
pancreas

Question 27

The term for two hormones that have additive effects is ________.

Question 28

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

Question 29

A circulatory route that has two sets of capillaries is known as a ________.

Question 30

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
anterior pituitary

Question 31

The sex hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

Question 32

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
thyroid

Question 33

The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.

Question 34

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
adrenal cortex

Question 35

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
pineal

Question 36

The study of hormones is known as the field of ________.

Question 37

The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na⁺ and K⁺ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

Question 38

Match each hormone with its primary source.
A.prolactin
B.insulin
C.aldosterone
D.melatonin
E.calcitonin
F.epinephrine
adrenal medulla

Question 39

Match each term with the appropriate description.
A.peptide hormone
B.steroid hormone
C.amino acid-derived hormone
D.anterior pituitary
E.hypothalamus
F.posterior pituitary
storage and release site for oxytocin

Question 40

________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

Question 41

The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the ________.

Question 42

List the three types of hormone interactions and provide an example of each.

Question 43

Synergism occurs when

A) one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone.
B) one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone.
C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted.
D) hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted.
E) a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.

Question 44

The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the ________.

Question 45

________ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a reflex.

Question 46

A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on ________ and ________.

Question 47

When stimulated by a particular hormone,there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane.The hormone is probably

A) a steroid.
B) a peptide.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) aldosterone.

Question 48

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

Question 49

Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines.

A) synthesized in advance and stored, not
B) not peptides
C) not effective in small amounts
D) secreted into the blood, not
E) secreted by cells, not

Question 50

A signal molecule that is secreted into the external environment,instead of into the blood,is called a(n)________.

Question 51

In a simple endocrine reflex,the endocrine cell is the

A) sensor only.
B) integrating center only.
C) target.
D) sensor and integrating center.
E) integrating center and target.

Question 52

Chemical signals released into the blood by neurons are called ________.

Question 53

Describe the classic steps for identifying an endocrine gland.Are these steps practical for identifying the sources of all the hormones we know of today? Explain.

Question 54

List and explain two ways hormones affect their targets.

Question 55

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects.

A) faster
B) slower
C) equal

Question 56

The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a ________.

Question 57

When an organ or gland shrinks due to lack of use,that condition is referred to as ________.

Question 58

A ________ is a problem with one of the tissues producing trophic hormones.

Question 59

The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the ________.

Question 60

After a hormone has exerted its effects,it typically

A) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted.
B) spontaneously degrades.
C) is inactivated or removed from the blood.
D) is absorbed by its target cell.
E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

Question 61

Your roommate Sally has just found out her mother has high cholesterol.Knowing that health problems often run in families,Sally has decided to eliminate cholesterol from her diet.Her goal is to have no cholesterol in her body.She has asked you for advice on achieving this goal.Is her goal realistic? Explain.What information should you give her to help her establish a more realistic goal? Assuming she could banish cholesterol from her body,what would be the endocrine consequences?

Question 62

Explain the concept of evolutionary conservation of hormone activity,and how recognition of that phenomenon has influenced hormone therapies.

Question 63

There are two forms of diabetes: diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin regulation of cellular uptake of glucose)and diabetes insipidus (lack of regulation of water loss in the urine by the hormone antidiuretic hormone or ADH).In each case,there are two similar explanations for the resulting pathology.What are they? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone action.)

Question 64

Thyroid hormone secretion decreases with age.Treatment with thyroid-releasing hormone is less effective in younger patients,while treatment with thyroid hormone is more effective in younger patients.
What name is given to the condition of decreased thyroid hormone secretion? What related hormones are likely to decrease as well? Propose an explanation for the loss of responsiveness to the releasing hormone.Propose an explanation for the increased responsiveness to treatment with thyroid hormone (consider both how hormones affect target cells and how hormone action is halted).

Question 65

The following statement contains three parts that are either
You must address ALL THREE parts of the statement explaining either why it is TRUE or why it is FALSE.
Neurohormones from the anterior pituitary are called "trophic" because their release is stimulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Question 66

Explain the differences among the terms paracrine,autocrine,hormone,and cytokine.

Question 67

A given hormone generally has the same effect on different target tissues.Is this statement
Defend your answer.

Question 68

What are two benefits of having a portal system that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland? Are there any other endocrine axes connected by a portal system?

Question 69

Candace is a normal-looking 15-year-old girl but has never had a menstrual period,though she has other signs of puberty such as breasts and pubic and axillary hair.During a pelvic exam her physician determines that she has no uterus.Blood tests reveal that she has elevated amounts of testosterone in her blood,similar to that expected in young adult males.Name two typical sources of testosterone.Given the lack of a uterus,what is the likely source of testosterone in this case? What may be wrong with her? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone secretion and action.)Why is there no uterus? What genetic test may confirm this suspicion?

Question 70

Dexamethasone is a drug used to suppress the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland.Two patients with hypersecretion of cortisol are given dexamethasone.Anika's cortisol secretion level falls to normal after the medication,but Bonnie's cortisol secretion remains elevated.Which patient has primary hypercortisolism,also known as Cushing's syndrome? Explain your reasoning.

Question 71

What normally stops hormone action,and why is this important?

Question 72

Suzie wants to protect virgin forests from destruction.She climbs a tree to prevent loggers from cutting the oldest tree in the forest.Suzie did not eat for twelve hours until a friend,Jammie,took over the vigilance.Match the correct levels of blood glucose concentration,blood insulin concentration and relative membrane insulin receptor concentration for a skeletal muscle cell 20 hours into Jammie's fast and one hour after Suzie had eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich and a bowl of sweet potato soup.
Plasma Glucose: 90 mg/dl; 125 mg/dl
Plasma Insulin: 10iuU/ml (70 pmol/L); 40iuU/ml (280 pmol/L)
Relative membrane insulin receptor concentration: increasing (high); decreasing (low)

Question 73

One hypothalamic hormone triggers a pituitary hormone to cause release of an adrenal hormone.Fill in the names of the hormones below.If a tumor in the adrenal cortex resulted in hypercortisolism,how would this affect the relative levels of hormone produced from each source? What type of reflex pathway is involved?
Hormone Source Tumor effects
________________________ Hypothalamus increase decrease
________________________ Anterior pituitary increase decrease
________________________ Adrenal cortex increase decrease

Question 74

How does the embryological origin of the two distinct parts of the pituitary gland relate to the control of secretion and the types of hormones produced?

Question 75

Carl is suffering from hypothyroidism.What is hypothyroidism? How could his physician determine whether the malfunction is in the hypothalamus and pituitary or at the level of the gland itself?

Question 76

Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 10⁴ mm²,there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm² of membrane,and 1 mm² of cell membrane contains 10⁶ phospholipid molecules.
(1)How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell?
(2)How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell?
(3)How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor?
(4)What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?