Deck 15: Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Question 1

Which of the following is occurring during systole?

A) blood pressure increases
B) pulse pressure decreases
C) more stress is placed on arterial walls
D) blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases
E) blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

Answer 1

E

Question 2

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change,what happens to arterial blood pressure?

A) increases
B) decreases
C) is unchanged

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Perfusion is

A) blood flow through an organ.
B) the driving force behind blood flow.
C) delivery of oxygen to cells.
D) the connection between capillaries and other vessels.
E) movement of blood through a shunt.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Angiogenesis is

A) an examination of the arteries and veins.
B) having blood drawn into a tube for tests.
C) the growth of new blood vessels.
D) surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries.
E) being able to detect a pulse in arteries.

Question 5

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

A) systemic pressure.
B) mean arterial pressure.
C) pulse pressure.
D) blood pressure.
E) circulatory pressure.

Question 6

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles

A) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.
B) allow blood to bypass capillary beds.
C) have an endothelial lining.
D) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

A) arterioles.
B) venules.
C) capillaries.
D) arterioles and capillaries.
E) venules and capillaries.

Question 8

Blood pressure is determined by

A) measuring the size of the pulse pressure.
B) measuring the pressure in the left ventricle.
C) measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.
D) measuring the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called

A) podocytes.
B) vascular smooth muscle.
C) endothelial cells.
D) pericytes.
E) epitheliocytes.

Question 10

The inner lining of blood vessels is called

A) endocardium.
B) endoangium.
C) endothelium.
D) basal lamina.
E) endostatin.

Question 11

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT

A) an increase in arterial resistance.
B) a decrease in arterial diameter.
C) a decrease in cardiac output.
D) sympathetic stimulation.

Question 12

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of

A) veins only.
B) arteries only.
C) muscular arteries only.
D) all vessel types except capillaries.
E) all vessel types.

Question 13

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system,and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance,are the

A) muscular arteries.
B) elastic arteries.
C) arterioles.
D) venules.
E) veins.

Question 14

________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.

A) Veins
B) Venules
C) Capillaries
D) Arterioles
E) Arteries

Question 15

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases.
B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases.
C) pH rises.
D) vessels constrict.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) has no effect on

Question 17

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure,such as 120/80,

A) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole.
B) reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
C) are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
D) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of

A) myocardial infarction.
B) hypertension.
C) hypotension.
D) cancer.
E) vasovagal syncope.

Question 19

Fainting is also known as

A) eclampsia.
B) vasovagal syncope.
C) infarction.
D) reactive hyperemia.
E) orthostatic hypotension.

Question 20

The mean arterial pressure (MAP)is important because

A) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
B) it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole.
C) it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained.
D) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle,

A) acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors.
B) acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors.
C) norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors.
D) norepinephrine combines with β₁ receptors.
E) sympathetic stimulation is removed.

Question 22

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as

A) preeclampsia.
B) vasovagal syncope.
C) infarction.
D) reactive hyperemia.
E) orthostatic hypotension.

Question 23

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them,whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass.

A) Fenestrated, transcytotic
B) Continuous, fenestrated
C) Transcytotic, continuous
D) Fenestrated, continuous
E) Transcytotic, fenestrated

Question 24

Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure.

A) oncotic
B) colloid osmotic
C) hydrostatic
D) oncotic and colloid osmotic
E) colloid osmotic and hydrostatic

Question 25

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

A) carotid artery.
B) aorta.
C) venae cavae.
D) cerebral arteries.
E) cephalic arteries.

Question 26

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues.

A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries

Question 27

When blood pressure is normal,the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials

A) very seldom.
B) continuously.

Question 28

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT

A) nitric oxide.
B) H⁺ ions from metabolic acids.
C) Ca²⁺.
D) K⁺.
E) CO₂.

Question 29

Myogenic autoregulation means that

A) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel.
B) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
C) blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.
D) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.
E) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.

Question 30

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system.

A) urinary
B) thirst-quenching
C) lymphatic
D) immune
E) digestive

Question 31

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

A) neural control.
B) hormonal control.
C) local control.

Question 32

Reactive hyperemia is

A) lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction.
B) increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.
C) increased blood pressure after stress.
D) reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 33

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called

A) elephantiasis.
B) elephantitis.
C) elephantosis.
D) ascites.

Question 34

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls.

A) nociceptors
B) chemoreceptors
C) baroreceptors
D) elasticeptors

Question 35

Due to the differences in opposing forces,there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries,coupled with net ________ at the venous end.

A) absorption, filtration
B) filtration, absorption

Question 36

Compared to arteries,the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is

A) at least 10 times faster.
B) at least twice as fast.
C) about the same.
D) much slower.
E) impossible to predict without more information.

Question 37

Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) lung
D) kidney
E) skin

Question 38

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles.Which are NOT paired correctly?

A) kinins - vasodilation
B) histamine - vasodilation
C) serotonin - vasodilation
D) sumatriptan - vasoconstriction
E) epinephrine - vasoconstriction with alpha receptors

Question 39

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by

A) local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.
B) reflex contraction of smooth muscle following a period of dilation.
C) stress and the hormones released during stress.
D) toxins or allergens, such as bee venom or pollen.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) medulla oblongata.
D) pons variolli.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 41

Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________.

Question 42

Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) being a male over 30 but under 55
B) being a female over 30 but under 55
C) having a sister with coronary artery disease
D) menopause without estrogen replacement therapy
E) having diabetes mellitus

Question 43

Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and little ________.They are distinguished from capillaries by ________.

Question 44

Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic or fibrous tissue reinforcement.Instead,their walls consist of ________,supported on a cellular matrix called ________.

Question 45

Mean arterial pressure is (indirectly/directly)proportional to ________ and (indirectly/directly)proportional to ________.

Question 46

The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ________.

Question 47

The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________,which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________.

Question 48

A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________.

Question 49

Venous return to the heart is aided by ________ and the ________.

Question 50

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

A) body temperature.
B) emotional responses.
C) blood oxygen levels.
D) body temperature and emotional responses.
E) body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.

Question 51

If a person is bedridden for several days,the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing.Why?

A) Blood pools in the feet and legs.
B) There is reduced blood flow to the brain.
C) The kidneys have reduced the blood volume.
D) Blood pools in the feet and legs and there is reduced blood flow to the brain.
E) All of the statements are correct.

Question 52

When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure,

A) sympathetic activity increases.
B) cardiac output increases.
C) peripheral resistance decreases.
D) sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
E) sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases.

Question 53

The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________,which is (higher/lower)in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

Question 54

Blood pressure is highest in the ________ and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system,due to ________.

Question 55

The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is ________.

Question 56

Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________.

Question 57

For a diagnosis of hypertension,a patient must have

A) a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg.
B) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg.
C) a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.
D) a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg.
E) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

Question 58

________ is an increase in blood flow that accompanies an increase in metabolic activity.

Question 59

The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as ________.

Question 60

When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure,they ________ their firing rate.

A) increase
B) decrease

Question 61

The structures that regulate blood flow into single capillaries within a tissue are ________.

Question 62

Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

A) doubling the length of a vessel
B) doubling the diameter of a vessel
C) doubling the viscosity of the blood
D) doubling the turbulence of the blood
E) doubling the number of white cells in the blood

Question 63

Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease ________.

Question 64

Edema is likely to occur when

A) the concentration of protein in the blood increases.
B) hemorrhage occurs.
C) the heart becomes an insufficient pump.
D) blood hydraulic pressure at the capillary decreases.
E) the blood hydraulic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic pressure.

Question 65

Malnutrition can cause edema because

A) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.
B) interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels.
C) the resulting anemia increases blood pressure.
D) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called ________.

Question 67

Capillary exchange involving movement between the endothelial cells is called the ________ pathway.

Question 68

Regarding the cardiovascular system,the main role(s)of the kidneys is/are to

A) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure.
B) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure.
C) reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.
D) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure.
E) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.

Question 69

Fenestrated capillaries are present in

A) skeletal muscles.
B) cardiac muscle.
C) the liver.
D) the spleen.
E) skin.

Question 70

Receptors that monitor blood pressure are called ________.

Question 71

Which of the following is greater?

A) heart rate normally
B) heart rate during circulatory shock

Question 72

The lymphatic system

A) has heart-like pumps called lymph nodes.
B) stores blood when circulatory demand is low.
C) empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles.
D) can be removed without health consequences.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

Which of the following is greater?

A) blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
B) blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases

Question 74

Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in

A) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels.
B) sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
C) water conservation by the kidneys.
D) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and water conservation by the kidneys.
E) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.

Question 75

Capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________ transport.

Question 76

The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause

A) arterioles to dilate or constrict.
B) the heart rate to increase or decrease.
C) the contractility of the heart to increase or decrease.
D) arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 77

The turbulent flow of blood causes a noise called a ________ that can be heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure.

Question 78

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80,her mean arterial pressure would be

A) 200 mm Hg.
B) 100 mm Hg.
C) 93 mm Hg.
D) 80 mm Hg.
E) 40 mm Hg.

Question 79

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one.Identify the exception.

A) increased sympathetic stimulation
B) elevated levels of epinephrine
C) vasodilation
D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques
E) factors that cause increased hematocrit

Question 80

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to

A) accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones.
B) assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries.
C) help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system.
D) flush hormones and wastes from the interstitial space.
E) All of the answers are correct.